10/19/2021

Gas Dynamics MEP 402

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
ACU

Course Instructor

Dr. Ashraf I. Sayed

Email: [email protected]

Gas Dynamics

Contents
1 Introduction

2 Basic equations
Isentropic flow in variable area duct
3 And normal chock
Adiabatic flow with friction in
4
constant area duct (Fanno flow(
Diabetic flow without friction in
5 constant area duct (Rayliegh flow(

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The grades are distributed as:

Assignments (15 )
Attendance and quizzes (20)
Mid-term Exam (25)
Final Exam (40)

References
 Fluid Mechanics Fundamental and Applications,Yunus A.
Cengel, John M. Cimbala, 2006

 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, seventh edition, Bruce R.

Munson, Theodore H. Okiishi , 2013.

 Fluid Mechanics 7th edition, Frank M White, 2009.

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Lecture 1

Introduction

Aim of the course

Enable students to understand basic concepts of fluid mechanics
and gas dynamics and apply them to many applications .

Realize the importance of the subject and its applications in flow

in nozzles and diffusers, rockets, space shuttles, Gas turbine,
Steam turbine, and compressors.

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Review of Elementary Principles

UNITS AND DIMENTIONS
Dimension: a qualitative definition of a physical entity
(such as time, length, force)
Unit: an exact magnitude of a dimension
(such as seconds, feet, Newton)

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Compressibility k
It is the matter acceptance to be compressed

Solid Substance Fluid

Liquid Gas

no free surface
has free surface

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For solids when we apply a stress

 = E Where: E is the modulus of elasticity

 is the strain  is the stress

 2 − 1 
 =  =
 


E = (−) Negative because of compression


Units of E is N /m2
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For liquids when we apply a stress ( pressure )

 = E
dp d k Where: k is the bulk’s modulus

d
dp = ( −) k Negative because the volume of
 liquid will be reduced
d  2 − 1
=
 

Units of k is N /m2
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For liquids
We need to apply a very high pressure to Decrease the volume by very small amount (
k is very high )

We can consider liquids as incompressible fluids

For gases

when we apply small pressure the volume changes by high

values and k is changing rapidly, so it is not a property for
gases which are affected also by changing the temperature

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So for gases we use the equation of state

pv = RT or p = RT
Where: P is the absolute pressure in (Pascal) N / m2
 is the density in kg / m 3
R is gas constant in J/kg.°k

T is the temperature in °k

For air R =287 J/kg.°k

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Conclusions
Any liquid can be considered as incompressible fluid and incompressible
flow

Any gas is considered compressible fluid or assumed incompressible fluid

but in flow it can be considered either compressible flow or assumed to be
incompressible flow

The gas is considered compressible if M>0.3 and is assumed to be

incompressible flow if M≤0.3 (why) Rep1?

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Viscosity ()
It is the fluid resistance to relative motion
y
y
U U
Velocity profile

x x
Viscous flow Non viscous flow

( inviscid )
Units of viscosity is kg/m.sec uniform flow

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This viscosity is called dynamic viscosity

There are another viscosity called Kinematic viscosity


 =

Units of Kinematic viscosity is m2 /S
Shear stress ()

It is the tangent force per unit area and is Generated

due to relative fluid motion

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Newton’s law of viscosity

du du
   =
dy dy
Units of shear stress is N /m2
du
du =0
= value dy
dy

 =0
 exists
Uniform flow ( no relative motion )

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Shear in Different Fluids

Shear-stress and rate of
deformation relations for different
types of fluids

Newtonian fluids: linear

relationship

Slope of line (coefficient of

proportionality) is “viscosity

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Density ()
It is the mass of the fluid in unit volume

Units of Density is kg / m3
Specific volume (v )

It is the volume of the fluid in unit mass

v =1 
Units of Specific volume is m3 / kg

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Specific gravity (S.G )

f
It is the ratio between fluid density and water density S .G =
w

Specific weight (γ)

It is the weight per unit volume  = g

Speed of sound (a)

a= k  For gas a= kRT

For liquid
cp
Bulk’s modulus k =
cv
3
Units of Speed of sound m / kg
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Mach number ( M )

It is the ratio between fluid or body speed and speed of sound

V
M =
a
Mach number is dimensionless

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Specific heat

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Entropy changes

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Process Diagrams

Many processes in the gaseous region can be represented as a

polytropic process, that is, one that follows the relation

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Some special processes:

Adiabatic → no heat transfer
Isothermal → T = constant
Isobaric → p = constant
Isentropic → s = constant

Diabatic → ?
? → v = constant

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Dr. Ashraf Sayed

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