Detailed Answers for AEI2103 Module 4 Questions
1. Dual-Slope Type Digital Voltmeter (DVM)
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- A dual-slope DVM integrates the input voltage for a fixed time and then integrates a reference voltage in the opposite
direction.
- The time taken to return to zero is proportional to the input voltage.
- Advantages: High noise rejection, stable, accurate.
2. Example Calculation: 3-Bit Dual-Slope DVM
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- Formula: (N_unknown / N_ref) = (V_in / V_ref)
- Given: N_ref = 12, V_ref = 10V
- Since N_unknown = 12, then V_in = (12/12) * 10 = 10V
3. 3-Bit Successive Approximation Type DVM
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- Uses a Successive Approximation Register (SAR) and DAC.
- Comparator iteratively tests each bit from MSB to LSB.
- The DAC outputs a value to compare with the input until the correct binary representation is found.
4. Step-by-Step Conversion of 4.9V using 3-Bit DVM
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- Assume a 3-bit range of 0-8V.
- MSB test: 4V (keep it).
- Next bit test: 6V (too high, discard).
- Next bit test: 5V (too high, discard).
- Final output = 100 (binary) = 4V.
5. Percentage Error in Measurement of 4.9V
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- True value = 4.9V, Measured = 4V
- Absolute Error = 4.9 - 4 = 0.9V
- Percentage Error = (0.9/4.9) * 100 approximately 18.37%
6. Microprocessor-Based Ramp Type DVM
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- Uses a microprocessor to control timing, count pulses, and display voltage.
- A ramp voltage increases linearly until it matches the input voltage.
- The time taken is counted and converted into a digital display.
7. Advantages of Digital Voltmeter over Analog
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- Higher accuracy, better resolution.
- No parallax error.
- Can interface with computers.
- Auto-ranging and data storage capabilities.
8. Ramp Type DVM: Schematic & Timing Diagram
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- Uses a ramp generator, comparator, gate, and counter.
- The counter counts pulses while the ramp voltage is below the input voltage.
- The count is converted into a voltage reading.
9. Operation of Ramp Type DVM
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- A ramp voltage starts from 0V and increases linearly.
- A comparator switches when the ramp = input voltage.
- The number of pulses counted is proportional to the input voltage.
10. Display Circuit for Ramp Type DVM
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- The counter output is converted into a 7-segment display using a decoder.
- The value is latched until the next measurement cycle.
11. Block Diagram of Integrating Type DVM
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- Uses an op-amp integrator, comparator, and reference voltage.
- Two-phase operation: integration (input) and de-integration (reference).
12. Operation of Integrating Type DVM
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- Input voltage integrates over time.
- Reference voltage is used to de-integrate.
- The time taken is proportional to the input voltage.
13. Digital Frequency Meter: Block Diagram & Timing
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- Uses a crystal oscillator, gate, counter, and display.
- The number of pulses counted in a given time gives the frequency.
14. Operation of Digital Frequency Meter
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- Converts AC signal to digital pulses.
- Counts pulses for a fixed interval (e.g., 1 second).
- Displays the frequency in Hz.
15. Multiple Ranges in Digital Frequency Meter
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- Uses a prescaler to divide high frequencies before counting.
- Time base control changes the gate interval.
16 & 17. Frequency Ratio Measurement Using Reciprocal Counting
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- Counts the period of one signal relative to another.
- Uses two frequency counters to compare input cycles.
18. Time Base Circuit
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- Uses a stable crystal oscillator and frequency dividers.
- Generates precise timing intervals.
19. Example Calculation: 1MHz Crystal, 4 Decade Counters
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- 1MHz clock divided by 10,000 -> 100Hz gate signal.
- If input = 1.625kHz, in 10ms gate time, counted pulses = 16.
- Frequency displayed: (16/0.01) = 1600Hz.
20. Common Cathode vs. Common Anode Displays
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- Common Cathode: Segments share a ground, anodes connected to a driver.
- Common Anode: Segments share +V, cathodes controlled by the driver.
21. LCD vs. LED Display
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- LCD: Uses liquid crystals and polarizers.
- Advantages of LCD: Low power, thin, good readability.
22. Supply Current Calculation for 3½ Digit LCD Display
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- Total segments = 22, Current per segment = 300A.
- Total current = 22 × 300A = 6.6mA.
