DEFORMATION
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
1.5.3 Elastic deformation
• Know that forces may produce a change in size and shape of an object
• Define the spring constant as force per unit extension; recall and use
the equation
• spring constant = force
extension
k=F
SYLLABUS x
• Sketch, plot and interpret load–extension graphs for an elastic solid
and describe the associated experimental procedures
• Define and use the term ‘limit of proportionality’ for a load–extension
graph and identify this point on the graph
EFFECT OF FORCE
• CHANGE IN SPEED
• CHANGE IN
DIRECTION
• CHANGE IN SHAPE
DEFORMATION IS A CHANGE IN SHAPE DUE
TO AN APPLIED FORCE.
THIS CAN BE A RESULT OF:
TENSILE (PULLING) FORCES
COMPRESSIVE (PUSHING) FORCES
BENDING OR TWISTING
DEFORMATION
Elastic Deformation
• It is reversible
Plastic deformation
• It is not reversible
• Once the forces are no longer applied, the object
returns to its original shape. • An object in the plastic deformation range will first
have undergone elastic deformation, which is
reversible, so the object will return part way to its
original shape.
Apparatus:
Spring
100g slot mass
Metre rule
Retort stand
Masses and Springs - Periodic Motion | Hooke's Law |
Conservation of Energy - PhET Interactive Simulations
(colorado.edu)
SPRING BALANCE:
• Spring balance is used to measure the weight of an object.
• To find the unknown weight of a given body, the body is hung on a calibrated spring balance.
• The spring balance can be calibrated with a linear scale.
• Calibration of spring balance implies that the extension( increase in length) of the spring is
proportional to load.
• F = kx where k is the spring constant
Spring constant = gradient of extension – load graph
• The graph of extension load will give a straight line, passing through origin.
• When elastic limit is exceeded the spring will not return to its original unloaded length. The
spring will be deformed permanently.
HOOKE’S LAW:
• The extension of a spring is proportional to the load applied to it, provided the limitation of proportionality (
elastic limit) is not exceeded.
• F = kx
Where F is the force applied
k is the spring constant (stiffness of spring)
x is the extension of the spring
PROBLEM SOLVING
1. A helical spring of natural length 20cm is stretched to 24cmby a force of 20N. What force is required to
stretch the spring to length of 30cm?
2. A spring of original length 10.0cm stretched to 12.0cm when a force of 40N is applied to it. What is the
extension of the spring when a force of 26N is applied?
3. A 10N load produced an extension of 5cm. what force would produce an extension of 15cm?
4. In an experiment with a spiral spring, the following data were obtained.
Length of spring (cm) 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
Load (N) 40 90 140 190
Plot the graph of length against load, and from the graph find the following:
(i) The length of the spring when it is not loaded.
(ii) The length of the spring when the load is 100N.
(iii) The load required to produce an extension of 6cm.
(iv) Predict what will happen to the spring if a 1000N load is added onto it.
