r 0 x £5 “contains the = These particles are either atoms, molecules, ions or electrons. THE AVOGADRO’S CONSTANT AND AVOGADRO’S LAW . ‘The Avogadro's constant is (L) is 6.023 x 10°. ‘These implies that one mole of a substance contains 6.023 x 10” particles. Avogadro's number of particles. The Avogadro's law states that: Equal volumes Of gases contain equal numbers of molecules. Number of moles in atoms One mole of atoms of an element contains 6.023x 10 atoms of that element Examples: (1= 6.02 x 10°, cl=35.5) 1. Determine the number of moles of atoms present in the in the following, a)1.505 x 10 atoms of ox; toms (2mks) Answer: 1 mole of oxygen atoms > 6.02 x 10” atoms X moles of oxygen atoms > 1.505 x 10°” atoms X=1x I 6.02 x 10" = 0.00025 moles 2. How many atoms are present in 0.001moles of hydrogen atoms? Answer: 1 mole of hydrogen atoms ~ 6.02 x 10” atoms 0.001 mole of hydrogen atoms > X X= 0.001 x 6.02 x 10? = 6.02 x 10” atoms 1 +S. Determine the mass in grams in 3.01 x 10?! atoms of chlorine, Answer: 6.02 x 10 chlorine atoms > 35.5 3.01 x 10" chlorine atoms > X X= 3.01 x10" x 35,5 6.02 x 10° 0.1758 Examples: (L= 6.¢ 1, Determine the number 1.2046 x 10" molecules. 6.023 x 10", O= 16, H X= 11.2046 x 10! = 2.x 10% mol 1.023 x 10” 2. Determine the number of molecules present in 0.0042 moles of hydrogen molecules. Answer: 1 mole of molecules 6.023x10 molecules 0.0042 moles of molecules > X ‘X= 0.0042 x 6.023 x 10 1 3. Determine the mass in grams of 3.015 x 107! molecules of chlorine. Answer Molecular Mass of ehlorine= 35.5 x 2= 71 6.023 x 10” chlorine molecules > 71g 3.015 x 10" chlorine molecules > X os 4. Determine the number of molecules | 0.0128 grams of oxygen gas, Answer: Molecular Mass of oxygen = 16x 2=32 6.023 x 10” oxygen molecules >AICh > APt+3cr Amole of AICI, > 1mole of Al 0.05mole of AIC > X X= 0.05 X 1_=0.05 moles 1 ions 1 mole Al" ions > 6,023 x 10” AP" ions 0.05 moles of Al” ions > X IS x 6.023 x 10% = 3,012 x 10” ions 1 ) Chloride ions in 0.05 moles of aluminium chloride. Answer AICh > Al? +3Cr Amole of AIC, > 3 moles of Cr 0.0Smole of AICI, > X 0.05 0.15 mol Number of moles in electrons ‘One mole of electrons contains 6.023x10" electrons MOLAR SOLUTIONS 1. Determine the molarity of a solution made dissolving grams of copper(II) sulphate in water and diluting the solution to 250cm’. (Cu=64, s Answer: REM CuSO, = 64 + 32 + (16x4) = 160 8g of CuSO, > 250cm* xg of CuSO, > 1000em* 8x 1000 =32g t 250 Molarity = Mass in grams/litre X= nuetralises 20cm’ of: made by dissolving 2 made to 500cm?. (Na: Solution: HCl 4) + NaOH(aq) > NaC(aq) + Molarity of NaOH = Mass in gramsfi 2grams of NaOH > 500em? X grams of NaOH > 1000cm? X=2x 1000 = 4g 500 RFM of NaOH =23 16 +1=40 Molarity of NaOH _4 =0.1M 40 No. of moles of NaOH = Mol ype From equation above: 1 mole of HCI reaets with 1 role of NaOH X mole of HCI reaets with 0.002 mol of Ns X=1x 0.002 ).002mol 1 Molarity of HC! = 0,002 x 1000 = 0.08M 25 REACTING MASSES AND MOL: VOLUMES 19 68 ‘of magnesium powder was re ct Answer: a)Mg(s) + 2HCK(aq) > Moles of Mg From the equation ab 1 mole of Mg reaets wi 0.4 mole of Mg reacee ee tive Molecular Mass (RMM) | Boles, (1 =35.5, N=14.0 S = 32.0, O= 16.0, C= 12.0) a) Chlorine gas RMM of C= 355.x2=71 b) Nitrogen gas RMM of N;= 14x 2=28 2, Determine the number of moles present in 0,032 grams of sulphur (IV) oxide gas. Answer RMM of SO;= 32 + (16 x2) = 64 Imole of SO, > 64g X > 0.032g X= 1x 0.032_= 0.0005 moles 64 3. Determine the mass of 0.045 moles of carbon (II) oxide gas, Answer RMM of CO= 12 + 16 = 28 Imole of CO > 28g 0.045 moles. > Xx. X=_0.045 x28 = 1.26g 1 RELATIVE FORMULA MASS (RFM) This is the mass of one mole of a compound, Examples: 1. Determine the Relative Formula Mass (REM) of the following compounds. ( Na = 23.0, N= 14.0, Cl- 35:5, Al=27.0, S= 32.0, Pb =207, Ag = 108) ) Sodium chloride RFM NaCl = 23+ 35,5 = 58.5 b) Lead (11) sulphate REM PbSO, = 207 + 32+( 16x 4) =303 ©) Aluminium chloride REM AICI = 27+ (35.5 x 3) = 133.5 4) Silver nitrate RFM AgNO; = 108 + 14 +(16 x3) (NB: RFM do not have units) b) 0.447grams of ammonii RFM of (NH,)3PO,= 149 ©) 960 kilograms of calcium bromide REM CaBr; = 40 + (80 x2) 960Kg = 960 x 1000 = 960000 No. of moles = Mass in grams RFM = _960000_ = 4800; 200 termine the mass in grams for the fol stances, ( a) 0. 02Smoles of Potassium hyd RFM KHCO;= Mass in gramstual number of molecule of a comy 1. EXAMPLES 1. A compound contains 42.86% carbon, 3.57% hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. Its molecular mass are 112, Determine its: a) Empirical formula Answer: a) % mass of oxygen 100 - (42.86 + 3.57) = 53.57% Element | % mass | 41.38 RAM 2 Noof | 4138 | 3.45 moles 2 aa =3.448 | =3.45 ‘Simplest | 3.45 3.448, atom 3.448 3.448 ratio = 1.0006 | =1 el Empirical formula is CHO b) Molecular formula = (Empirical formula) x n MF=(EF)n Molecular Mass (MM) Empirical Mass (EF) eet? sine (12+1+16) 9 =MF =(CHO), =CsH,O4 2) 1.4 grams of hydrocarbon contain 1.2g carbon and the rest is hydrogen. Its Molecular Mass is 56, Determine its: a) Empirical formula b) Molecular formula (C=12.0, H=1.0) Answer: "Mass of Hydrogen = 1.4 ~ 1. b) Molecular formula (C=12.0, H=1.0, O=16.0) ie. n= Molecular Empirical Mass(EF) = __56 12+ (1x2) MF = (CH2)4 = C4Hg =, son 14 3. A compound of hydrogen and oxygen wi ‘molecular mass 34, contains 5.88% hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. Determine its: ) Empirical formula b) Molecular formula (H =1.0, O=16.0) _ Answer: a) % mass of oxygen 100 ~5.88 Element % mass 3.88 RAM 1 No of moles Simplest | 5.88 atom ratio | 5.88 =1| | 0 ( iber of atoms present in the lowing. [Av constant = 6,02 x 10°, 23, He = 4, F = 19, Cu= 64, Fe = 56) a) 4.75 x 10" g of Fluorine atoms (2mks) b) 0.0168g of iron atoms (2mks) c) 0.0069g of sodium atoms (2mks) 3. Determine the mass in grams of the following (L= 6.023 x 10", 0 = 16, Ca= 40 Li P=31, Pb=207,) a) 1.15 x 10° atoms of phosphorous _(2mks) b) 3.0.x 10" atoms of lead (2mks) @ 2.3 x 10° atoms of oxygen (mks) 4. Determine the number of moles in the following. (L=6.02 x 10, Ca= 40, C =12, N=14) a) 3.68 x 10" atoms of calcium (2mks) b)7.36x 12" atoms ofcarbon —_(2mks) ¢) 1.472.x 10” atoms of nitrogen (2mks) 5. Determine the number of molecules present in the following. (L = 6.023 x 10 23, O= 16, Cl=35.5,H=1) a) 1.42 x 10°g of chlorine gas b) 3.2.x 10°Sg oxygen gas c) 0,002g of hydrogen gas 6. Determine the mass in grams of the following molecules of the gases (L = 6.02 x 10°, F = 19, 0=16,C ) a) 7.6.x 10” molecules of fluorine gas (2mks) b) 2.84 x 10" molecules of chlorine gas (2mks) ©) 2.56 x 10” molecules of oxygen gas (2mks) 7. Determine the number ions presents in the following (L = 6.023 x 10°) a) Number of calcium ions present in 1 mole of calcium chloride solution. mks) b) Number of chloride ions present in | mole of calcium chloride solution (3mks) ¢) Number of sodium ions in 0.2 moles of sodium sulphate solution (mks) 4) Number of sulphate ions present in 0.001 moles of sodium sulphate solution (3mks) 8 A student weighed a piece of paper and found it to be 0.5782g. She wrote the name of her school using a pencil on the paper. When she weighed the paper again, its new mass was 0.5846g, gas jar. Use the informati the number of molecules of ox collected in the gas jar (O=16) Mass of empty gas jar = 123.04 Mass of gas jar + oxygen gas ; ae 10.a) Determine the number of moles pr the following. (Use: 3, P=31, Al=2% i) 0,0056g of lithium atoms ii) 46g of sodium atoms ifi) 6.2x10“g of phosphorous atoms s iv) 135g of aluminum atoms: ‘s) v) 20000g of neon atoms (2mks) b) Determine the mass in grams present in the following substances. i) 0.05 moles of lead atoms (2mks) ii) 0.2 moles copper atoms (2mks) iii) 3.15x10" moles of neon atoms (mks) iv) 128 moles of chlorine atoms _(2mks) ¥) 0.1mole of silver atoms (mks) RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM)_ 1. Define the term relative molecular mass (Imk) 2. Determine the Relative Molecular Mass (RMM) for the following molecules (H=1, N=14, O= 16, F=19, Ch=35.5)_ ) Hydrogen gas (Imk) (b) Nitrogen gas (imk) ©) Oxygen gas (mk) (4) Ozone (03) (1 4) Fluorine gas (Imk) (@) Chlorine gas (I g) Water (1mk)_(h) Ammonia (NHL) (Ii 3. Determine the Relative Molecul the following molecules (H= 1, N=14,C j a) Carbon (IV) oxide b) Carbon (1) oxide 4, Determine the numb the followii a) 0.071g chi b) 0.00016 « c) 144g of 4) 1.5 x10 shnent a of oxygen gas 6. Determine the number of moles of electrons. used during electrolysis. produce the following: (Pb =207, Na = 23, O= 16, Br =80, CI=35.5) a) 4.14grams of lead atoms (2mks) b) 0.0008 moles of lead atoms (mks) RELATIVE FORMULA MASS (RFM) 1, Define the term Relative Formula Mass (1mk) 2. Determine the Relative Formula Mass (RMM) the following compounds. (H= 1, N= 14, O=16, Cl=35.5, Na=23, Al=27, Ca=40, Mg=24, K=39, Ag=108, Pb 2n=65, Cu=63.5, $=32, C=12, 1=12 a) Sodium chloride) Calcium oxide (Imk) ¢) Sodium hydro; bonate (imk) d) Lead (II) nitrate (e) Copper (1) hydroxide f) Zinc sulphate (g hh) Magnesium oxide j) Aluminum sulphate Potassium lodide (i) Silver chloride 3. Determine the number of moles present in the following. a) 2.65g of sodium carbonate b) 17.1g of aluminum sulph: ©) 0.0068 silver nitrate 4) 9.75x10°g of copper (11) hydroxide €) 567g Zinc oxide 4, Determine the mass in grams present in the following substances. i) 0.025 moles of Sodium oxide (2mks) ii) 0.5 moles calcium hydrogen carbonate iii) 3.2x10° moles lead (II) chloride (2mks) iv) 200 moles aluminum hydroxide (2mks) EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA La) Define the following terms; i) Empirical formula (imk) i) Molecular-formula (amk) b) A given mass of a contain 1 5g hydrogen 15.5. phosphorous and 32g oxygen. Determine ‘the empirical formula of the compound. ( (mks) Iron filings: Wire gauze fit The following results were obtained: Mass of empty crucibl Mass of crucible and iron fi : Mass of crucible + Oxide of iron = 57.878 Determine the'simplest formiila of the Gs 4.4 compound of is made up of carbon: hydrogen. 10 grams of this compound | being carbon and the rest is oxygen, its empirical formula, (C= 12.0, H 5, Determine the simplest formula of which contains 2.7g aluminum, (Al= 27, O=16.0; H =i - In a compound which conta hydrogen and oxygen, 13. contains 3.68 carbon, 0.3 rest is oxygen. Thwula(C=12, H=1) (2mks) 8. The molecular mass of a compound is 90, A given amass of the compound hhas 40% carbon, 6.67% hydrogen and the rest is oxygen. 4) Determine the simplest formula of the compound (2mks) ') Determine its molecular formula, (2mks) 9. A compound contains carbon and hydrogen only. 1.12g of the compound 0.968 is carbon and the rest is hydrogen. Given that its molecular mass is 42, Determine its: a) Empirical formula (2mks) 'b) Molecular formula(C=12, H=1) (2mks) 10. The empirical formula of a compound is CHO, and has molecular mass 90. Determine its molecular formula. (2mks) 11. The empirical of a compound is CH, Determine, Its molecular form molecular mass is 126 ( a ifits nks) 12. Determine the molecular formula of compound whose empirical formula is C3H,O and molecular. mass is 88, (mks) 13. 4.6g of a compound of nitrogen and oxygen has 30.43% nitrogen and rest being oxygen. Determine the molecular formula given that its molecular mass is 92 mks) 14. A compound containing carbon and hydrogen undergo complete combustion to form 1.1g carbon (IV) oxide and 0.6g of water. Determine its empirical formula and molecular formula. Its molecular mass is 30. (C= 12, 6, H=1) (3mks) 15. On complete combustion ofa compound containing carbon and hydrogen gives 17.6g of carbon (IV) oxide and 3.6 g of water were formed. Determine its: a) Empirical formula.(C= 12, H =1, 0=16) b) Molecular formula if its molecular mass is 26, Gmks) 2.1g of a compound 0 a a a 6.6g of 2.7g of water. a) Determine the empirical fo compound. (C=12.0,0=16.0, F b) Given that the molecular mass compound is 42, determine its mol formula (Qn 18. A compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with oxygen under suitable condition to fort 12g of nitrogen (II) oxide and 10.8 g of (N= 14, O=12) 19. A sample of a compound containing lead and | sulphur is roasted in excess oxygen to produce’ 4.46g of lead ({1) oxide and 1.28g of sulphur Given that the RFM of the compound is 239, Determine its: (Pb =207, $=32, O=16) 4) Simplest formula of the compound, (2mks) b) Chemical formula of the compound. (2mks) 20, Write the simplest formula (empi for compounds with the follox | chemical formulae, | a) HO, (6) Cio Hao d)NaCOs — (e) H2C05 21. A compound contains 25.6% copper, 12.8% sulphur, 25.6% oxygen and the rest is water of crystallization. Determine the simplest formula of the compound, (Cu= 6. S= 32.0, ‘ ee 22. A sample ofa com, aluminium, 2.4g oxygen and 1,8¢ of crystallization. Determine the simple of the compound, (Al = 27.0, O= pound contains 2.7g 23. A hydrated compound 71.43% being the anhythe value of X. ( Fe=56, O=16, mks} 27) 10.6g of hydrated salt KsCOs.YH,O, bey heated to as shown below to a constant mass of 4.6grams.Determine the number of molecules of the hydrated compound. (RFM of K:COs= 138, H,0= 18) Gmks) Crucible K;CO3.YH,0 28, A stream of Carbon (II) oxide was passed over aheated oxide of iron as shown below Oxide of iron To fume carbon(tt) Ej chamber oxide, Ss Porcelain ia | boat Result Mass of empty porcelain boat = 13.64g Mass of porcelain boat and Oxide of iron = 18.288 Mass of porcelain boat and residue = 17.008, Determine the chemical formula of the compound given that its Relative Formula Mass is 242. (Fe= 56,0 =16) (4mks) 29, A stream of hydrogen gas was passed over a heated | oxide of metal X as shown in the following diagram, Study the following information and hence determine the chemical formula of oxide of X (X= 63.5, O=16) (mks) Oxide of tal X Hydrogen gas > Porcelain boat ‘Mass of empty conical Mass of combustion tube a ‘Mass of the conical flask +t Determine the chemical formula ‘Compound formed (Fe=56.0 31. A piece of buning " Jar containing air gas as shown b information below to determine: Air, Results obtained. Mass of empty deflagrating spoon = 138 Mass of deflagrating spoon + sodium m Mass of deflagrating spoon + prodi BL oxide of lead. Use the data provid the chemical formula of oxide: 107, O= 16) (mks)ving 1,6g of sodium hydroxide in water “and volume made up to 500m’, (2mks) 9) Dissolving 2.65g of sodium carbonate decahydrate ‘in water and volume of solution made up to 20cm’, , (2mks) ©) Dissolving 0.315g of hydrated oxalic acid (H;C,0..2H,0) in 250em’ of water and the Volume ofthe solution made up to S00cm’ (2mks) 4) Dissolving 3.0g of magnesium sulphate in 100cm° Of water and the volume of the solution made up to200em* (Mg=24.0, S=32,0, 0=16.0) (2mks) ¢) Dissolving 3.78kg of zinc nitrate in water and Volume of solution made to 1 litres (Zn=65.0, #) Dissolving 0.175g of ammonium nitrate in water and the volume of water made up to 100ml 2. Determine the molarity of solutions containing: ) 0.2 moles of sulphuric acid in 800cm’ solution, 6) 0.3375 moles of hydrochloric acid in 250cm* of solution, (H= (2mks) ¢) 0.1 mole of potassium hydroxide in S00cm? solution (2mks) 3. Determine the number of moles in the following a) 200cm’ of 0.SMHCI (2mks) b) litre of 2msodium sulphite (2mks) ©) 150cm’ of 1.2MZinc chloride (2mks) 4. Determine the mass in grams of the given compounds in the following solutions: a) 300cm* of 0.6MNaOH (2mks) b) 4450cm?* of IMcalcium hydroxide solution ¢) 100cm? of 0.25M potassium chloride solution 4) 2Litres of 0.0SM Lead (II) nitrate solution €) 750cm’ of 0.2M CuSO,(aq) (2mks) 5. Determine the concentration of the following solutions in grams per litre, a) 0.1Mammonium nitrate solution. (2mks) b) 0.04M iron (II) sulphate solution. (2mks) ©) 2M sodium carbonate solution. (2mks) 6. Determine concentration in moles per litre ofthe Solutions containing: 4) 8 grams of sodium hydroxide in 250em? solution +) 2.65g of sodium carbonate in 500cm' solution ©) 1.61g of zine sulphate in 250cm’ solution 2) 15cm’ of 0.1 M: neutralised by 30cm’ of Determine the concentratio hydroxide in moles per litre, 3) 25cm’ of hydrochloric acid was co neutralised by 30cm’ of solution co 5.3g of sodium carbonate per litre the molarity of hydrochloric acid, — 4) 25cm’ of sodium hydroxide was cor neutralised by 20cm’ of 0.5M sulphuric Determine the concentration of sodium in grams per litre. (\ 5) Determine the volume oF 0.2M sodium hydroxide that completely neutralize 18empo 0.1M_ phosphoric (V) acid, Gi 6) 25cm’ of 0.2Msodium hydroxide was reaete with 20cm’ of 0.1 MSulphuric (VI) acid, Whi solution was excess and by how many moles? (3mks) ;|MPotassium carbonate was reacted 20cm’ of 0.1 MHydrochloric acid, Deter the volume of 0.1Siphuric (VI) acid that shoule be added to the mixture to the mixture, 8) Determine the volume of 0.1M sodium Hydroxide that would neutralise 20cm! of 0.2M hydrochloric acid (3mks) lume of 0.5M potassium uld neutralise 40 VI) acid, 9) Determine the vol hydroxide that wo 0.25M sulphuric ( 10) Determine the volume of 0.1M sodi carbonate that would neutralise 2 of 0.1M nitric (V) acid, 11) Determine the molarity of: hydroxide solution that would ne 20cm’ of 0.12M Sulphuric (V1) 12) Determine the concentrati litre of 10cm’ potassiun (VI) acid.1y moles? (dks) ef 14) 20cm’ of 0.1MPotassium carbonate were added to 1 Sem’ of 0.1SMSulphuric (V1) acid and the mixture stirred thoroughly. After the reaction was over, both blue and red litmus papers were dipped into the mixture. State and explain the observations made. (Show all your workings) (4mksy 15) 25cm’ of 0.1M Acid A was completely neutralised by 2Sem’ of 0.1Msodium carbonate. Determine the basicity of the acid Gms) 16) 28cm" of 2MPotassium hydroxide was neutralised by 14 cm’ of 2M acid M. Determine the basicity of Acid M, (3mks 17) 30cm’ of 0.2Msodium hydroxide was neutralised by 20 cm’ of 0.1M acid R. Determine the basicity of Acid R. (mks) 18) 1dm’ of 0. MPotassium hydroxide was completely neutralised by 500cm’ of dibasle eld X. Determine the concentration of acid X in moles per litre (mks) 19) 30cm’ of 0.2MSodium hydroxide were completely neutralised by 40cm’ of monobasic acid ¥. Determine the molarity of acid Y (3mks) 20) 0.05Litres of ammonium hydroxide was completely neutralised by 20cm’ of 2Mtribasic acid Z. Determine the molarity of ammonium hydroxide. _(3mks) 21) 1dm’ of 0.1Mdibasic acid A was completely neutralised by 00cm’ of sodium carbonate. Determine the concentration of sodium carbonate in grams per litre. 22) A solution containing 1.575g of a dibasic acid B was completely neutralised by S0cm* sodium hydroxide, Determine the ‘was added drop ofthe resulting mixture was m results are represented in the fi Electrical Conductivity 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 Volume of NaOH added ( a) Identify the ions ‘mainly responsible for conducting electricity along the regions: (AB (mk) ~ Gil) B_ (imk) (ii) BC (mk) bi) What is the significance of point oie i ii) Why is the electrical conductivity at point very low? m c) From the curve above, deduce the volume « dilute sodium hydroxide required to neutralise 50cm? of 2Msulphuric (VI) completely. 4) Determine concentration of sodium | in moles per litre VOLUMENTRIC AN, TITRATION EXPER 1. In atitration experiment, dilute} acid was titrated with 0.3M S The volume of sodium experiment was 25em’, inthe table below.acid solution B used. Final burette volume (em') icacid . _ (Ik) ne number of moles of sodium used. (mk) ~Determine the number of moles of hydrochloric (mks) ) Determine the molarity of hydrochloric acid solution. (mks) 2. Ina titration experiment, 0.05M Sulphuric (V1) acid was put in burette and titrated with dilute potassium hydroxide, The volume of potassium hydroxide used in each experiment was 25cm Phenolphithalein indicator was added to potassium hydroxide solution in a conical flask before it was titrated with the acid, The results were recorded in the table below Experiment Initial burette volume (em) | 0.0 | 16.7 a) Identify one mistake in the table above. (Imk Volume of H,S0, used (em) [16.7 | 3: b) What was the role of phenolphthalein indicator in this experiment? (mk) €) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that took place, (Imk) 4) Determine average volume of sulphuric (VI) acid solution used (Imk) €) Determine the number of moles of sulphuric (V1) acid solution used. (mk) f) Determine the number of moles of potassium hydroxide used. (mks) g) Determine the concentration in moles per litre for potassium hydroxide solution, (mks) h) Determine the concentration in grams per litre for potassium hydroxide solution, ( K = 39.0 0=160,H=1.0) (2mks) 3. Ina titration experiment, 0.2MNitric (V) acid as titrated with a solution made by dissolving 7.Ag of a metal hydroxide; X(OH), in 00cm of Water and the solution diluted to 1 litre. In each ‘experiment, 25.0em’ of Nitric (V) acid was pipetted into a conical flask and then titrated with ‘solution X(OH), from the burette. The results _obiained are shown in the table below. oS a eke” ts (em) [256 [453 [asa 0.0 | 20.0 Fle ¢) Determine tl hydroxide; X(OH) ) Determine the mol X(OH):. a e) Determine the Relative Fi ofthe metal hydroxide; X f) Determine the Relative Atomi of the metal represented by letter (O= 16.0, H= 1.0) y 4, Solution R was made by dissolvin hydrated compound; Na,CO;.XH,O and the solution diluted to 500em*. S was 0.1M Sulphuric (V1) acid soluti experiment, 25.0 cm’ of solution R pipetted into a clean conical flask and titrated with solution T from burette: were recorded in the table below. " a burette volume (om') | 12.8 [/25s I burette volume (em) | 0.0] 12:8 of solution T used (em) | 12.8) 12051] a) identify a suitable indicator for this experi Give a reason for your answer. b) Determine average volume of solution T 1 ©) Write the chemical equation for the real that took place. a 4) Determine the number of moles of sulpht (VI) acid solution T used, (i ¢) Determine the number of moles of hydrated compound; Na;COs.XH,0 used, (2m £) Determine the Relative Formula Mass ( of the hydrated compound; Na;CO,, used. 2a¢ 8) Determine the number of molecules of crystallisation X in the hydrated ‘NaxCOs,XH,O. (Na=23, C=12, 5. Ina practical examination, a stu his result in a table as Final burette volume ( Initial burette vol Volume of NsOH1) 0.72g of magnesium powder was reacted with excess 2M hydrochloric acid. Determine the. volume of hydrogen gas produced at sp. (3mks) 2) 20cm’ of 0.1M hydrochloric acid was reacted with excess sodium carbonate solution, Determine the volume of carbon (IV) oxide produced at rp . (3mks) 3) 720m’ of hydrogen gas was produced at standard temperature and pressure when 30cm’ of dilute sulphuric (VI) acid reacted with excess zine powder a) Determine the mass of zine powder that reacted, b) Determine the molarity of sulphuric (V1) acid, (2mks) 4) Determine the number of moles of copper (II) carbonate that react with excess dilute sulphuric (VI) acid to form 1120cm’ of carbon (IV) oxide gas at standard temperature and pressure. (3mks) 5) Sodium sulphite reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid as per the following equation. Na,$O3(0)+ 2HCliag) > 2NaCliag) + SOs(aa) + H;O4h Determine the mass of sodium sulphite that produce 9.6dm’ of sulphur (V1) oxide gas at room temperature and pressure (mks) 6. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine as per equation: H,(g) + Cl,(g) > 2HCl(g) 1 2litres of hydrogen reacted with excess chlorine gas, Determine the volume of hydrogen chloride 8s produced at s.t_p (mks) . Determine the mass of the follow (a) 2.2dlitres of oxygen at s.t.p (b)2.24litres of ammonia ats..p _(2mks) (©) 2.24litres of chlorine at sit.p (2mks) (q) 672cm’ of carbon (V1) oxide at sp (2mks) (e) 1344cm’ of nitrogen (IV) oxide at s.t-p (£) 4800cm* of hydrogen at r.t (2mks) (2mks) (mks) 9. Determine the relative following gases a) Gas X if 0.1g of gas X ocet b) Gas A if 12cm’ of A atss.t.p ha c) Gas Y whose 1. 1g occupies 600 d) Gas Z if 1.6g of Z occupies 4.48¢ 10. Determine the number of molecule following gasses (6. a)112cm? of nitrogen gas at s.t.p b) 2.4em? of oxygen at rt.p c) 5600cm’ of ammonia at s.t.p 4) 4.8litres of hydrogen at rp same volume as 1.28g of sulphur (IV) oxide. gas at s.1 (mks) Determine the mass of oxygen gas that has the same volume as 0.83 of methane gas (CH4) measured at r.p (2mks) 13. Determine the volume of nitrogen gas at r.t.p. that has the same mass as 5.5g of carbon (IV) oxide gas measured at r: mks) 14, Determine the volume of nitrogen gas at sp that has the same mass as 4.28 of carbon (iI) oxide gas measured at rip . Determine the number of moles of hydrogen Gas that has the same volume as 160g of oxygen gas measured at rt,p gs that occupies the same volume at temperature and pressure with 160g of o gas. (Take L = 6,023 x 10) 17) A gas syringe contains 0.1 mol at stp. What volume will t 27°C and 740mmHg? 18) 3.01x10” molecules of am prepared at r.t.p. g What volume will this and | 2atmophere pChlorine Ozone Nitrogen Fluorine Helium COMBINING VOLUMES OF GASES AND GAY- LUSSAC LAW 1, State Gay Lussac law. (Imk) 2.) 100cm* of carbon (11) oxide were exploded in 100cm’ of oxygen. (All volumes were measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure) a) Write the equation for the reaction take place b) Determine: i) Volume of the product formed. (Imk) ‘The gas which was in excess and by what volume. (2mks) 3.) 40cm’ of methane (CH,) was burnt in 42cm* of oxygen gas to form.carbon (II) oxide and water vapour. (All volumes were measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure) a) Write the equation for the reaction take place b) Determine: i) Volume of the carbon (II) oxide formed, ii) Volume of the water vapour formed. iii) The gas which was in excess and by what volume. (2mks) 4.) 150cm’ of methane (CH,) was burnt in exces: oxygen to form carbon (IV) oxide and water. (All volumes were measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure) a) Write the equation for the reaction take place b) Determine: 6) 96 litres of nitrogen (ID) oxic in 104 litres of oxygen to form ni ‘oxide, Determine the amount of litres present in the reaction vessel by t of the experiment. (All volumes were under the same conditions of temperatt pressure) 7 One of the reactions involved in large manufacture of nitric (V) acid is represen by the equation below 4NH3(g) + 502(g) > 4NO(Q) + OHRE Dur process, 1000m* of nitrogen (I was formed. (All volumes were meas nder the same conditions of temperature pressure). Determi a) T of oxygen gas used, Vv (Qn 8 In an experiment, 436m’ of hydrogen sul was exploded in 363cm* of oxygen and re as per the following equation. j 2H,S(g) + 302(g) > 2S02(g) + 2F Determine the volume of the residual gas, Gi 9. Determine the total volume of the resultit gaseous mixture when 36cm} of carbon (If oxide is ignited in 72cm’ of oxygen, 10. Determine the volume of nit remained unreacted when 116em? 0 gas Was reacted with 96cm? of hyd form ammonia gas (NH3), 11. Determine the volume resulting mixture whe (ID oxide is ignit nitrogen (IV)compl iculate the R.A.M of Metal M in the formula M;COs « 3), 20.00m? of 2M Sulphuric (IV) acid reacted completely with 3.2g of ‘Calculate the R.A.M of — Metal Y in the formula YOH. (016.0, 4 60cm? of oxygen gas diffused through a porous hole in'$0 seconds. How long wil sulphur(iv) oxide to diffuse through the same hole under the same conditions, (S= 3 5) Xg of sodium hydroxide were dissolved in water to make 10cm? of solution. SOcm? of required S0cm' of 2Mhydrochloric acid for complete neutralization. Caleulate the mass sodium hydroxide, (Na=23.0, O=16.0, H=1.0) . 6) 300cm* of hydrogen chloride gas were passed over 7.0g of heated iron wool until there was ne further change in mass. The reaction vessel then was allowed to cool to room temperature, a) Determine the mass of iron that remained at the end of the experiment.(Molar gas volume at 7) 00cm’, Fe=56.0) (2mks) b) Determine the volume of 2M sulphuric acid that would be required to react with excess iron that remained in the above experiment, b(i) above. (Qmks) 7.Caleulate the mass of sulphur which on complete combustion would yield 7dm of sulphitr (IV) oxide measured at and 722 mm Hg pressure. (0=16, molar gas volume = 24dm? at rtp) (3 marks) 8. The mass of 1d’ of a gas at s..p is 1.52g, What is the relative molecular mass of the gas? (Molar volume at s.t.p is 22.4 dm’) (marks) 9) 11.1cm’ of sodium hydroxide solution c 8.0g per litre sodium hydroxide were required for ‘complete neutralisation of 0.1g ofa dibasic acid. Calculate the relative formula mass of the dibasie aei N O=16, H=1) (3 marks) 10) 66cm’ of carbon (Il) oxide gas were reacted with 27cm’ of oxygen gas. The resulting mixture Of | ei ‘gases was bubbled through an sodium hydroxide, Determine the volume of the residual gas, (mks) 4 " 11, During heating of a hydrated copper (I!) sulphate erystals, the following readings were get Mass of evaporating dish = 100g Mass of evaporating. dish + hydrated salt = 105g Mass of evaporating dish + residue salt = 103.28 Use the information above to determine the empirical formula of hydrated copper (Il) sulphat (Cu= 63.5, $=32, O=16, H=1) “( 12) 5.0cm? of a dibasic acid HA required 25cm’ of 0.1M NaOH for complete neutralization, Cal the molarity of the dibasic acid 13.Calculate the amount of calcium carbonate that would remain if 15.0g of ealeium carb 0.2 moles of hydrochloric acid. (C = 12.0 = 1.60, Ca= 40.0) 14) 12.00m3 of a solution of 0,05M sodium hydroxide were exactly neutralized by ‘of sulphuric (VI) acid, Find the sulphuric (VI) acid in moles per litre, 5g of hydrated Sodium Sulphate, Na:S0,-XH.O were he: : of X in the formula Na;SO.-XH20 (? 23,an yams droite of 70cm’ which was reduce ry a f " Bey ete pk experiment, et" of 0.2Msodium nydronie eet a i a sie acid H,C204-xH0 contal jing 25.2e/litre a e 90cm’ of oxygen and s eer 4 to 30cm’ on shaking W reaction below, Find the value of x and y in ) + H20(1) was mixed with ixture has a volume W: ; ide, Given the equation o| ee Gaile) + 0X8) > COMB) ; diseotved in distilled water to make 200em Of soll 0 drochloric acid for complete neutral 19, M grams of sodium hydroxide w of the solution formed req Calculate the value of M ( nium metal were heated in excess chlorine g red 40cm’ of 1M hy 39, 0-16, H=1) fal as, the mass of the alu 20, When 2.16g of alumi formed was 9.82. Calculate the; (a) Maximum possible mass of the product than can be (b) Percentage yield ofthe product formed vve formula mass of 110. It is further formed. (Al = 27.0, Cl =35:5), 21, An oxide of metal Y has a rel established that 5.5, ‘oxide contains 3.9g of metal X. Determine the {@) Simplest formula the oxide of Y._ (Y =39.0, O= 16.0) (b) Chemical formula of the oxide of Y 22) 2.0g of an alloy of copper and aluminium was reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acd ‘stp. The volume of the gas collected was 1680cm’. ( Hint: Only aluminium reacted With Molar gas volume = 22.4 litres at s.t.p, Cu= 64.0 Al=27.0) (i) Write the equation for the formation of the gas. Gi) Calculate the amount of copper in the alloy 23. Excess 3Mnitric (V) acid was added to 0.5¢. of copper powder. Calculate the volume oft that was reacted completely with 0.5g of copper powder Cu(s) + 4HNO;(aq) > Cu(NOs),(aq) + 2NO,(g) + 2H;0(1) (Cu = 63.5) 24, When 1.08g of aluminum foil were heated in a stream of ct ere heated ina stream of ‘chlorine gas, the od formed was 3.472. Calculate the: cos ten ae (2) Maximum mass ofthe product formed if chlor lorine was in excess Cl 3 (b) Percentage yield of the product formed “es ineccess (A aan 25, eae Enea formula: MCO,, reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid) s completely with 2 of ears cnmiesy ithe, sf 1M hydrochloric acid ,calculate the r 26. A compound has an empirical fe 7 ie enpica eatth i a a relative formula mass of 116. 27),0.5g of magnesium powder were reac @) Determine the reagent that was in lead powder were dissolved in excess nitri cess rate solution formed was reacted Sale coastal paenexcess lead nitrate s lions ale ton formed was found to wei ( Pb = 207, Cl = 35.5 Ni =23) gas was Fates) as per enon given below. Calculate the mass. of sodit (molar gas volume= 24000em* Na;SO\(s) + 2HCI (aq) > 2NaCl (aq) + SOxg) + HOKN) 32. Given that 0.47g of A occupies a volume of Sécm at stp and its empirical formula of is Ci Determine its molecular formula. (H = 1.0, 2.0, Br = 80.0, molar gas volume at STP 33, 1F 320em’ of ammonia reacted completely with copper as per the equation given below; Cale {@) Volume of nitrogen gas produced. (One mole of gas occupies 24 litres at rt.p) (2m (b) The mass of copper (II) oxide that reacted. (Cu = 64.0, O=16.0 2NHs(g) + 3CuO(s) > 3Cu(s) + Na(g) + HOC) 34, A hydrated iron salt was found to have the following composition by mass. Iron 20.2%, Oxygen 23.0%, sulphur 11.5% and water 45.3 %, Its relative formula mass is 278, (@) Determine the formula of the hydrated sat (Fe=56, S=32; O= 16, H=1) _(3mks) (b) 13.9 of the hydrated salt were dissolved in distilled water and the total volume made to 200em® of solution, Calculate the concentration of the salt solution in moles per litre. (mks), 35. A certain factory uses nitric (V) acid and ammonia gas as the only reactants for the preparation of a nitrogenous fertilizer. If the daily production of the fertilizer is 9600kg, calculate the mass of ammoni gas used daily. N= 14, H= 1, 0 = 16) 36) 1.9 gm of magnesium chloride w excess. Calculate the mass of silver nitrate that was used for the complete reaction. (Mg =24.0, N O= 16.0, Ag = 108.0) 37. Excess carbon (II) oxide gas was passed over a heated sample of oxide of iron as shown in the dia below. Study the diagram and the data below it to answer the questions that follow. Dry carbon (I!) oxide gas oe Porcelain boat ‘Mass ot empty asi Mass of empty dish 4 oxide of iron: Mass of empty dish 4 residue a (@) Determine the formula ofthe oxide of iron. (RAM of oxide iron = 232, Fe— : was first poll 40, nam experiment a ieee peel bunt in Ee Ne 240, Be pircal Formula ofthe compound Fe tp ecm rans (b) Determine TOPICAL ASSINMENT i .06g anhydrous ied a solution containing 1.0 jon neutralised a s0 Donat 1 25 af TS. at vue esti aio pas : i ida ly. When this compount i sbon and hydrogen only. n ann ar gave 96g of carbon (IV) Oxide and 49 a Male gic hes rm Bar a io 8, Determine te molecular formula. (C= 12, O= 16 i" 1 40,0em? of 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution just neut 3. Inn experiment it was found tha Waar orate” cof adibasic acid A. Calculate the relative molecu : re passed over 7.0g of heated iron fillings until there allowed to cool to room temperature. Use the equ he end of the experiment (molar gas volume = 24000 4) 30cm’ of Hydrogen chloride gas wer change. The reaction vessel was then determine the mass of iron that remained a Fa(s) +2HC\(g) > FeCI2{s) + Hg) 5. Calculate the number of chloride ions in a 250cm’ of 1M solution calcium chloride (AS number is 6.0 x 10°) 6. gas cylinder contains 42.0% by mass of methane (CH,). The eylinder contains 150 fa, When methane undergo complete combustion, it forms carbon (LV) oxide gasan only. Calculate the; (a) Number of moles of methane (CH,) in the cylinder. (C = 12.0, H= 1.0) (b)Total volume of carbon (IV) oxide produced by the combustion of methane in cylinder (Molar gas volume =24.0 dm’ at room temperature and pressure), 7 Iman experiment to detetmine the percentage purity of the sample of anhydrous s carbonate, 3.18g of the sample reacted completely with 20.0cm? of 1M sulphurie(1V) a Determine: (i) the number of moles of sodium carbonate that reacted (i the percentage of sodium carbonate in the sample, (Na= 23, C= table oxide with chemical formula: E,0, | 1800cm’ of hydrogen gas was produced: 24000cem*) 8, Element & (not actual chemical symbol) forms a st 69g of element E were reacted with excess water, therelative atomic mass of E. (Molar gas volume 9. Ammonia and nitric(V) acid are used in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate fertilizers ‘the amount of nitric (V) acid re a fired to manufacture 10800kg ammonium nitrate sh Smimonia. The equation is: NH(g) + HNOx(aq) -> NHNOve)) aa 10. A farmer Plans to enrich his s with nitrogen. eLesnasian es He has options to use any of the foll * Urea, CONH,),- ‘ are parked in 5( ~ -Enlin yoann se Wich a il be he bes forthe‘converted to 16.12g of iron (I11) chloride. Calculate the volume of chlorine gas t (Fe=56, C= 35.5, Molar gas volume at room temperature and pressure = 2400 (a) Determine its molecular formula, (H= 1.0, 2.0) (b) Given further that hydrocarbon undergo complete combustion to forms carbon (IV) oxide ‘water only, Calculate the volume of air required for complete combustion of 48.6g of the (Molar gas volume at room temperature and pressure = 22400cm*, Air contain 21% oxygen) 15, Inan experiment 20cm’ of 0.1 M sulphuric acid were reacted with 25em’ of 0.12M sodium hydroxi State the observations that were made when both and red litmus papers were dipped into the mixture Give a reason for your answer through calculations, mks) , 16, In an experiment a stream of dry hydrogen gas was passed over heated oxide of lead and the following: results were obtained. Mass of porcelain boat = 21.70, Mass of porcelain boat + lead oxide = 28.872 Final mass of porcelain boat + Lead = 27.913 Determine the formula of thé oxide of lead (Pb = 207, 0 = 16) (mks) 17, Two gases A and B have relative densities 2.78 and 4.20 respectively. They diffuse under similar Conditions. If the relative molecular mass of A is 28, determine the relative molecular mass of B. (marks) 18. If 20cm? of 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution neutralised 25m’ sulphuric (V1) acid solution calculate the concentration of the acid in moles per litre. (3marks) 19. A hydrocarbon was completely burnt in oxygen to form 12.6g of carbon (IV) oxide and 5.13 g of water (a) Determine the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon(H= 1,0 ; C=12.0; = 16.0) (marks) (6) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon if its molecular mass is 70. (2 marks) 20. When 63.0g of hydrated barium hiydroxide, Ba(OH),.n,0 were heated to constant mass, 34.28 of anhydrous barium hydroxide were obtained. Determine the empirical formula of the hydrated barium. hydroxide. (Ba = 137.0, O = 16.0, H= 1.0) (3 marks) 21) 25.0cem’ of 2M Ethanoic acid (CH\COOH) was diluted with water to make 500m? of solution. Calculate the concentration of the solution formed in moles per litre, 3 mad 22, An alcohol has the following composition by mass: hydrogen 13.5%, oxygen 21.6% and ca Determine the empirical formula of the alcohol. (C= 12.0; H= 1.0, 0= 16.0) 23) 13.68g of aluminium sulphate were dissolve in 250cm’ of water. Calculate the con sulphate ions in the solution in moles per litre. (Relative formula mass of aluminiut ide of element X has a relative formula mass of 110. If 5.5g of the oxide 0 1X. Determine the chemical formula of the oxide of X_(X =39.0, 0 an oxide of metal M was reduced using carbon (Il) oxide Biko 8 ie. cata‘carbon (IV) oxide 528g 0f' ig 16.0) Caleulat “2 acted to produce | 28g of sulphur as shown in equatic te the number moles of ide and chlorine rear 2HCK(s g) + ZHU cgotion is 80%, calla yur in the above rea aon. (S=200 =!) sre CaSO, XH:0 was heated until all the water 30, Hydrogen sulphi H,sie) + Chie)? SE ven thatthe yield of sulPht hydrogen sulphide eas used in the 35, When a hydrated sample of calcium sulph following data recorded: Mass of crucible = 41.5938 Mass of erucible *hydrated salt = 44.408 8 Mass of crucible + anhydrous Sal 44,078 8 Determine the empirical formula ofthe hydrated salt (RI FM of CaSO1=136, HO 18) +36. Phosphoric acid can bye manufactured from calcium phosphate according to the following equa Cax(PO.)S) + 3H,SO,(I) > 2H;PO,(aq) * 3 CaSOus) 3 Caleulate the mass in (Kg) of phosphoric acid that wvould be obtained if 155 Kg, of calcium pho reacted completely with the acid (Ca=40, P- 31, $=32, O=16, H=1) fn an anti-acid tablet J 6. 437. Inanexperiment 1 determine the percent of magnesium hydroxide in nt-acid tablet was neutralized by 20.0 cm’ of 0.01M hydrochloric acid.(M= g) Mass of magnesium hydroxide in the an byPercentage mass of magnesium hydroxide following percentage composition: 6 C= 12.0, H= 1.0, 0= 16.0) ts molecular formula M is not id in the anti-acid 9.42% carbon, 4.13% 38.2) An organic compound has the and the rest oxygen. {@ Determine the empirical formula ofthe compound. {b) Ifthe mass of one mole of the compound is 242, determine | ) The data gi a ten ae recorded when metal M was completely burnt in ai ass of empty crucible and lid = 23.351, eta id and metal M asdeae of erucible, lid and metal oxide = 23.5112 Determine the empirical formula of the metal oxide. (M=56, O=16)