Chapter 3 Control

Statements

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The boolean Type and

Operators

Often in a program you need to compare

two values, such as whether i is greater
than j. Java provides six comparison
operators (also known as relational
operators) that can be used to compare two
values. The result of the comparison is a
Boolean value: true or false.
boolean b = (1 > 2);

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Comparison Operators
Operator Name
<

less than

<=

less than or equal to

>

greater than

>=

greater than or equal to

==

equal to

!=

not equal to
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Boolean Operators
Operator Name
!

not

&&

and

||

or

exclusive or

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Truth Table for

Operator !
p

!p

true

false

!(1 > 2) is true, because (1 > 2) is false.

false

true

!(1 > 0) is false, because (1 > 0) is true.

Example

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Truth Table for

Operator &&
p1

p2

p1 && p2

false

false

false

false

true

false

true

false

false

true

true

true

Example
(3 > 2) && (5 >= 5) is true, because (3 >
2) and (5 >= 5) are both true.
(3 > 2) && (5 > 5) is false, because (5 >
5) is false.

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Truth Table for

Operator ||
p1

p2

p1 || p2

false

false

false

false

true

true

true

false

true

true

true

true

Example
(2 > 3) || (5 > 5) is false, because (2 > 3)
and (5 > 5) are both false.
(3 > 2) || (5 > 5) is true, because (3 > 2)
is true.

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Truth Table for

Operator ^
p1

p2

p1 ^ p2

false

false

false

false

true

true

true

false

true

true

true

false

Example
(2 > 3) ^ (5 > 1) is true, because (2 > 3)
is false and (5 > 1) is true.
(3 > 2) ^ (5 > 1) is false, because both (3
> 2) and (5 > 1) are true.

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The & and | Operators

&&: conditional AND operator
&: unconditional AND operator
||: conditional OR operator
|: unconditional OR operator
exp1 && exp2
(1 < x) && (x < 100)
(1 < x) & (x < 100)
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The & and | Operators

If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(x > 1) & (x++ < 10)
If x is 1, what is x after this
expression?
(1 > x) && ( 1 > x++)
How about (1 == x) | (10 > x++)?
(1 == x) || (10 > x++)?
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10

Selection Statements

if Statements

switch Statements

Conditional Operators

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11

Simple if Statements
if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s);
}

Boolean
Expression
true
Statement(s)

(A)

false

if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius *
PI;
System.out.println("The
area"
+ " for the circle of
radius "
+ radius + " is " +
false
area);
(radius >= 0)
}
true
area = radius * radius * PI;
System.out.println("The area for the circle of " +
"radius " + radius + " is " + area);

(B)

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12

Note
Outer parentheses required

if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) {

System.out.println("i is an " +
+ "integer between 0 and 10");
}
(a)

Braces can be omitted if the block contains a single

statement
Equivalent

if ((i > 0) && (i < 10))

System.out.println("i is an " +
+ "integer between 0 and 10");

(b)

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13

Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is
a common mistake.
if (radius >= 0); Wrong
{
area = radius*radius*PI;
System.out.println(
"The area for the circle of radius " +
radius + " is " + area);
}
This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a
compilation error or a runtime error, it is a
logic error.
This error often occurs when you use the nextline block style.
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14

The if...else
Statement

if (booleanExpression) {
statement(s)-for-the-true-case;
}
else {
statement(s)-for-the-false-case;
}

true

Statement(s) for the true case

Boolean
Expression

false

Statement(s) for the false case

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15

if...else Example
if (radius >= 0) {
area = radius * radius * 3.14159;
System.out.println("The area for the
+ circle of radius " + radius +
" is " + area);
}
else {
System.out.println("Negative input");
}

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16

Multiple Alternative if
Statements
if (score >= 90.0)
grade = 'A';
else
if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else
if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else
if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

Equivalent

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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17

animation

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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18

animation

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

The condition is false

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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19

animation

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

The condition is true

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

20

animation

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

grade is C

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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rights reserved. 0-13-222158-6

21

animation

Trace if-else statement

Suppose score is 70.0

Exit the if statement

if (score >= 90.0)

grade = 'A';
else if (score >= 80.0)
grade = 'B';
else if (score >= 70.0)
grade = 'C';
else if (score >= 60.0)
grade = 'D';
else
grade = 'F';

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22

Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause
in the same block.
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;

Equivalent

int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;

if (i > j)
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");

if (i > j)
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
else
System.out.println("B");

(a)

(b)

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23

Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding
statement. To force the else clause to
match the first if clause, you must add a
pair of braces:
int i = 1;
int j = 2;
int k = 3;
if (i > j) {
if (i > k)
System.out.println("A");
}
else
System.out.println("B");

This statement prints B.

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24

TIP
if (number % 2 == 0)
even = true;
else
even = false;
(a)

Equivalent

boolean even
= number % 2 == 0;

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(b)

25

CAUTION
if (even == true)
System.out.println(
"It is even.");

(a)

Equivalent

if (even)
System.out.println(
"It is even.");

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(b)

26

switch Statements
switch (status) {
case 0: compute taxes for single filers;
break;
case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly;
break;
case 2: compute taxes for married file separately;
break;
case 3: compute taxes for head of household;
break;
default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid
status");
System.exit(0);
}
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27

switch Statement Flow

Chart
status is 0

Compute tax for single filers

break

Compute tax for married file jointly

break

Compute tax for married file separatly

break

Compute tax for head of household

break

status is 1

status is 2

status is 3

default
Default actions

Next Statement

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28

switch Statement Rules

The switchexpression must
switch (switch-expression)
yield a value of char,
{
byte, short, or int
case value1:
type and must
always be enclosed
statement(s)1;
in parentheses.
break;
The value1, ..., and valueN
case value2:
must have the same data
type as the value of the
statement(s)2;
switch-expression. The
break;
resulting statements in the

case statement are

case valueN:
executed when the value in
statement(s)N;
the case statement
matches the value of the
break;
switch-expression. Note
default: statement(s)-forthat value1, ..., and valueN
default;
are constant expressions,
}
meaning that they cannot
contain variables
the
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switch Statement Rules

The keyword break is
optional, but it should be
used at the end of each
case in order to terminate
the remainder of the switch
statement. If the break
statement is not present,
the next case statement
will be executed.

The default case, which is

optional, can be used to
perform actions when
none of the specified cases
matches the switchexpression.

switch (switch-expression)
{
case value1:
statement(s)1;
break;
case value2:
statement(s)2;
break;

case valueN:
statement(s)N;
The case statements
are executed in
break;
sequential order, but the order of the
default: statement(s)-forcases (including the default case) does
default;
not matter.
However, it is good
programming
style to follow the logical
}

sequence of the cases and place the

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30

animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose ch is 'a':

switch
case
case
case
}

(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':

{
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);

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31

animation

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

switch
case
case
case
}

(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':

{
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);

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32

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch
case
case
case
}

(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':

{
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);

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33

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch
case
case
case
}

(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':

{
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);

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34

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch
case
case
case
}

(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':

{
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);

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35

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch
case
case
case
}

(ch)
'a':
'b':
'c':

{
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);
System.out.println(ch);

Next statement;

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36

animation

Trace switch statement

Suppose ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

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37

animation

Trace switch statement

ch is 'a':

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

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38

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

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39

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute this line

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}

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40

animation

Trace switch statement

Execute next statement

switch (ch) {
case 'a': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'b': System.out.println(ch);
break;
case 'c': System.out.println(ch);
}
Next statement;

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41

Conditional Operator
if (x > 0)
y=1
else
y = -1;
is equivalent to
y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
(booleanExpression) ? expression1 : expression2
Ternary operator
Binary operator
Unary operator
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42

Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0)
System.out.println(num + is even);
else
System.out.println(num + is odd);
System.out.println(
(num % 2 == 0)? num + is even :
num + is odd);

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43

JDK 1.5
Feature

Formatting Output

Use the new JDK 1.5 printf statement.

System.out.printf(format, items);
Where format is a string that may consist of substrings and
format specifiers. A format specifier specifies how an item
should be displayed. An item may be a numeric value,
character, boolean value, or a string. Each specifier begins
with a percent sign.

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44

Frequently-Used
Specifiers

JDK 1.5
Feature

Specifier Output

Example

%b

a boolean value

true or false

%c

a character

'a'

%d

a decimal integer

200

%f

a floating-point number

45.460000

%e

a number in standard scientific notation

4.556000e+01

%s

a string

"Java is cool"

int count = 5;
items
double amount = 45.56;
System.out.printf("count is %d and amount is %f", count, amount);

display

count is 5 and amount is 45.560000

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Creating Formatted
Strings
System.out.printf(format, item1, item2, ..., item k)
String.format(format, item1, item2,
..., itemk)
String s = String.format("count is %d and amount is
%f", 5, 45.56));

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46

Operator Precedence
How to evaluate 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) 1?

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Operator Precedence

var++, var-+, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var

(type) Casting
! (Not)
*, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder)
+, - (Binary addition and subtraction)
<, <=, >, >= (Comparison)
==, !=; (Equality)
& (Unconditional AND)
^ (Exclusive OR)
| (Unconditional OR)
&& (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND
|| (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)
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48