Transcending Boundaries: Evolving Transhumanist

Technologies in International Business and Associated

Consideration
Kavita Sharma, Tarun Kumar Makhija

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Kavita Sharma, Tarun Kumar Makhija. Transcending Boundaries: Evolving Transhumanist Tech-
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 Journal of Economics, Management and Trade

Volume 30, Issue 5, Page 48-56, 2024; Article no.JEMT.115685

ISSN: 2456-9216
(Past name: British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, Past ISSN: 2278-098X)

Transcending Boundaries: Evolving

Transhumanist Technologies in
International Business and
Associated Consideration
Kavita Sharma a* and Tarun Kumar Makhija a
a Selinus University, Italy.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors read and approved the
final manuscript.

Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/JEMT/2024/v30i51209

Open Peer Review History:

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/115685

Received: 05/02/2024
Original Research Article Accepted: 10/04/2024
Published: 17/04/2024

ABSTRACT

The emergence of transhumanism – the belief in using technology to enhance the human body and
experience – has the potential to profoundly disrupt international business landscapes. As genetic
engineering, brain-computer interfaces, and human augmentation become increasingly
sophisticated, the business world is poised to encounter unprecedented challenges and
opportunities. These advancements not only reshape the structure of markets but also redefine the
nature of human capital and work dynamics. This paper investigates the implications of these
technologies on international business, while also exploring the potential for new markets, ethical
considerations, and the complexities of managing a future workforce of augmented humans. This
paper investigates the implications of these technologies on international business, while also
exploring the potential for new markets, ethical considerations, and the complexities of managing a
future workforce of augmented humans.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

J. Econ. Manage. Trade, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 48-56, 2024

 Sharma and Makhija; J. Econ. Manage. Trade, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 48-56, 2024; Article no.JEMT.115685

Keywords: Brain-Computer interfaces; ethics; genetic engineering; human augmentation;

international business; transhumanism.

1. INTRODUCTION o Disease Prevention: Genetic

engineering might lead to the creation of
The 21st century has witnessed a rapid vaccines or treatments that can prevent
convergence of biological sciences and diseases at the genetic level, reshaping
technology, setting the stage for the age of the preventative care market.
transhumanism [1]. This phenomenon
underscores the application of groundbreaking 2.2.2 Consumer behaviour shifts
technologies like genetic engineering, brain-
computer interfaces, and physical augmentation o Lifespan and Anti-Aging Products:
to expand human capabilities. As these Genetic modifications aimed at extending
technologies gradually permeate society, they lifespan can shift consumer priorities.
are set to catalyse shifts not only in our daily Longer lives may mean extended working
lives but also in the global business ecosystem. years, changing retirement planning, or
Global businesses, already a driving force behind increased demand for anti-aging products.
innovation and societal change, must now o Nutrition and Genetically Modified
navigate this transformative era with foresight Organisms (GMOs): The potential to
and adaptability, preparing for both its challenges engineer crops for enhanced nutrition or
and opportunities. resistance to pests can revolutionize
agriculture, impacting food production and
2. TRANSHUMANIST TECHNOLOGIES consumption patterns worldwide.
AND THEIR BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS o Genetic Enhancement Services: Beyond
health, consumers may seek genetic
2.1 Genetic Engineering modifications for enhancing physical or
cognitive abilities, spawning markets for
Genetic engineering refers to the direct elective genetic enhancements.
manipulation of an organism's genes using
2.2.3 Talent Dynamics
biotechnology. It is a set of technologies used to
modify the genetic makeup of cells, including the o Cognitive Enhancement: Individuals who
transfer of genes within and across species opt for genetic modifications to enhance
boundaries to produce improved or novel cognitive abilities could redefine standards
organisms. Genetic engineering provides the for certain job roles. This may lead to a
prospect of creating personalized competitive advantage in fields requiring
medicines, enhancing human physical and high cognitive capacities [3].
cognitive capabilities, and potentially extending o Physical Abilities and Labor Markets:
lifespan. Enhanced physical abilities can shift the
dynamics in labour markets, especially in
2.2 Implications sectors like manufacturing, sports, or
defence, where physical prowess can be a
2.2.1 Pharmaceutical and healthcare market significant advantage [3].
evolution o Recruitment and Bias: Companies might
face challenges in recruitment, with
o Personalized Medicines: As our potential biases emerging towards or
understanding of genetics deepens, against genetically enhanced individuals.
companies will have the ability to Legal and ethical considerations in hiring
create drugs tailored to an individual's practices will become crucial [3].
genetic makeup, maximizing
therapeutic effects and minimizing side 2.2.4 Ethical and regulatory dynamics
effects [2].
o Gene Therapies: The ability to correct or o Accessibility and Inequality: If genetic
replace faulty genes offers revolutionary enhancements are expensive, they might
treatments for previously incurable only be accessible to the wealthy,
diseases, thus potentially creating new potentially exacerbating socioeconomic
market segments. disparities. Businesses will have to

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navigate the societal implications of such o Enhanced Augmented Reality (AR) and
divides. Virtual Reality (VR): BCIs can elevate AR
o Regulatory Challenges: As the potential and VR experiences, making them more
of genetic engineering grows, so does the immersive by integrating directly with user
need for stringent regulations. Companies thoughts or emotions. This has
will need to anticipate and adapt to diverse implications for industries like
regulatory landscapes, especially in global entertainment, real estate, tourism, and
markets where norms might vary education.
significantly.
o Public Perception and Branding: The 2.6.2 Data privacy and security
public's view on genetic engineering,
influenced by ethical, religious, or cultural o Neural Hacking Threats: With the rise of
beliefs, can impact a company's brand BCIs, the possibility of "neural hacking" or
image and market positioning. Proactive unauthorized access to someone's neural
public relations and stakeholder data becomes real. This necessitates
engagement will become essential. advancements in cybersecurity tailored to
protect brain data.
I assert that the realm of genetic engineering, o Ethical Considerations of Data Use:
while offering unprecedented possibilities, also Companies will have to navigate the
introduces intricate challenges for global ethical maze of utilizing neural data. This
businesses. The landscape is not just about includes concerns over consent, misuse of
harnessing the potential of genetic innovations personal thoughts or emotions, and the
but also about navigating the intricate socio- potential psychological impact of data
economic, ethical, and regulatory terrains that breaches.
they unearth. o Regulations and Compliance: BCIs will
2.5 Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) compel governments to draft new
regulations around data privacy.
BCIs offer direct communication between the International businesses will need to
brain and digital devices, enabling ensure compliance across varying
unprecedented data processing speeds and regulatory landscapes, especially when
augmented reality experiences. Brain-Computer dealing with something as intimate as brain
Interfaces (BCIs), also known as brain-machine data.
interfaces, are direct communication pathways o
between the human brain and external devices. 2.6.3 Healthcare innovations and challenges
BCIs can be invasive (implanted directly into the
brain) or non-invasive (external devices that pick- o Medical Treatments: BCIs offer
up brain signals). These interfaces offer therapeutic applications, especially for
transformative potentials in realms like neurological disorders like Parkinson's or
communication, healthcare, entertainment, and paralysis. This could open up new market
more [4]. avenues for medical device manufacturers
and healthcare providers.
2.6 Detailed Implications o Rehabilitation: Patients recovering from
2.6.1 Tech and data markets expansion strokes or injuries could benefit from BCI-
driven prosthetics or therapies, broadening
o Direct Communication Devices: BCIs the scope of rehabilitation medicine.
can revolutionize communication devices, o Mental Health Monitoring: Continuous
enabling thought-to-text or thought-to- neural monitoring might offer insights into
speech applications. This could redefine an individual's mental health, leading to
industries dependent on human-computer proactive treatments. However, this also
interaction, such as customer service, raises concerns about the constant
gaming, or software development. surveillance of one's emotional state.
o Neural Data Storage: The vast amounts
of neural data that BCIs can collect might 2.6.4 Workforce and Training
necessitate novel storage solutions. New
sectors focused on neural data clouds or o Skill Enhancement: BCIs can potentially
specialized neural storage devices could be used for rapid skill acquisition or
emerge. training, allowing workers to "download"

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knowledge or abilities. This can transform could birth an entirely new segment of
workforce training and development [5]. consumer electronics.
o Remote Work and Communication: As o Entertainment and Lifestyle: Augmented
BCIs enhance telepathic communication, individuals might seek experiences tailored
remote work dynamics could shift with to their enhanced capabilities. This can
teams communicating seamlessly without lead to niche markets, from augmented
traditional devices. sports leagues to entertainment platforms
o Cognitive Load Monitoring: Companies that leverage enhanced sensory
can gauge employee fatigue or cognitive perceptions.
overload in real-time, leading to better
work distribution and enhanced 2.8.2 Job Market Evolution
productivity. However, this again raises
privacy concerns. o Augmented Labor: Industries that rely
heavily on manual labor, such as
BCIs, as a frontier technology, are primed to construction or logistics, could benefit
redefine numerous sectors, from technology and immensely from augmented workers.
healthcare to workforce dynamics. However, the Wearable exoskeletons, for instance, could
convergence of technology with the most allow workers to lift heavy loads with ease
intimate part of humans – the brain – means or work in challenging environments with
businesses must tread with a combination of reduced fatigue.
ambition and caution, always weighing o Specialized Roles: Augmented individuals
innovation against ethics and security. may have unique skills or capabilities,
leading to specialized job roles
2.7 Augmentation that only they can fill. This can
redefine job markets, creating new roles
Physical augmentations, ranging from prosthetics while making some traditional roles
to organ replacements, can enhance human obsolete.
capacities beyond their natural limits. Human o Ethical Hiring Practices: Businesses will
augmentation refers to technologies and face challenges related to hiring
methods used to enhance or restore human augmented individuals. Will an augmented
performance. Augmentations can be external individual have an unfair advantage in
(like exoskeletons or wearable devices) or certain roles? Should companies give
internal (implanted devices, artificial organs, or preference to natural abilities over
biomechanical modifications). They offer the augmented ones, or vice versa?
promise of transcending biological limitations,
opening new avenues in personal 2.8.3 Healthcare and rehabilitation
capabilities, and providing solutions for physical
impairments. o Replacement Organs: Biomechanical and
bio-printed organs can offer solutions for
2.8 Detailed Implications organ transplant shortages, leading to new
business opportunities in the biomedical
2.8.1 Consumer market opportunities sector.
o Therapeutic Augmentation: Individuals
o Customizable Augmentation Devices: with disabilities or impairments can
As augmentation technologies advance, benefit from augmentative devices tailored
there will be a growing demand for to their needs, from advanced
customizable devices tailored to individual prosthetics to neural implants that
needs or aesthetic preferences. This restore lost functions. This will boost the
opens opportunities for businesses to offer market for therapeutic augmentation
bespoke solutions, from prosthetics with solutions.
personalized designs to exoskeletons that o Post-Augmentation Care: Just as there's
can be adjusted for specific tasks. a need for post-operative care after
o Enhanced Wearables: Beyond simple surgeries, individuals who undergo
health trackers, the future of wearables augmentation may require specialized care
could include devices that offer and rehabilitation. This paves the way for
superhuman sensory capabilities, like new healthcare services focusing on post-
infrared vision or ultrasonic hearing. This augmentation recovery.

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2.8.4 Ethical and societal considerations different set of expectations and

deliverables.
o Augmentation Inequalities: If o Bias and Discrimination: Traditional
augmentative technologies are costly, they biases around gender, race, or age might
might be out of reach for many, leading to be compounded by biases against (or in
societal divides between the augmented favour of) augmented individuals. HR
and the non-augmented. departments will need training to avoid
o Cultural and Identity Impacts: unconscious bias during hiring or
Augmentation can lead to deep-seated promotions.
debates about identity. What does it mean o Skill and Capability Audits: The dynamic
to be human when one can transcend nature of augmentation technologies
biological limitations? Businesses in this means that the workforce's capabilities will
sphere may face cultural backlashes or be in flux. Regular audits might be needed
find themselves at the center of identity to understand what skills are present and
debates. what training or enhancements are
o Regulations and Standards: Ensuring needed.
the safety and efficacy of augmentative
technologies will necessitate the 3.1.2 Training and development
establishment of strict standards and
regulations. Companies will need to o Rapid Skill Acquisition: With BCIs and
navigate these evolving regulatory other neural enhancement technologies,
frameworks across different regions. the concept of training might shift from
traditional learning to rapid skill
Human augmentation presents a duality for "downloads". Companies would need to
global businesses – it's a realm bursting with invest in interfaces or platforms that allow
potential, promising to redefine human this form of training.
capabilities and improve lives, yet it is fraught o Ethical Training: Given the profound
with ethical, societal, and regulatory challenges. implications of these technologies, there
Success in this domain will necessitate a might be a growing need for ethical training
balanced approach, where technological sessions, ensuring that augmented abilities
advancement harmoniously coexists with ethical are used responsibly.
consideration and societal acceptance. o Mental Health and Well-being: Managing
a workforce with heightened capabilities
3. POTENTIAL FOR NEW MARKETS
also means ensuring their mental well-
Transhumanist technologies promise to create being. Specialized programs catering to
novel industries and rejuvenate existing ones. the unique psychological challenges faced
The dawn of transhumanism introduces a by augmented individuals might become
dimension of complexity to workforce crucial.
management. As individuals embrace genetic
engineering, BCIs, and augmentation, they 3.1.3 Productivity and performance metrics
challenge traditional notions of capability,
productivity, and even identity. The workplace of o Enhanced Productivity Standards: With
the near future will be a melting pot of varied augmented capabilities, there might be an
abilities, posing unique challenges and expectation of enhanced productivity. How
opportunities for employers globally [6]. do companies measure the output of an
augmented human versus a non-
3.1 Detailed Implications augmented peer? Performance metrics
might need a complete overhaul.
3.1.1 Talent Acquisition and Management o Work-Life Balance: Augmented
o Redefining Job Descriptions: As individuals, especially those with BCIs,
augmented individuals enter the workforce, might be always "connected." Ensuring
there might be a need to redefine job roles they disconnect and maintain a healthy
and descriptions to cater to their enhanced work-life balance would be essential.
abilities. For instance, a data analyst with a o Safety and Regulation Compliance:
BCI might process information at an Especially in jobs where physical
unprecedented speed, necessitating a augmentation is prevalent, ensuring

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workplace safety and adhering to services without undermining human

regulations becomes paramount. dignity or identity.
o Consent and Autonomy: Ensuring that
3.1.4 Organizational culture and team individuals have full autonomy over
dynamics decisions related to their augmentations is
o Cultural Integration: Integrating crucial. This implies transparency in the
augmented and non-augmented risks and benefits associated with any
employees can pose challenges. There procedure, product, or service [8].
could be feelings of inferiority, superiority, o Commodification Concerns: As
or even resentment. Companies will need augmentation becomes commercialized,
to foster an inclusive culture where all there’s a risk of viewing human
employees feel valued [7]. enhancements as mere products.
o Team Building and Collaboration: Companies must be wary of reducing
Traditional team-building activities might human value to purchasable commodities
not cater to the diverse capabilities of an [9].
augmented workforce. New methods of 4.1.2 Equity and access
fostering collaboration and team spirit
would be essential [7]. o Economic Disparities: Advanced
o Ethical Stances: Companies might need technologies often come with high
to take clear ethical stances on costs. If only a privileged few can
augmentation. For instance, would they afford enhancements, it could
support or pay for employee exacerbate existing socio-economic
augmentations? Such decisions can have disparities.
a profound impact on company culture and o Global Market Disparities: In the
brand image [7]. international business landscape, some
markets might have easier access to these
Navigating the complexities of managing an technologies, leading to regional disparities
augmented workforce requires a blend of in augmentation prevalence and,
adaptability, foresight, and empathy. While the consequently, potential market advantages
opportunities are vast – from unparalleled or challenges.
productivity to innovative skill sets – the o Employee Equity: Within organizations, if
challenges are profound. To thrive, businesses only certain employees get access to
must focus not just on harnessing enhanced enhancements (due to role importance or
capabilities but also on fostering an environment hierarchy), it could lead to internal
of inclusivity, understanding, and ethical disparities and conflicts.
responsibility.
4.1.3 Data privacy and security
4. ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS AND
CONSIDERATIONS FOR GLOBAL o Neural Data Protection: Especially with
BUSINESSES BCIs, protecting the intimate data of
thoughts, emotions, or memories becomes
The integration of transhumanist technologies paramount. Companies will need to invest
into global businesses is not merely a matter of heavily in cybersecurity tailored to neural
profitability and productivity; it's fundamentally data.
interwoven with deep ethical considerations. o Data Misuse: Businesses will have to
Companies must grapple with dilemmas that establish strict protocols to prevent the
touch upon the essence of human identity, misuse of personal data, whether for
equity, privacy, and societal norms. targeted advertising, psychological
manipulation, or any form of
4.1 Detailed Implications exploitation [8].
o Regulatory Alignment: Different
4.1.1 Human identity and dignity
regions will have varied regulatory stances
o Defining "Human": As individuals get on data privacy. International businesses
augmented or genetically modified, what will need to harmonize their
constitutes a "human" might get blurred. operations to be compliant across
Businesses must navigate products or territories.

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4.1.4 Long-term and accountability fashion and apparel tailored for physically
augmented individuals [12].
o Unforeseen Consequences: o Augmented Tourism: Enhanced sensory
Transhumanist technologies are in their capabilities or physical augmentations
nascent stages, and their long-term effects might create a demand for experiences
on individuals and societies are still not that cater specifically to such individuals,
fully understood. Companies must be leading to the birth of "augmented
prepared to take responsibility for tourism."
unforeseen consequences linked to their o Tech Support and Maintenance:
products or services. Augmented humans will need regular
o Post-augmentation Support: If updates, maintenance, and potential
individuals face challenges or repairs, spawning an entire industry akin to
complications post-augmentation, today’s tech support for gadgets.
businesses should provide avenues for
support, be it in the form of therapies, 5.1.2 Shifts in Consumer Behaviour
helplines, or compensations.
o Ecological Footprint: Like any o New Aesthetic Standards: As
technology, augmentation tools and augmentations become commonplace,
devices will have environmental they might influence societal standards of
implications, from manufacturing to beauty, leading to shifts in consumer
disposal. Companies must consider and behavior in sectors like fashion, cosmetics,
mitigate their ecological footprint [10]. and personal care.
o Redefining Luxury: If augmentations
The ethical landscape surrounding transhumanist initially cater to the elite, they might be
technologies is intricate and charged with perceived as status symbols. Over time, as
profound moral considerations. For businesses, they become more accessible, businesses
success in this realm is not merely about market will need to continuously redefine what
share or innovation – it hinges on ethical constitutes "luxury" in the augmentation
foresight, a deep respect for human dignity, and space.
a commitment to fairness and responsibility. o Evolving Privacy Expectations:
Navigating this space requires an alignment of Consumers will likely prioritize their neural
technological ambition with moral compass, and biological data privacy. Businesses will
ensuring that the march of progress doesn't need to offer transparency and robust
trample on the sanctity of individual and societal security measures to gain trust.
values.
5.1.3 Supply chain and manufacturing
5. GLOBAL MARKET EVOLUTION AND adaptations
BUSINESS STRATEGY
o Biomaterials Demand: Augmentation
The integration of transhumanist technologies technologies, especially those related to
will inevitably reshape the global market organic enhancements, will increase the
landscape. As these technologies penetrate demand for specific biomaterials [13]. This
different sectors and regions, international could reshape supply chains and drive
businesses must adapt, strategize, and re- research in sustainable biomaterial
envision their place within this evolving matrix production [14].
[11]. o Localized Manufacturing: Different
regions may have distinct regulatory
5.1 Detailed Implications environments for producing augmentation
devices or products. To remain compliant,
5.1.1 New market segments businesses might lean towards more
localized manufacturing models.
o Specialized Products/Services: The rise o Rapid Tech Evolution: The rapid pace of
of augmented humans will lead to a surge technological advancement means that
in demand for products and services products may have a short lifecycle,
tailored to their unique abilities and needs. necessitating agile manufacturing and
These could range from specialized supply chain processes [15].
software for brain-computer interfaces to

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5.1.4 Geopolitical and regulatory navigation Talent acquisition, training paradigms, and
organizational culture need significant
o Inter-country Disparities: Not every realignment. The profound ethical dimensions
country will adopt or accept transhumanist underpinning transhumanist technologies call for
technologies at the same rate. businesses to embrace a heightened sense of
International businesses must be attuned responsibility. The evolution of the international
to these disparities, tailoring their market market in response to transhumanism demands
entry and growth strategies accordingly. agility and foresight from international
o Regulatory Advocacy: To ensure a businesses. The challenges of navigating
conducive environment for their products regulatory landscapes, shifts in consumer
or services, businesses might engage in behaviours, and adapting supply chains are
regulatory advocacy, working alongside intensified in a world where human enhancement
governments to shape favourable policies. technologies are prevalent. It's evident that the
o Ethical Branding: Given the deep ethical success of global businesses in the age of
considerations around transhumanism, transhumanism will be defined not just by
businesses might lean into "ethical technological adaptation but by ethical integrity,
branding," ensuring consumers of their social responsibility, and the ability to anticipate
commitment to responsible and humane the profound societal shifts these technologies
practices [16]. usher in. To navigate this new world, global
businesses must commit to continuous learning,
As the global market metamorphoses under the ethical introspection, and a genuine engagement
weight of transhumanist technologies, with the broader societal implications of their
businesses stand at a critical juncture [17]. The actions. Only then can they truly thrive and
future isn't just about capitalizing on the contribute positively to the augmented future.
emergent opportunities; it's about foresight,
adaptability, and a commitment to navigating the COMPETING INTERESTS
ethical maze that accompanies this evolution.
Businesses that align their strategies with the Authors have declared that no competing
broader societal and individual implications of interests exist.
these technologies will not only thrive but also
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