8.

Electromagnetic WAVES
A Quick Recapitulation of the Chapter
1. Displacement Current The current which comes into play in the region in which
the electric field and the electric flux is changing with time. It is given by
d φE
i D =ε 0
dt
2. Maxwell's equations of electromagnetic waves are the basic laws of electricity and
magnetism. There are four maxwell's equations which gives complete description
of all electromagnetic interactions.
q
(i) Gauss' law in electrostatics, ∮ E ⋅ d S=
ε0
(ii) Gauss' law in magnetism, ∮ B ⋅d S=0
(iii) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,
−d φB
∮ E ⋅ dI =
dt
(iv) Modified Ampere's circuital law,
∮ B ⋅d I =μ0 ( iC +i D )
where, i C is conduction current and i D is displacement current.
3. An electromagnetic wave is a wave radiated by an accelerated or oscillatory
charge in which varying magnetic field is the source of electric field and varying
electric field is the source of magnetic field. Thus, two fields becomes source of
each other and the wave propagates in a direction perpendicular to both the fields.
4. Electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature. i.e., electric and magnetic fields
are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation.
Electromagnetic waves are not deflected by electric and magnetic fields.

5. E (electric field) and B (magnetic field) in electromagnetic waves are in same

phase.
6. For a wave of frequency v , wavelength λ , propagating along z-direction, we have
z t
E=E x (t) ¿ E0 sin ⁡(kz−ωt)=E 0 sin ⁡2 π −
λ T
B ¿ B y (t)=B0 sin ⁡( kz−ωt )
¿ ¿
7. Speed of electromagnetic wave
E0 1 8 −1
c= = =3 ×10 ms
B0 √ μ 0 ε 0
8. In a general medium, the speed of EM wave
1
v=
√ με
where, μ is permeability and ε is permittivity of the medium.
 9. The energy in electromagnetic wave is divided equally between electric and
magnetic fields. 10. Average energy density associated with an electromagnetic
wave is
2
1 2 B
U = ε0 E +
2 2 μ0
U
11. Linear momentum delivered to a surface by an electromagnetic wave, p= where,
C
U =¿ total energy transmitted by the electromagnetic wave and c=¿ speed of
electromagnetic wave.
12. The systematic distribution of electromagnetic waves in ascending or descending
order of frequency or wavelength is known as electromagnetic spectrum. The
range varies from 10−12 m to 104 m i.e., from y -rays to radio waves.
Different Types of Electromagnetic Waves
Frequency
Waveleng
Type range Production Detection
th range
(Hz)
3
Radio 3 ×10 to Rapid acceleration and
¿ 0.1 m Receiver's aerials
wave 3 ×10
8 deceleration of electrons in aerials.
8
Microwav 0.1 m to 3 ×10 to
Klystron valve or magnetron valve Point contact diodes
e 1 nm 3 ×10
11

11
Infrared 1 mm to 3 ×10 to Thermopile, Bolometer, infrared
Vibration of atoms and molecules
wave 700 nm 4 ×10
14 photographic film

14 Electrons in atoms emit light when

700 nm to 4 ×10 to The eye, photocells, photographic
Light they move from one energy level to
400 nm 8 ×10
14 film
a lower energy level.

14 Inner shell electrons in atoms

Ultraviole 400 nm to 8 ×10 to
moving from one energy level to a Photocells, photographic film
t rays 1 nm 8 ×10
16
lower level.
16
1 nm to 1 ×10 to X-ray tubes or inner shell Photographic film Geiger
X-rays −3
10 nm 3 ×10
21 electrons. tubes

18
−3 5 ×10 to Photographic film ionisation
Y-rays ¿ 10 nm 22
Radioactive decay of the nucleus.
chamber
5 ×10

Objective Questions Based on NCERT Text

Topic 1
Displacement Current
1. The conduction current is the same as displacement current when source is
(a) only AC
(b) only DC
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
2. An oscillating charge is an example of
(a) displacement current
(b) conduction current
 (c) accelerating charge
(d) accelerating current
d φE
3. The current ε 0 =i is a new term and is due to changing electric field, therefore
dt
called
(a) conduction current
(b) induced current
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Maxwell's displacement current
4. There may be a large regions of space, where there is no conduction current, but
there is only
(a) displacement current due to time varying electric fields
(b) induced current due to time varying electric fields
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
5. Which statement represents the symmetrical counterpart of Faraday's law and a
consequence of the displacement current being a source of a magnetic field?
(a) An electric field changing with time gives rise to a magnetic field
(b) A magnetic field changing with time gives rise to an electric field
(c) An emf changing with time gives rise to an electric field
(d) An displacement current, changing with time gives rise to an electric field
6. In the given figure, a magnetic field (say at point M ) between the plates of the
capacitor to be the same as that just

(a) outside at P
(c) above the plates
(b) between the plates
(d) down the plates
7. The charge on a parallel-plate capacitor varies as q=q 0 cos ⁡2 πνt . The plates are very
large and close together ¿ area ¿ A , separation ¿ d ¿. Neglecting the edge effects,
find the displacement current through the capacitor?
(a) −sin ⁡2 πνt(2 πv)
(b) q 0 cos ⁡2 πvt
(c) 2 π q 0 ν sin ⁡(2 πvt)
(d) −2 π q0 ν sin ⁡(2 πvt)
8. What is an instantaneous take of change of voltage for displacement current of
10 A current in the space between the parallel plate of 1 μ F capacitor?
(a) 105 Vs−1
(b) 106 Vs−1
 (c) 10−6 Vs−1
(d) 107 Vs−1
9. The charge of a parallel plate capacitor is varying as q=q 0 sin ⁡2 πft . The plates are
very large and close together ¿ Area ¿ A , separation ¿ d ¿. Neglecting edge effects,
the displacement current through the capacitor is
d
(a)
A ε0
d
(b) sin ⁡2 πft
ε0
(c) 2 πf q 0 cos ⁡2 πft
2 πf q 0
(d) cos ⁡2 πft
ε0

10. A parallel-plate capacitor consists of two circular plates with radius R =10 cm
separated by distance d = 0.5 mm. The capacitor is being changed at a uniform
rate by applying a changing potential difference between the two plates. Calculate
the displacement current for the capacitor. Assume that the electric field is due to
the displacement current only and rate at which the electric field between the
plates changes is 5 × 1013 Vms −1.
(a) 13.8 A
(b) 12.6 A
(c) 13.9 A
(d) 10.5 A
11. A sinusoide voltage is applied directly across an 8 μF capacitor. The frequency of
the source is
3.00 kHz and the voltage amplitude is 30.0 V. Find the displacement current and
amplitude between the plates of the capacitor.
(a) 42.5 A
(b) 4.25 μA
(c) 4.52 A
(d) 4.52 μA
12. You are given a parallel plate capacitor having capacitance of 2μF. How would you
establish an
instantaneous displacement current of 1 mA in the space between its plates?
(a) 550 Vs−1
(b) 500 Vs−1
(c) 525 Vs−1
(d) 475 Vs−1
13. A parallel plate capacitor is charged to 100 10 × −6 C. Due to radiations falling,
from a radiating source the plate loses charge at the rate of 2 10 × −7 Cs−1. The
magnitude of displacement current is
(a) 10 −6 A (b) 10 −4 A
(c) 2 × 10−7 A (d) 2 ×10−7 mCs−1

Topic 2
Maxwell's Equation
14. Which is the most important prediction to emerge from Maxwell's equations?
(a) Existence of magnetic waves
(b) Existence of electrical waves
 (c) Existence of radio waves
(d) Existence of electromagnetic waves
15. The total current passing through any surface, of which the closed loop is the
perimeter, is
(a) sum of conduction current and displacement current
(b) difference of conduction current and displacement current
(c) product of conduction current and displacement current
(d) fraction of conduction current and displacement current
16. We have a contradiction, calculated one way, there is a magnetic field at a point P,
calculated another way, the magnetic field at P is zero. Since, the contradiction
arises from our use of
(a) Ampere's circuital law
(b) Lorentz's force law
(c) Fleming's right hand rule
(d) Fleming left hand rule
17. 'Time-dependent electric and magnetic fields give rise to each other'. Which laws
give a quantitative expression of this statement?
(a) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction
(b) Ampere-Maxwell law
(c) Faraday's left hand rule of electromagnetic induction
(d) Both (a) and (b) 18. If we generalise Ampere's circuital law by adding to the
total current carried by conductors through the surface, another term which is ε 0
times the rate of change of electric flux through the same surface, the total value
of current for all surfaces will be
(a) same
(b) different
(c) may be same
(d) None of these
18. Find magnetic field on circular loop of radius r , placed between circular plates of
capacitor of radius R having displacement current i d , r < R .
μ0 i d r
(a) 2
2π R
μ i
(b) 0 d
2 πR
μ i
(c) 0 d
2 πr
(d) zero
19. An expression for the magnetic field strength B at the point between the capacitor
plates in terms of the rate of change of the electric field strength i.e., dE /dt
between the plates is
μ i
(a) 0
2 πr
ε μ r dE
(b) 0 0
2 dt
(c) zero
μ i
(d) 0
2r
20. Consider cross-sectional view of the given figure.
Now choose the correct option.

Topic 3
Sources and Nature of EM Waves
22. Which scientist's experiment marks the beginning of the field of communication
using electromagnetic waves?
(a) Maxwell
(b) JC Bose
(c) Hertz
(d) Marconi
23. Electromagnetic waves can be deflected by
(a) only electric field
(b) only magnetic field
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
24. Which waves propagate in a solid, which is rigid and that resists shear?
(a) Electromagnetic waves
(b) Sound waves
(c) Transverse waves of water
(d) Transverse elastic sound waves
25. Name of famous scientists who demolished the conclusively the hypothesis of
ether?
(a) Maxwell and Hertz in 1890
(b) JC Bose and Hertz in 1886
(c) Marconi and Maxwell in 1887
(d) Michelson and Morley in 1887
26. In which medium, electric and magnetic fields, oscillating in space and time, can
sustain each other?
 (a) Air
(b) Vacuum
(c) Free space
(d) Water
27. The velocity of light depends on
(a) electric properties of the medium
(b) magnetic properties of the medium
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
28. In a material medium of permittivity ε and magnetic permeability μ, the velocity of
light becomes
1
(a) v=
με
1
(b) v=
√ με

29.
√
(c) v=√ μ /ε (d)v=
ε
μ
Electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths with the same velocity
(independent of wavelength) within a few metres per second and the value of
speed of light is
(a) 3 ×10 8 ms−1
(b) 3 ×1011 ms−1
(c) 3 ×1012 ms−1
(d) 3 ×10 9 ms−1
30. The constancy of the velocity of electromagnetic waves in vacuum is used to define
a standard of
(a) breadth
(c) length
(b) thickness
(d) Both (a) and (b)
−1
31. The distance travelled by light in vacuum in a time (1/c ) seconds ¿ ( 2.99792458 ×10 8 )
second is known as
(a) centimetre
(c) decimetre
(b) metre
(d) millimetre
32. The direction of k describes
(a) direction of propagation of the wave
(b) opposite direction of propagation of the wave
(c) direction of propagation of the wave (ω /k )
(d) opposite direction of propagation of the wave (ω /k )
33. The signal will be greatly diminished, when the antenna is turned
(a) horizontal
(b) vertical
(c) at the angle of 45 ∘
(d) at angle of 60∘
34. What will be the magnetic energy density, in the magnetic field B ?
(a) B2 /2 μ 0
 (b) B/2 μ 0
(c) 2 B /μ 0
(d) 2 B 2 μ0
35. The average value of electric energy density in an electromagnetic wave is ( E0 is
peak value)
1 2
(a) ε 0 E0
2
2
E
(b) 0
2 ε0
(c) ε 0 E 20
1 2
(d) ε 0 E0
4
36. During the propagation or electromagnetic waves in a medium.
[JEE Main 2014]
(a) Electric energy density is double of the magnetic energy density
(b) Electric energy density is half of the magnetic energy density
(c) Electric energy density is equal to the magnetic energy density
(d) Both electric and magnetic energy densities are zero
37. Out of the following options which one can be used to produce a propagating
electromagnetic wave? [NEET 2016]
(a) A stationary charge
(b) A charge less particle
(c) An accelerating charge
(d) A charge moving at constant velocity
38. If the total energy transferred to a surface in time t is U , then the magnitude of the
total momentum delivered to this surface (for complete absorption) is
U
(a) p=
c
c
(b) p=
U
(c) p=cU
2c
(d) p=
U
39. Solar radiation is
(a) transverse electromagnetic wave
(b) longitudinal electromagnetic wave
(c) stationary wave
(d) None of the above
40. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 25 MHz travels in free space along the x -
direction. At a particular point in space and time, E=6.3 JV /m. What is B at this
point?
(a) 2.1 ×10−8 ḱ T
(b) 2.1 ×108 ḱ T
(c) 3.5 ×106 ḱ T
(d) 3.0 ×105 ḱ T
41. Light with an energy flux of 18 Wcm−2 falls on a non-reflecting surface at normal
incidence. If the surface has an area of 20 cm2 , find the average force executed on
the surface during a 30 min time span.
 (a) 12 ×10−6 N
(c) 1.2 ×10−6 N
(b) 1.2 ×10−7 N
(d) 12 ×107 N
42. By measuring the heating of a material as it absorbs light from the sun, one finds
that the intensity of sunlight at the surface of the earth is 1300 Wm−2. What will be
magnetic field of sunlight?
(a) 990 T
(b) 3 ×10−6 T
(c) 3.3 ×10−6 T
(d) 9.9 ×10−6 T
43. An electromagnetic wave propagating in the y -direction has wavelength of 5.0 mm .
The electric field is in the x -direction and its maximum magnitude of 66 Vm−1. The
equation for the electric field as function of x and t is
(a) 11sin ⁡(t− y /c)
(b) 66 sin ⁡1.2 π × 1011 (t− y /c)
(c) 66 sin ⁡1.2 π (t−x /c)
(d) 11sin ⁡π ×1011 (t−x /c)
44. Suppose that the electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is E0 =120 NC −1
and its frequency is ν=50.0 MHz . The expressions for E will be (if wave travels along
X )
]
−−( 3.14 × 108 rads−1) t } í
[
(a) ( 120 NC ) sin ⁡{( 1.05 radm ) x
−1 −1

[
(b) ( 120 NC ) sin ⁡{( 1.05 radm ) x
−1 −1

[
(b) ( 120 NC −1 ) sin ⁡{( 1.05 radm−1 ) x

[ ]
(c) ( 120 NC −1 sin ⁡{( 1.05 radm−1 ) x −( 3.14 ×10 8 rads −1 ) t } ḱ
8
] [ −1 −1 8 −1
]
−( 3.14 ×10 rads ) t } j́ (d) ( 120 NC ) cos ⁡{( 1.05 radm ) x −( 3.14 ×10 rads ) t } j́
−1

45. The magnetic field of an electromagnetic wave is given by

B y =3 ×10−7 sin ⁡( 103 x+6.28 × 1012 t ).
The wavelength of the electromagnetic wave is
(a) 6.28 cm
(b) 3.14 cm
(c) 0.63 cm
(d) 0.32 cm
46. Light having an energy flux of 40 Wcm−2 falls on non-reflecting surface at normal
incidence. If the surface has an area of 20 cm2 , the total momentum delivered (for
complete absorption) during 10 min is
(a) 24 × 10−5 kg ms−1
(c) 102 ×104 kg ms−1
(b) 24 × 10−4 kg ms−1
(d) 1.03 ×107 kg ms−1
47. A plane electromagnetic wave of frequency 30 MHz travels in free space along x -
direction. The electric field component of the wave at a particular point of space
and time E=6 Vm−1 along y -direction. Its magnetic field component B at this point
would be
(a) 2 ×10−8 T along z -direction
 (b) 6 ×10−8 T along x -direction
(c) 2 ×10−8 T along y -direction
(d) 6 ×10−8 T along z -direction
48. The refractive index and the permeability of a medium are respectively 1.5 and
−7 −1
5 ×10 Hm . The relative permittivity of the medium is nearly
(a) 25
(b) 15
(c) 81
(d) 6
49. If ε 0 and μ0 are the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space
and ε and μ are the corresponding quantities in the medium, the index of refraction
of the medium in terms of above parameter is
εμ
(a)
ε 0 μ0
εμ
(b)
ε 0 μ0
ε μ
(c) 0 0
εμ
ε μ
(d) 0 0 1 /2
εμ
50. A radiation of energy E falls normally on a perfectly reflecting surface. The
momentum transferred to the surface is
E
(a)
c
2E
(b)
c
(c) Ec
E
(d) 2
c
51. Light wave is travelling along y -direction. If the corresponding E vector at any time
is along the X -axis, the direction of B vector at that time is along

(a) Y -axis
(b) X -axis
(c) + Z -axis
(d) −Z -axis
52. The electric field associated with an electro magnetic wave in vacuum is given by
E=i 40 cos ⁡( kz −6 ×108 t ), where E , z and t are in V m−1, meter and second respectively.
The value of wave vector k is
[CBSE AIPMT 2012]
(a) 2 m−1
(b) 0.5 m−1
 (c) 6 m−1
(d) 3 m−1
53. Radiations of intensity 0.5 Wm−2 are striking a metal plate. The pressure on the plate
is
(a) 0.66 ×10−8 Nm−2
(b) 0.332 ×10−8 Nm−2
(b) 0.111 ×10−8 Nm−2
(c) 0.083 ×10−8 Nm−2
54. The magnetic field in a travelling electromagnetic wave has a peak value of 20 nT .
The peak value of electric field strength is
(a) 3 Vm−1
(b) 6 Vm−1
(c) 9 Vm−1
(d) 12 Vm−1
[JEE Main 2013]
55. A charged particle with charge q enters a region of constant, uniform and mutually
orthogonal fields E and B with a velocity v perpendicular to both E and B, and
comes out without any change in magnitude or direction of v . Then,
(a) v=B × E/ B2
(b) v=B × E/ B2
(c) v=E × B/ E2
(d) v=B × E/ E2
56. The magnetic field component of intensity of electromagnetic wave is 4 I 0 . What is
the electric field component of intensity?
(a) 2 I 0
(b) 4 I 0
(c) I 0
I
(d) 0
4

Topic 4
Electromagnetic Spectrum
57. At the time Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, which was
the more familiar electromagnetic waves at that time?
(a) X-rays
(b) γ -rays
(c) Visible light waves
(d) Radiowaves
58. Which of the following are electromagnetic waves?
(a) Visible light waves and X -rays
(b) Gamma rays and radio waves
(c) Microwaves and ultraviolet rays
(d) All of the above
59. The classification of electromagnetic waves according to frequency is called
(a) electromagnetic beam
(b) electromagnetic spectrum
 (c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
60. Infrared waves are produced by
(a) hot bodies and molecules
(b) cold bodies and molecules
(c) Neither hot nor cold
(d) Both (a) and (b)
61. Infrared radiations is trapped by
(a) ozone layer
(b) water vapour
(c) CO 2
(d) Both (b) and (c)
62. Visible rays in the spectrum runs from about
(a) 4 ×1014 Hz to 4 ×1011 Hz
(b) 4 ×1014 Hz to 7 ×10 14 Hz
(c) 4 ×1012 Hz to 7 ×10 14 Hz
(d) 4 ×1011 Hz to 7 ×10 14 Hz
63. In the electromagnetic spectrum, X -ray region lies
(a) beyond the microwave region
(b) above the ultraviolet region
(c) beyond the UV region
(d) above the infrared ray region
64. Arrange the following electromagnetic radiations in the order of increasing
energy.
I. Blue light
II. Yellow light
III. X-ray
IV. Radio wave
[JEE Main 2016]
(a) IV, II, I, III
(b) I, II, IV, III
(c) III, I, II, IV
(d) II, I, IV, III
65. UV radiation is absorbed by
(a) ordinary glass
(c) black glass
(b) prism
(d) Both (b) and (c)
66. The energy of the EM waves is of the order of 15 keV . To which part of the spectrum
does it belong?
[CBSE AIPMT 2015]
(a) X-ray
(b) Infrared rays
(c) Ultraviolet rays
(d) γ -rays
67. Wavelength of gamma rays are
(a) 10−10 nm to less than 10−14 m
(b) 10−14 m to less than 10−10 m
 (c) 10−11 m to less than 10−14 m
(d) 10−14 nm to less than 10−10 nm
68. Gamma rays are used in medicine to destroy
(a) PB cells
(b) cancer cells
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
69. One common way to generate X -rays is that (a) bombard a metal target by high
energy electrons
(b) bombard a metal target by low energy neutrons
(c) bombard a metal target by low energy protons
(d) bombard a metal target by high energy neutrons
70. All components of the electromagnetic spectrum in vacuum have the same
(a) energy
(c) wavelength
(b) velocity
(d) frequency
71. The condition under which a microwave oven heats up a food item containing
water molecules most efficiently is
[NEET 2013]
(a) the frequency of the microwave must match the resonant frequency of the
water molecules
(b) the frequency of the microwave has no relation with natural frequency of water
molecules
(c) microwave are heat waves, so always produce heating
(d) infrared waves produce heating in a microwave oven
72. Radio wave diffract around building although light waves do not. The reason is that
radio waves
(a) travel with speed target than c
(b) have much longer wavelength than light
(c) carry news
(d) are not electromagnetic waves
73. X-rays are not used for radar purposes, because they are not
(a) reflected by target
(b) partly absorbed by target
(c) electromagnetic waves
(d) completely absorbed by target
74. Molybdenum is used as a target element for the production of X -rays because it is
(a) light and can easily deflect electrons
(b) light and can absorb electrons
(c) a heavy element with a high melting point
(d) an element having high thermal conductivity
Special Format Questions
Assertion and Reason
Directions (Q. Nos. 75-78) In the following questions, a statement of assertion is
followed by a corresponding statement of reason. Of the following statements,
choose the correct one.
 (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct
explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
75. Assertion While applying Ampere's circuital law to given surfaces with same
perimeter, the left hand side ∮ B ⋅dl=μ 0 i(t ) has not changed but the right hand side
is zero.

Reason No current passes through the surface.

76. Assertion We needed to do was to set up an AC circuit in which the current
oscillate at the frequency of visible light i.e., yellow.
Reason The above experiment demonstrates electromagnetic wave.
77. Assertion An oscillating charge produces an electric field in space, which produces
an oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, is a source of electric field and so on.
Reason The oscillating electric and magnetic field thus regenerate each other, so
to speak, as the wave propagates through the space.
78. Assertion When the sun shines on our hand, we feel the energy being absorbed
from the electromagnetic waves (our hands get warm).
Reason Electromagnetic waves also transfer momentum to our hand but because c
is very large, the amount of momentum transferred is extremely small and we do
not feel the pressure.
Statement Based Questions Type I
Directions (Q. Nos. 79-81) In the following questions, a statement I is followed by a
corresponding statement II. Of the following statements, choose the correct one.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct and Statement II is the correct
explanation of Statement I.
(b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct but Statement II is not the
correct explanation of Statement I.
(c) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
(d) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.
79. Statement I Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat waves.
Statement II Water molecules present in most materials readily absorb infrared
waves. After absorption, their thermal motion increases, that is they heat up and
heat their surroundings.
80. Statement I Welders wear special glass goggles or face masks with glass windows
to protect their eyes from large amount of UV produced by welding arcs.
 Statement II Due to shorter wavelength of UV, UV-radiations can be focussed into
very narrow beams for high precision applications such as LASER eye surgery.
81. Statement I X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in medicine and as a treatment for
certain forms of cancer.
Statement II X-rays damage or destroy living tissues and organisms.
Statement Based Questions Type II
82. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?

I. The electric field E is perpendicular to the surface S in given figure.

II. It has the same magnitude over the area A of the capacitor plates, and vanishes
outside it.
III. So, the electric flux φ E through the surface S by using the Gauss law, is
1 Q Q
φ E =¿ E∨ A= ⋅ A=
ε0 A ε0
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and III
(d) All of these
83. I. In all respects, the displacement current has the same physical effects as the
conduction current.
II. Due to electric fields in a conducting wire, the displacement current may be
zero, since the electric field E does not change with time.
III. The charging capacitor, both conduction and displacement currents may be
present in same regions of space.
IV. In most of the cases, they both may be present in the same region of space, as
there exist no perfectly conducting or perfectly insulating medium.
(a) I and II
(b) III and IV
(c) I, II and III
(d) I, II and IV
84. I. The total current i is the sum of the conduction current denoted by i c, and the
displacement current denoted by i d (t )=ε 0 ( d φ E /dt ) .
d φε
So, i=i e +i d=i c +ε 0 .
dt
II. Outside the capacitor plates, we have only conduction current i c =i and no
displacement current, i d =0.
III. Inside the capacitor, there is no conduction current i c =0 and there is only
displacement current, so that i d =i
Which of the above statements is/are correct? Choose the correct option.
(a) I and III
(b) II and III
 (c) I and III
(d) All of these
85.

Consider the figure. Which of the following statements are correct?

I. A plane electromagnetic wave propagating along the z -direction (the fields are
shown as a function of the z -coordinate, at a given time t ).
II. The electric field E x is along the Y -axis and varies sinusoidally with z , at a given
time.
III. The magnetic field B y is along the Y -axis and again varies sinusoidally with z .
Choose the correct option.
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and III
(d) All of these
86. I. Electromagnetic waves are self-sustaining oscillations of electric and magnetic
fields in free space or vacuum.
II. No material medium is involved in the vibrations of the electric and magnetic
fields.
III. Sound waves in air are longitudinal waves of compression and refraction.
IV. Transverse waves on the surface of water consist of water moving up and down
as the wave spreads horizontally and radially onwards.
Which of the following statements are correct?
Choose the correct option.
(a) I, II and III
(b) I, III and IV
(c) II, III and IV
(d) All of these
87. I. The great technological importance of electromagnetic waves stems from their
capability to carry energy from one place to another.
II. The radio and TV signals from broadcasting stations carry energy.
III. Light carries energy from the sun to the earth, thus making life possible on the
earth.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? Choose the correct option.
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) I and III
(d) All of these
88. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
I. Radio waves are produced by the accelerated motion of charges in conducting
wires.
II. Radio waves are used in radio and television communication systems.
III. Cellular phones use radio waves to transmit voice communication in the ultra
high frequency.
(a) I and III
 (b) II and III
(c) I and II
(d) All of these
89. I. Ultraviolet rays wavelength ranging about 4 ×10−7 m( 400 nm) down to 6 ×10−10 m
(0.6 nm).
II. UV radiation is produced by special lamps and very hot bodies.
III. The Sun is an important source of ultraviolet light.
IV. Most of the UV rays absorbed in the ozone ayer in the atmosphere at an
altitude of about 40-50 km.
Which of the following statements are correct?
(a) I, II and III
(b) II, III and IV
(c) I, III and IV
(d) All of these
90. Which of the following statements are correct?
I. The wavelength of microwave is greater than that of UV-rays.
II. The wavelength of infrared rays is lesser than that of UV-rays.
III. The wavelength of microwave is lesser than that of infrared rays.
IV. Gamma rays have shortest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.
(a) I and II
(b) II and III
(c) III and IV
(d) I and IV
Matching Type
91. Match the items of Column I with those of Column II and choose the correct option
from the codes given below.

92. Match the items of Column I with the items of Column II and choose the correct
option from the codes given below .
Column I Column
II
 A
Radio 1. 54 MHz

B Amplitude
2. 88 MHz to 108 MHz
modulated

C
Short wave bands 3. 530 kHz to 1710 kHz

D 500 kHz to
TV wave 4.
1000 MHz

E Frequency
5. 54 MHz to 890 MHz
modulated

ABCDE
(a) 3 1 5 2 4
(b) 1 5 2 3 4
(c) 4 1 5 2 3
(d) 4 3 1 5 2
93. Match List I (Electromagnetic wave type) with List II (Its association/application)
and select the correct option from the choices given below the list.
[JEE Main 2014]

Passage Based Questions

Directions (Q. Nos. 94-96) These questions are based on the following situation.
Choose the correct options from those given below.
The magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by
B y =2 ×10−7 sin ⁡( 0.5 ×103 x+ 1.5× 10 t ) T .
94. What is the wavelength of the wave?
(a) 12.6 cm
(b) 1.26 cm
(c) 1.26 m
(d) 6.12 m
95. What is the frequency of the wave?
(a) 2.39 GHz
(b) 23.9 MHz
 (c) 23.9 GHz
(d) 20.3 MHz
96. Write an expression for the electric field?
(a) E y =60 sin ⁡( 0.5 ×10 3 x +1.5 ×1011 t ) Vm−1
(b) E x =60 sin ⁡( 0.5 × 103 x +1.5 ×1011 t ) Vm−1
(c) E z=60 sin ⁡( 0.5 ×103 x+1.5 × 1011 t ) Vm−1
(d) E y =60 cos ⁡( 0.5× 103 x +1.5 ×10 11 t ) Vm−1

Directions (Q. Nos. 97-98) These questions are based on the following situation. Choose
the correct options from those given below.
In a plane electromagnetic wave, the electric field oscillates sinusoidally at a
frequency of 2.0 ×1010 Hz and amplitude 48 Vm−1.
97. What is the wavelength of the wave?
(a) 1.5 ×10−2 m
(b) 1.5 ×10−4 m
(c) 3 ×10−2 m
(d) 3 ×10−4 m
98. What is the amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field?
(a) 0.8 ×10−7 T
(b) 1.6 ×10−7 T
(c) 3.2 ×10−8 T
(d) 6.4 × 10−8 T
More than One Option Correct
99. Which of the following statement is/are correct?
(a) Time dependent electric field gives rise to magnetic field.
(b) Time independent electric field gives rise to magnetic field.
(c) Time dependent magnetic field gives rise to electric field.
(d) Time independent magnetic field gives rise to electric field.
100. The electric field of an electromagnetic wave in free space is given by
−1
E=10 cos ⁡(10t +kx ) j Vm , where t and x are in seconds and metres, respectively. It can
be inferred that
(a) The wavelength λ is 188.4 m
(b) The wave number k is 0.33 radm−1
(c) The wave amplitude is 10 Vm−1
(d) The wave is propagating along + x -direction.
101. Which of the following have zero average value in a plane electromagnetic wave?
(a) Electric field
(b) Magnetic field
(c) Electric energy
(d) Magnetic energy
102. Which of the following statements about EM waves is/are correct?
(a) Electromagnetic waves having wavelength 1000 times smaller than light waves
are called X-rays.
(b) Ultraviolet waves are used in treatment of swollen joints.
(c) de-Broglie waves are not electromagnetic in nature
(d) Electromagnetic waves exhibit polarisation while sound waves do not.
103. The wavelength of X -rays; Y -rays; ultraviolet rays and microwaves are a , b , c and d ,
respectively then
(a) a> b
(b) d > c
(c) d <b
(d) c >a
104. Which of the following relation are true for energy of X-rays ( E X ), radiowaves ( E R )
and microwave ( E M ) ?
(a) E X > E M
(b) E X < E M
(c) E M > E R
(d) E M < E R
NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions
NCERT
Directions (Q. Nos. 105-107) These questions are based on the following situation.
Choose the correct options from those given below. A parallel plate capacitor made
of circular plates each of radius R=6.0 cm, has a capacitance C=100 pF . The
capacitor is connected to a 230 V AC supply
with a frequency of 300 rads−1.

105. What is the rms value of conduction current?

(a) 6.9 ×106 A
(b) 6.9 μ A
(c) 5.9 ×106 A
(d) 5.9 μ A
106. In the above question, is the conduction current equal to the displacement
current?
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) May be
(d) Never possible
107. Determine the amplitude of B, at a point 3.0 cm from the axis between the plates.
(a) 1.62 ×10−11 T
(b) 1.63 ×1011 T
(c) 1.62 ×1011 T
(d) 1.63 ×10−11 T

Direction (Q. Nos. 108-110) These questions are based on the following situation.
Choose the correct options from those given below.
Figure shows a capacitor made of two circular plates each of radius 12 cm and
separated by 5.0 cm . The capacitor is being charged by an external source (not
shown in the figure). The charging current is constant and equal to 0.15 A .
108. What is the capacitance of capacitor?
(a) 2 pF
(b) 4 pF
(c) 6 pF
(d) 8 pF
109. What is the rate of change of potential difference between the plates?
(a) 9.5 ×10 9 Vs−1
(b) 9.5 ×10 12 Vs−1
(c) 18.7 ×10 9 Vs−1
(d) 18.7 ×10 12 Vs−1
110. What is the displacement current across the plates?
(a) 0.15 A
(b) 0.30 A
(c) 0.50 A
(d) 1 A

Directions (Q. Nos. 111-114) These questions are based on the following
situation. Choose the correct options from those given below.
Suppose that the electric field amplitude of an electromagnetic wave is
E0 =120 N /C and that its frequency is v=50.0 MHz .
111. The amplitude of B0 is
(a) 200 nT
(b) 300 nT
(c) 400 nT
(d) 500 nT
112. The value of ω is
(a) 3.14 × 102 rads −1
(b) 3.14 × 108 rads−1
(c) 6.28 ×10 4 rads−1
(d) 6.28 ×10 8 rads −1
113. The value of k is
(a) 0.5 radm−1
(b) 1 radm−1
(c) 2 radm−1
(d) 4 radm−1
114. The value of λ is
(a) 2 m
(b) 4 m
(c) 6 m
(d) 8 m
115. About 5 % of the power of a 100 W light bulb is converted to visible radiation. What
is the average intensity of visible radiation at a distance of 1 m from the bulb?
Assume that the radiations are emitted isotropically and neglect reflection.
(a) 0.2 Wm−2
(b) 0.4 Wm−2
(c) 0.8 Wm−2
(d) 1.6 Wm−2
116. The amplitude of the magnetic field part of a harmonic electromagnetic wave in
vacuum is B0=510 nT . What is the amplitude of the electric field part of the wave?
(a) 130 N /C
(b) 153 N /C
(c) 170 N /C
(d) 190 N /C

Directions (Q. Nos. 117-119) These questions are based on the following
situation. Choose the correct options from those given below.
Suppose that the electric field part of an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is
F={ ( 3.1 NC −1 ) cos ⁡[ ( 1.8 radm−1 ) y + ( 5.4 × 106 rads−1 ) t ] }
117. What is the wavelength λ ?
(a) 1.5 m
(b) 2.5 m
(c) 3.5 m
(d) 4.5 m
118. What is the frequency v ?
(a) 0.74 × 104 Hz
(b) 0.86 ×10 6 Hz
(c) 0.9 ×10 6 Hz
(d) 107 Hz
119. What is the amplitude of the magnetic field part of the wave?
(a) 10−8 T
(b) 10−7 T
(c) 10−6 T
(d) 10−5 T
NCERT Exemplar
120. One requires 11eV of energy to dissociate a carbon monoxide molecule into carbon
and oxygen atoms. The minimum frequency of the appropriate electromagnetic
radiation to achieve the dissociation lies in
(a) visible region
(b) infrared region
(c) ultraviolet region
(d) microwave region
121. A linearly polarised electromagnetic wave given as E=E0 ícos ⁡(kz −ωt ) is incident
normally on a perfectly reflecting infinite wall at z=a. Assuming that the material
of the wall is optically inactive, the reflected wave will be given as
(a) Er =E0 í(kz−ωt)
(b) Er =E0 í cos ⁡(kz +ωt )
 (c) Er =−E 0 í cos ⁡( kz +ωt )
(d) Er =E0 ísin ⁡(kz −ωt )
122. Light with an energy flux of 20 W cm−2 falls on a non-reflecting surface at normal
incidence. If the surface has an area of 30 cm2, the total momentum delivered (for
complete absorption) during 30 min is

(c) 108 ×10 4 kg−ms−1

(d) 1.08 ×107 kg−ms−1
123. The electric field intensity produced by the radiations coming from 100 W bulb at a
3 m distance is E . The electric field intensity produced by the radiations coming
from 50 W bulb at the same distance is
E
(a)
2
(b) 2 E
E
(c)
√2
(d) √ 2 E
124. If E and B represent electric and magnetic field vectors of the electromagnetic
wave, the direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave is along
(a) E
(b) B
(c) B× E
(d) E × B
125. The ratio of contributions made by the electric field and magnetic field components
to the intensity of an EM wave is
(a) c :1
(b) c 2 : 1
(c) 1 :1
(d) √ c :1
126. An electromagnetic wave travels in vacuum along z -direction
E=( E1 í−E2 ´j ) cos ⁡(kz −ω t). Choose the correct options from the following.
(a) The associated magnetic field is given as
1
B= ( E 1 í−E 2 j́ ) cos ⁡( kz−ω t )
c
(b) The associated magnetic field is given as
1
B= ( E 1 í−E 2 j́ ) cos ⁡( kz−ωt )
c
(c) The given electromagnetic field is circularly polarised (d) The given
electromagnetic wave is plane polarised
127. An electromagnetic wave travelling along Z -axis is given as E=E0 cos ⁡(kz−ωt).
Choose the correct options from the following.
1
(a) The associated magnetic field is given as B= ḱ × E
c
(b) The electromagnetic field can be written in terms of the associated magnetic
field as E=c (B× ḱ )
 (c) ḱ ⋅ E=0 , ḱ ⋅B=0
(d) ḱ × E=0 , ḱ × B=0
128. A plane electromagnetic wave propagating along x -direction can have the following
pairs of E and B.
(a) E x , B y
(b) E y , B z
(c) Bx , E y
(d) E z , B y
129. A charged particle oscillates about its mean equilibrium position with a frequency
of 109 Hz . The electromagnetic waves produced
(a) will have frequency of 109 Hz
(b) will have frequency of 2 ×109 Hz
(c) will have wavelength of 0.3 m
(d) fall in the region of radiowaves
130. The source of electromagnetic waves can be a charge
(a) moving with a constant velocity
(b) moving in a circular orbit
(c) at rest
(d) falling in an electric field
131. An EM wave of intensity I falls on a surface kept in vacuum and exerts radiation
pressure p on it. Which of the following are true?
I
(a) Radiation pressure is if the wave is totally absorbed
c
I
(b) Radiation pressure is if the wave is totally reflected
c
2I
(c) Radiation pressure is if the wave is totally reflected
c
I 2I
(d) Radiation pressure is in the range < p< for real surfaces
c c
132. The magnetic field of a beam emerging from a filter facing a floodlight is given by
B0=12 ×10−8 sin ⁡( 1.20× 107 z−3.60 ×1015 t ) T .
What is the average intensity of the beam?
(a) 1.91 Wm−2
(b) 1.71 Wm−2
(c) 200 Wm−2
(d) 1.5 Wm−2

Answers
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (a)
20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24 (d) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a) 35. (d) 36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (a) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (a) 53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (b) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (a) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (b)
71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (a) 74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (c) 77. (a) 78. (a) 79. (a) 80. (b)
81. (a) 82. (d) 83. (d) 84. (d) 85. (c) 86. (d) 87. (d) 88. (d) 89. (d) 90. (d)
91. (c) 92. (d) 93. (d) 94. (b) 95. (c) 96. (c) 97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (a,c) 100. (a,c)
101. (a,b) 102. (a,c,d) 103. (a,b,d) 104. (a, c) 105. (b) 106. (a) 107. (d) 108. (d) 109.
(c) 110. (a)
111. (c) 112. (b) 113. (b) 114. (c) 115. (b) 116. (b) 117. (c) 118. (b) 119. (a) 120. (c)
Hints and Explanations
1. (c) In conductor, there is no storage of charge, so conduction current is the same
as displacement current when sources are both Direct Current (DC) and
Alternating Current (AC).
2. (a) The fact that an electric field changing with time gives rise to a magnetic field,
is the symmetrical counterpart and is a consequence of the displacement current
being a source of a magnetic field.
3. (d) Displacement current ( I d ) is equal to charging current ( i d =dq /dt ) . Thus,
dq d d
i d ¿ = (q)= ( q0 cos ⁡2 πνt )
dt dt dt
¿ ¿−2 π q 0 ν sin ⁡(2 πνt )
8. (d) Displacement current i.e.,
d φE d V
id ¿ ε0 =ε 0 A
dt dt d
ε 0 A dV dV
⇒ id ¿ × =C
d dt dt
dV id 10 7 −1
⇒ ¿ = −6 =10 Vs
dt C 10
9. (c) As, we know, the displacement through the capacitor i.e.,
dq d
i= = ( q 0 sin ⁡2 πft ) =q 0 2 πf cos ⁡2 πft .
dt dt
10. (c) Here, cross-section area of a capacitor i.e.,
A ¿
Thus, displacement current
dE
i.e., i d ¿ ε 0 A dt
¿ ¿
( 5 ×10 Vms )=13.9 A
13 −1
11. (c) Here, C=8.00 μ F=8.00 ×10 F , v=3.00 kHz,
−6

V 0=30.0 V
Clearly, ω=2 πν =2 π × ( 3.00 × 103 s−1 )=6 π ×10 3 s−1
Voltage across the capacitor, V =V 0 sin ⁡ωt
¿(30.0)sin ⁡( 6 π ×103 t )
dq d d dV
Displacement current, i d = = (q)= (CV )=C
dt dt dt dt
−6 d
¿ ( 8.00 ×10 ) [ 30.0 sin ⁡( 6 π × 10 t ) ]
3
dt
d
¿ ( 8.00 ×10 ) (30.0) [ sin ⁡( 6 π × 10 t ) ]
−6 3
dt
d
¿ ( 8.00 ×10 ) (30.0) [ cos ⁡( 6 π × 10 t ) ] ( 6 π × 10 t )
−6 3 3
dt
¿ ( 8.00 ×10−6 ) (30.0) ( 6 π × 103 ) cos ⁡( 6 π ×10 3 t )
¿(4.52 A) cos ⁡( 6 π ×103 t )
Hence, the displacement current varies sinusoidally with time and has a maximum
value of 4.52 A .
12. (b) Here, C=2 μ F=2 ×10−6 F
i d (displacement current ¿=1 mA=10−3 A
 dq d dV
As, i d = = (CV )=C ,
dt dt dt
dV 1 1
= id = ( 10−3 A )=500 Vs−1
dt C −6
2× 10 F
13. (c) Magnitude of displacement current is given by

| |
I d=I C =
dq
dt
=2 ×10−7 Cs−1=2 ×10−7 A

14. (d) The most important prediction to emerge from Maxwell's equations is the
existence of electromagnetic waves, which are (coupled) time-varying electric and
magnetic fields that propagate in space. The speed of the waves, according to
these equations, turned out to be very close to the speed of light ( 3 ×10 8 ms−1 ),
obtained from optical measurements. This led to the remarkable conclusion that
light is an electromagnetic waves. 15. (a) The total current passing through any
surface of which the closed loop is the perimeter is the sum of the conduction
d φE
current and the displacement current. The generalised law is ∮ B ⋅dl=μ 0 i c + μ0 ε 0
dt
and is known as Ampere-Maxwell law.
15. (a) Consider a loop of radius r (¿ R) between the two circular plates, placed coaxially
with them. The area of the loop ¿ π r 2.
By symmetry, magnetic field is equal in magnitude at all points on the loop. If i d is
the displacement current crossing the loop and i d is the total displacement current
id 2
between plates i d = 2
×π r .
πR
Using Ampere-Maxwell's law, we have
' πr
2
μ 0 id r
B⋅ d l=μ 0 i d or B ⋅2 πr=μ0 i d 2
or B= 2
πR 2π R
20. (b) Magnetic field strength B between the parallel plates capacitor i.e., B⋅ dt=μ0 i d
μ0 2i d μ 0 2 i d μ0 2 d φE d φE
B= = = × ε0 ∵ i d=ε 0
4 πr 4 π r 4 π r dt dt
(∵ d φ E=dE ⋅ A=dEπ r ) 2

2
μ 0 ε 0 π r dE μ0 ε 0 r dE
¿ =
2 πrdt 2 dt
21. (a) In parallel plate capacitor, electric field E is perpendicular to the surfaces. It
has the same magnitude over the area A of the capacitor plates and vanishes
outside it.

23. (d) In electromagnetic waves, the rest mass of a particle is zero, then net force
exerted on a particle is zero. So, there is no deflection shown by a particle.
24. (d) Transverse elastic (sound) waves can also propagate in a solid, which is rigid
and that resist shear.
25. (c) The velocity of light depends on electric and magnetic properties of the
medium.
26. (a) Electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths that this velocity is the same
(independent of wavelength) to within a few metres per second, out of the value of
−1
3 ×10 ms .
8

27. (b) Namely, the metre is now defined as the distance travelled by light in vacuum
in a time (1/c ) seconds
8 −1
¿ ( 2.99792458 ×10 ) s .
33. (a) When the antenna is turned horizontal, the signal will be greatly diminished.
Some portable radios have horizontal antenna (usually inside the case of radio),
which are sensitive to the magnetic component of the electromagnetic wave. Such
a radio must remain horizontal in order to receive the signal. In such cases,
response also depends on the orientation of the radio with respect to the station.
34. (a) Solar radiation is transverse electromagnetic wave. It consists of electric and
magnetic field components. These components are perpendicular to the direction
of propagation of wave.
35. (a) According to Maxwell equation, the magnitude of the electric and magnetic
fields in an electromagnetic wave are related as.
−1
E 6.3 Vm −8
B= = =2.1 ×10 ḱ T
c 3× 108 ms−1
41. (c) The total energy falling on the surface is
U =( 18 Wcm−2 ) × ( 20 cm2) ×(30 ×60)=6.48× 105 J
Therefore, the total momentum delivered (for complete absorption) is
5
6.48 × 10 J −3 −1
p=U /c= 8 −1
=2.16 × 10 Jms
3× 10 ms
The average force exerted on the surface is
−3
p 2.16 × 10 −6
F= = 4
=1.2× 10 N
t 0.18 ×10
−2
42. (c) Here, I =1300 Wm
1 2
As, I = ε 0 c E0
2

As, we know, electric field i.e., E0 =

√ 2I
ε0 c

√ 2 ( 1300 Wm )
−2
¿
( 8.85× 10−12 C 2 Nm−2 ) ( 3 ×108 ms−1 )
or E0 =990 NC−1
So, magnetic field of sunlight i.e.,
E0 990 NC
−1
−6
B 0= = 8 −1
=3.3 × 10 T
c 3 ×10 ms
8
2 πc 2 π × 3× 10
43. (b) Angular frequency, ω=2 πν = = −3
λ 5 ×10
11 −1
¿ 1.2 π ×10 rads
The equation for the electric field, along X -axis in the electromagnetic wave is
y 11
E x =E0 sin ⁡ωt − =66 sin ⁡1.2 π ×10 ( t− y /c)
c
44. (c) Given, E0 =120 NC −1 , v=50.0 MHz=50 ×106 Hz
As, we know, magnetic field
 E0 120 NC
−1
B0 ¿ =
c 3 ×108 ms−1 =2 πν=(2× 3.14 rad ) ( 50 × 10 Hz ) ¿=3.14 ×10 rads ¿
6 8 −1

¿ ¿
8 −1
ω 3.14 ×10 rads
Wave constant i.e., k = = 8 −1
c 3 ×10 ms
−1
¿ 1.05 radm
8 −1
c 3× 10 ms
and wavelength i.e., λ= = =6.00 m
v 50 ×106 Hz
If we take the wave to be propagating along X -axis, then E is along Y -axis and B is
along Z -axis. Clearly,
E=E0 sin ⁡(kx−ωt ) ´j
¿ ( 120 NC ) sin ⁡{( 1.05 rad m ) x
−1 −1

8 −1
]
−( 3.14 ×10 rads ) t ) } ´j
45. (c) Given, B y =3 ×10 sin ⁡( 10 x+6.28 × 10 t )
−7 3 12

Comparing with the general equation

B y ¿=B0 sin ⁡(kx+ ωt), we get 2π
∵ k= ¿
k ¿ λ
⇒ Wavelength of electromagnetic wave
2π −3
λ= 3 =6.28× 10 m=0.63 cm
10
46. (b) Here, energy flux, φ=40 W cm−2, surface area
2
( A)=20 cm , time (t)=10 min=10× 60 s.
Total energy falling on the surface in time t is
U =φAt=40 ×20 ×(10 ×60)J
Momentum of the incident light
U 40 ×20 ×(10 ×60)
( p) ¿ =
c 3 ×10 8
¿ ¿
Momentum of the reflected light ¿ 0
∴ Momentum delivered to the surface
−4
¿ 24 × 10 −0
¿ 24 × 10−4 kg ms−1
47. (a) In electromagnetic, the ratio of the amplitude of electric and magnetic field is
always constant and it is equal to velocity of the electromagnetic waves.
E E 6 −8
i.e., =c ⇒ B= = =2 ×10 T
B c 3 ×10 8

Magnetic field of component B is 2 ×10−8 T along Z .

48. (d) Given refractive index i.e., n=1.5
Permeability of a medium i.e., μ0=5× 10−7
c
n ¿ ⇒ n=√ μr ε r
v
2 2
n n μ0 μ
⇒ εr ¿ = ∵ μr =
μr μ μ0
¿ ¿
1 1
49. (b) Velocity of light in vacuum c= Velocity of light in medium v=
√ μ0 ε 0 √ με
 1 /2
c με
So, μ= =
v μ 0 ε0
E
50. (b) Initial momentum of surface, pi=
c
where, c=¿ velocity of light (constant) and E is energy Since, the surface is
perfectly reflecting, so the same momentum will be reflected completely.
−E
Final momentum, pf = (negative value)
c
∴ Change in momentum, Δ p= pf − pi
E E −2 E
¿− − =
c c c
Thus, momentum transferred to the surface is
' 2E
Δ p =¿ Δ p∨¿ .
c
51. (c) Electromagnetic radiation is a self propagating wave in space with electric and
magnetic components.
These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of
propagation.

Hence, B is along the Z -axis at that time.

52. (a) Electromagnetic wave equation
E=E0 cos ⁡(kz−ωt)
ω
Speed of electromagnetic wave v=
k
Given, equation
E=í 40 cos ⁡( kz −6 ×108 t )
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
8
ω=6 ×10 and E0=40 í
ω 6 × 108 −1
Here, wave factor k= = =2 m
v 3 ×10 8
53. (a) Intensity or power per unit area of the radiations
P
P ¿ pv ⇒ p=
v
¿ ¿
54. (b) As, E=B × c
where, E=¿ electric field, B=¿ magnetic field
c=¿ speed of EM wave
On putting the values of electric field, we get
−9 −8 −1
¿ E∨¿=¿ B∨¿ c∨¿=20× 10 ×3 ×10 =6 Vm
55. (a) When a charged particle q enters a region with velocity as v of charged particle
is remaining constant, it means force acting on charged particle is zero.
So, q (v × B)=qE ⇒ v × B=E
Velocity of a charged particle
 E×B E×B
∴v= 2
, v= 2
B B
1 2
56. (b) As I E (intensity due to electric field) ¿ c ε 0 E
2
2
cB
I B (intensity due to magnetic field) =
2 μ0
¿
58. (d) Electromagnetic waves include visible light, X-rays, gamma rays, radiowaves,
microwaves and infrared waves.
59. (a) Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies and molecules. This band lies
adjacent to the low-frequency or long-wavelength end of the visible spectrum.
60. (d) Infrared waves radiations, are trapped by greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide and water vapour.
61. (b) Visible rays is the most familiar form of electromagnetic waves. It is the part of
the spectrum that is detected by the human eye. It runs from about 4 ×1014 Hz to
about 7 ×10 14 Hz or a wavelength range of about 700−400 mm .
62. (a) UV-radiation is absorbed by ordinary glass.
63. (a) Given, energy of EM waves is of the order of 15 keV
c
i.e., ¿ hν =h ×
λ
h× c 6.624 ×10 ×3 × 10 =0.828 Å ( ∵ 1 Å=10 m) ¿
−34 18 −10

⇒λ ¿ = 3 −19
E 15 ×10 ×1.6 × 10
¿ ¿
Thus, this spectrum is a part of X -rays.
69. (a) One common way to generate X-rays is to bombard a metal target by high
energy electrons. X-rays is to bombard a metal target by high energy electrons.
70. (b) In electromagnetic spectrum, all components of electric and magnetic fields in
vacuum are carrying same velocity of light i.e., 3 ×10 8 ms−1.
71. (b) Diffraction takes places when the wavelength of wave is comparable with the
size of the obstacle in path. The wavelength of radiowaves is greater than the
wavelength of light waves. Therefore, radio waves are diffracted around building.
72. (a) X-rays has wavelength about 1 nm to 10−3 nm which has minimum wavelength
1
and carries maximum energy i.e., E ∝ . So, It penetrates the target and hence are
λ
not reflected back by target.
73. (a) On applying Ampere's circuital law to such surfaces with the same perimeter,
we find that the left hand side of equation ∮ B . dl=μ0 i(t) has not changed but the
right hand side is zero and not μ0 i. Since, no current passes through the surface.
74. (c) We needed to set up an AC circuit in which the current oscillate at the
frequency of visible light, i.e., yellow. The frequency of yellow light is about
6 ×10 Hz, while the frequency that we get even with modern electronic circuits is
14

hardly about 1011 Hz . This is why the experimental demonstration of

electromagnetic wave had to come in the low frequency region (the radio wave
region), as in the Hertz's experiment (1887).
75. (a) An oscillating charge produces an electric field in space, which produces an
oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, is a source of electric field.
76. (a) When the sun shines on your hand, you feel the energy being absorbed from the
electromagnetic waves (your hands get warm). Electromagnetic waves also
 transfer momentum to your hand but because c is very large, the amount of
momentum transferred is extremely small and you do not feel the pressure.
77. (a) Infrared waves are sometimes referred to as heat waves. This is because water
molecules present in most materials readily absorb infrared waves (many other
molecules, e.g. CO 2 , NH 3, also absorb infrared waves). After absorption, their
thermal motion increases, that is, they heat up and heat their surroundings.
78. (b) Due to its shorter wavelengths, UV-radiations can be focussed into very narrow
beams for high precision applications such as LASIK (Laser assisted in situ
keratomileusis) eye surgery, UV lamps are used to kill germs in water purifier.
79. (a) X-rays are used as a diagnostic tool in medicine and as a treatment for certain
forms of cancer. Because X-rays damage or destroy living tissues and organisms,
care must be taken to avoid unnecessary or over exposure.
80. (d) According to Gaussian surfaces, net electric flux i.e.,
1 Q Q
φ E =¿ E∨ A= × A=
ε0 A ε0
84. (d) The total current i is the sum of the conduction current denoted by i c, and the
displacement current denoted by i d [ ¿ ε 0 ( d φ E /dt ) ]. So, we have
d φE
i=i c +i d=i c +ε 0
dt
In explicit terms, this means that outside the capacitor plates, we have only
conduction current i c =i and no displacement current i.e., i c =0 and there is only
displacement current, so that i d =i.
86. (d) Electromagnetic waves are self-sustaining oscillation of electric and magnetic
fields in free space, or vacuum. They differ from all the other waves we have
studied so far, in respect that no material medium is involved in the vibration of
the electric and magnetic fields.
Sound waves in air are longitudinal waves of compression and rarefaction.
Transverse waves on the surface of water consist of water moving up and down as
the wave spreads horizontally and radially onwards.
87. (d) The great technological importance of electromagnetic waves stems from their
capability to carry energy from one place to another. The radio and TV signals
from broadcasting stations carry energy. Light carries energy from the sun to the
earth, thus making life possible on the earth.
88. (d) Radio waves are produced by the accelerated motion of charges in conducting
wires. They are used in radio and television communication systems. They are
generally in the frequency range from 500 kHz to about 1000 MHz . The AM (amplitude
modulated) band is from 530 kHz to 1710 kHz . Higher frequencies upto 54 MHz are
used for short wave bands. TV waves range from 54 MHz to 890 MHz .
The FM (frequency modulated) radio band extends from 88 MHz to 108 MHz . Cellular
phones use radio waves to transmit voice communication in the Ultra High
Frequency (UHF) band.
89. (d) Ultraviolet rays covers wavelength ranging from about 4 ×10−7 m(400 nm) down
to 6 ×10−10 m(0.6 nm). It is produced by special lamps and very hot bodies. The sun is
an important source of ultraviolet light.
But fortunately, most of it is absorbed in the ozone layer in the atmosphere at an
altitude of about 40−50 km.
91. (c) A. ∫ E d A=q /ε 0 (Gauss's law for electricity)
B. ∫ B dl=0 (Gauss's law for magnetism)
 −d φB
C. ∫ E dl = (Faraday's law)
dt
d φE
D. ∫ B dl=μ 0 i c + μ 0 ε 0 (Ampere-Maxwell law)
dt
92. (d )
Column I Column II

4. 500 kHz to
A. Radio
1000 MHz
B. Amplitude
3. 530 kHz to 1710 kHz
modulated
C. Short wave bands 1. 54 MHz
D. TV wave 5. 54 MHz to 890 MHz
E. Frequency
2. 88 MHz to 108 MHz
modulated

94. (b) Comparing the given equation with magnetic field in a plane
x t
i.e., B y =B 0 sin ⁡2 π +
λ T
2π
we get λ= 3
m=1.26 cm
0.5 × 10
1
95. (c) As we know frequency i.e., v=
Time taken
1 ω
= =( 1.5 × 10 ) /2 π=23.9 GHz
11
T 2π
96. (c) According to Maxwell equation, electric field i.e.,
−7 8 −1 1 −1
E0 =B 0 c=2× 10 ×3 ×10 ms =6 × 10 Vm .
The electric field component is perpendicular to the direction of propagation and
the direction of magnetic field. Therefore, the electric field component along the Z -
axis is obtained as
E z=60 sin ⁡( 0.5 ×103 x+1.5 × 1011 t ) Vm−1
8
c 3 × 10 −2
97. (a) Wavelength of waves λ= = =1.5 ×10 m
f 2 ×1010
E0
98. (b) Using the formula, c=
B0
The amplitude of the oscillating magnetic field
E0 48 −7
B 0= = =1.6 ×10 T
c 3 ×108
100. (a ,c ) Amplitude ¿ 10 Vm−1
7
ω 8 10
c ¿ ⇒ 3 ×10 = 1 2π 1
k k ¿= ¿ ⇒¿ ¿ ¿= ⇒ λ=188.4 m ¿
30 λ 30
⇒ ¿
104. (a ,c )V X >V M > V R
∴ E X > EM > E R
105. (b) Capacitive reactance,
 1 1
X c= =
ωC 300 ×10−10
8
10
X c= Ω
3
If i rms is the rms value of the conduction current.
V rms 230 V −6
Then, i rms = = 8 =6.9 ×10 A=6.9 μ A
X c ( 10 /3 ) Ω
107. (d) Given, the distance or point from the axis between the plates
−2
rr =3 cm=3 × 10 m
−2
Radius of plates R=6 cm=6 ×10 m
The magnetic field at a point between the plates
μ0 μ0 r
2 ( d
B= 2
⋅r ⋅ I d ⇒ B= I I =I )
2π R 2π R
If I =I 0, maximum value of current, then I =√ 2 I rms
μ0r
2√
B ¿ 2 I rms
2π R
4 π ×10 × 0.03 × √ 2 ×6.9 ×10
−7 −6
B ¿
2 π ×0.06 × 0.06
−11
B ¿ 1.63 ×10 T
108. (d) Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor
ε0 A
C=
d
where, A is the area of plates.
−2 2
× 3.14 ( 12× 10 )
−12
8.854 × 10
C ¿ −2
5 ×10
8.854 ×3.14 ×144 ×10−12−4+2
⇒C ¿
5
−14
⇒C ¿ 8.01 ×10 F =8.01 pF
109. (c) Charge on the plates of the capacitor
dq dV dV dq
⇒ =C ⋅ ⇒ I =C ⋅ ∵ =I
dt dt dt dt
dV I 0.15 9 −1
⇒ = = −12
=18.7 ×10 Vs
dt C 8.01 ×10
Thus, the rate of change of potential is 18.7 ×10 9 Vs−1.
110. (a) The displacement current is equal to the conduction current
I d=0.15 A .
111. (c) Speed of light in vacuum
E0 E0 120 −8
c= ⇒ B 0= = 8
=40 ×10
B0 c 3 ×10
−9
or B 0=400 ×10 T =400 nT
112. (b) Angular frequency of wave,
6
ω=2 πf =2 ×3.14 ×50 × 10
⇒ ω=3.14 ×10 8 rads −1
113. (b) Wave number of electromagnetic waves
8
ω 3.14 ×10 −1 −1
k= = 8
=1.05 radm =1rad m
c 3 ×10
114. (c) Wavelength of electromagnetic wave
 8
c 3 ×10
λ= = =6.00 m
f 50 ×106
115. (b) Total power ¿ 100 W
Visible radiation power ¿ 5 % of total power
5
¿ ×100=5 W
100
At a distance of 1 m, the energy distributed in the form of sphere. Area of sphere
¿ 4 π (radius) 2
Intensity of visible radiation
Power 5
¿ =
Area 4 × 3.14 ׿ ¿
116. (b) Given, magnetic field part of harmonic electromagnetic wave
B0=510 nT
E0
Speed of light in vacuum c=
B0
where, E0 is the electric part of the wave
8 E0 −1
3 ×10 = −9
or E0=153 NC
510 × 10
Thus, the amplitude of the electric field part of wave is 153 NC−1.
117. (c) The electric part of electromagnetic wave in vacuum
E=3.1cos ⁡( 1.8 Y +5.4 ×10 6 t ) í
Comparing with standard equation
E=E0 cos ⁡(ky +ωt ), we get
Angular frequency ω=5.4 × 106 rads−1
Wave number, k =1.8 radm−1
The amplitude of the electric field part of the wave
−1
E0 ¿ 3.1 NC
2 π 2π
λ ¿ = =3.492 m
k 1.8
λ ¿ 3.5 m
118. (b) As, ω=2 πν
6
ω 5.4 ×10 ×7 6
v= = =0.86 ×10 Hz
2π 2× 22
E0
119. (a) c=
B0
Amplitude of magnetic field
E0 3.1 −8 −8
B 0= = =1.03 ×10 T ≈ 10 T
c 3 ×108
120. (c) Given, energy required to dissociate a carbon monoxide molecule into carbon
and oxygen atoms E=11eV We know that, E=h v
−34
where
h=6.62× 10 J −s ⇒ 11eV =h v
−19
11×1.6 ×10 15
⇒ v= J =2.65 × 10 Hz
h
This frequency radiation belongs to ultraviolet region.
121. (b) The incident electromagnetic wave is,
E=E0 ícos ⁡(kz −ωt )
The reflected electromagnetic wave is given by
 Er ¿ E0 ( í)cos ⁡[k (−z)−ωt+ π ]
¿ ¿ E0 ícos ⁡[−(kz +ωt )=E0 ícos ⁡(kz+ ωt) ]
122. (b) Given, energy flux φ=20 Wcm−2
2
A=30 cm ,t=30 min=30 × 60 s
Now, total energy falling on the surface in time t is, U =φAt=20× 30 ×(30× 60)J
U
Momentum of the incident light ¿
c
20× 30 ×(30× 60)
¿ 8
=36 ×10−4 kg−ms−1
3 ×10
Momentum of the reflected light ¿ 0
∴ Momentum delivered to the surface
−4 −4 −1
¿ 36 ×10 −0=36 × 10 kg−ms
123. (a) We know that, E0 ∝ √ Pav

∴
( E 0 )1
( 0 )2
E
( E0 )2
¿
√( P av )1
⇒
( av )2 ( 0 )2
P E
E

¿ E / √2
=
√
1000
50

Now according to question, P' =50 W , P=100 W

∴ Putting these value in above equation, we get
' '
E 50 E 1 ' E
= ⇒ = ⇒E =
E 100 E 2 2
1 2
125. (c) Intensity in terms of electric field, U av = ε 0 E 0
2
2
1 B0
Intensity in terms of magnetic field, U av =
2 μ0
Now taking the intensity in terms of electric field.
1 1 2
2 2
( U av )electric field ¿ 2 ε 0 E0= 2 ε 0 ( c B0 ) ( ∵ E0=c B0 )= 1 ¿ ∴ ( U ) 1 1 2 1 B0
¿= ε × B = ¿=( U av )magnetic field ¿
√
av electric field
μ ε 2 0 μ 0 ε 0 0 2 μ0
¿ ¿ 0 0

Thus, the energy in electromagnetic wave is divided equally between electric field
vector and magnetic field vector.
Therefore, the ratio of contributions by the electric field and magnetic field
components to the intensity of an electromagnetic wave is 1 :1.
126. (d) Here, in electromagnetic wave, the electric field vector is given as,
E=( E1 í+ E 2 ´j ) cos ⁡(kz−ωt)
In electromagnetic wave, the associated magnetic field vector,

Also, E and B are perpendicular to each other and the propagation of

electromagnetic wave is perpendicular to E as well as B, so the given
electromagnetic wave is plane polarised.
127. (a ,b ,c ) Suppose an electromagnetic wave is travelling along negative z -
direction. Its electric field is given by
E=E0 cos ⁡(kz−ωt)
which is perpendicular to Z -axis. It acts along negative y -direction.
The associated magnetic field B in electromagnetic wave is along X -axis i.e., along
ḱ × E .
 E0 1
As, B 0= ⇒ B= ( ḱ × E)
c c
The associated electric field can be written in terms of magnetic field as
E=c (B× ḱ ).
Angle between ḱ and E is 90 between ḱ and B is 90∘ . Therefore, E=1 E cos ⁡90∘=0 and
∘

∘
ḱ ⋅ B=1 E cos ⁡90 =0.
129. (a ,c , d) Given, frequency by which the charged particles oscillates about its mean
equilibrium position ¿ 109 Hz .
So, frequency of electromagnetic waves produced by the charged particle is
V =10 Hz .
9

8
c 3 ×10
Wavelength λ= = 9
=0.3 m
v 10
Also, frequency of 109 Hz fall in the region of radiowaves.
130. (b, d) Here, in option (b) charge is moving in a circular orbit. In circular motion,
the direction of the motion of charge is changing continuously, thus it is an
accelerated motion and this option is correct.
Also, we know that a charge starts accelerating when it falls in an electric field.
131. (a ,c , d) When wave is fully absorbed by the surface, the momentum of the reflected
wave per unit time per unit area ¿ 0 .
Radiation pressure ( p)=¿ change in momentum per unit time per unit area
ΔI I I
¿ = −0= .
c c c
When wave is totally reflected, then momentum of the reflected wave per unit time
I
per unit area ¿− ,
c
I −I 2 I
Radiation pressure p= − = .
c c c
I 2I
Here, p lies between and .
c c
132. (b) Magnetic field B=B0 sin ⁡ωt
Given, equation B=12 ×10−8 sin ⁡( 1.20× 107 z−3.60 ×1015 t ) T .
On comparing this equation with standard equation, we get
−8
B0=12 ×10
2
1 B0
The average intensity of the beam I av = ⋅c
2 μ0
−8 2
1 ( 12× 10 ) ×3 × 10
8
2
¿ × =1.71 W /m
2 4 π ×10
−7