(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M.

Salman

Chapter 5
Angle Modulation

Introduction:
It is a type of CW modulation in which the angle of a sinusoidal signal
(either frequency or phase) in proportion to the message where amplitude is
constant. It gives a high degree of noise immunity by band expansion; it is also
wide use in high fidelity music broadcast, also having a constant envelope.

∅(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃(𝑡) “Angle Modulation

∅(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡)cos (𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 ) “Amplitude Modulation”
Where (𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 ) represents the angle of carrier frequency
For PM
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑜 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑓(𝑡)
Where 𝑘𝑝 is constant (rad/volt) θ(t) θ(t)
If 𝜃𝑜 =0 ωct+θo
…(5-1)
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑓(𝑡) θo
t
…(5-2)
∅𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑓(𝑡)]
Im

The instantaneous frequency 𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) is: A

ω θ
𝑑𝜃(𝑖)
𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) = = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑝 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) …(5-3)
𝑑𝑡 Re

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

For FM

𝑑𝜃(𝑖) …(5-4)
𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) = = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Where 𝑘𝑓 is constant ( ) modulation constant
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

𝑡
𝜃(𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝ …(5-5)
−∞

𝑡
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝] …(5-6)
−∞

We note from ∅𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) and ∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) that FM and PM are similar [PM corresponds to
𝑓(𝑡) and FM corresponds to𝑓 ′ (𝑡)]. Where the frequency is the derivative of the
phase, or it represents the rate of change in phase.

ʃ f(x)dx Phase
f(t) ʃ α (t) Modulator
ΦFM (t)
Frequency
Modulation
FM modulator

f (t) Frequency
f(t) d/dt ΦPM (t)
Modulator
Phase
Modulation
PM modulator

H.W
Write the equation for ∅𝐴𝑀 (𝑡), ∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) and ∅𝑃𝑀 (𝑡), if the modulating signal is;
1-𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠300𝜋𝑡 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠600𝜋𝑡
2-𝑓(𝑡) = 2𝑡 , 𝑎𝑡 0 < 𝑡 < 1 𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

Comparison of time waveforms

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

Ex 5-1
Find maximum and minimum instantaneous frequencies resulting from modulating
a carrier signal with carrier frequency of fc=100 MHz by f(t) shown if:

𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
1-𝐹𝑀 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑘𝑓 = 2𝜋 ∗ 105 is used f(t)
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝑟𝑎𝑑 2*10-4
2- 𝑃𝑀 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑘𝑝 = 10𝜋 is used (2/10-4)t-1 +1
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡

Solution: t
For FM
-1
(-2/10-4)t+1
𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑘𝑓
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓(𝑡)
2𝜋
= 108 + 105 𝑓(𝑡)
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 − 105 |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 99.9 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 105 |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 100.1 𝑀𝐻𝑧
For PM
𝑘𝑝 ′
𝑓𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓 (𝑡)
2𝜋
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 − 5 ∗ 105 ∗ |𝑓´(𝑡)|𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 108 − 105 = 99.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 5 ∗ 105 ∗ |𝑓´(𝑡)|𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 108 + 105 = 100.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧

Power of Angle Modulated waves:

Simply from equations:

𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑡𝐹𝑀 = 𝑃𝑡𝑃𝑀 = Watt …(5-7)
2
𝐴2𝑐
(assuming R=1Ω, if R is given then 𝑃𝑡 =
2𝑅

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Bandwidth of the Angle modulation waves:

FM
𝑡
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝]
−∞
𝑡
Let 𝛼(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝

∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒{𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗[𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝑘𝑓𝛼(𝑡)] }

𝑘𝑓 2 2 𝑛
𝑘𝑓 𝑛 𝑛
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒 {𝐴𝑐 [1 − 𝑗𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡) − 𝛼 (𝑡) + ⋯ + 𝑗 𝛼 (𝑡)] 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐 𝑡 }
2! 𝑛!

𝑘𝑓 2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝛼 (𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 2!
𝑘𝑓 3 3
[ − 𝛼 (𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + ⋯ ]
3!
It yields infinite number of sidebands, for practical purposes, an angle-
modulating signal can be considered band limited.
If the BW of 𝑓(𝑡) is B Hz, then
The BW of 𝛼(𝑡) is B Hz,
The BW of 𝛼 2 (𝑡) is 2B Hz,
The BW of 𝛼 𝑛 (𝑡) is nB Hz.
Since 𝑛 → ∞, then the BW of FM and PM is infinite, but most of the modulated
signal power resides in a finite bandwidth.

Narrow Band FM (NBFM)

If |𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)| ≪ 1 in the equation then we could write,

∅𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) ≅ 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]

…(5-9)
This is a liner modulation similar to AM/(DSB-LC)

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𝐵𝑊𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀 = 2𝐵
…(5-10) similarly for PM

∅𝑁𝐵𝑃𝑀 (𝑡) ≅ 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑝 𝛼(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]

…(5-11)

H.W
Write relation of sideband power, carrier power and total power for narrowband
FM &PM modulation.

Generation of NBFM, NBPM Signals

-
f(t) ʃdt X kf ΦNBFM (t)
+

90o

cos ωct

-
f(t) X kp ΦNBPM (t)
+

90o

cos ωct

NBFM and NBPM Generators

Wideband FM (WBFM):
If the condition |𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)| ≪ 1 is not satisfied, many sidebands would occur
and increasing the BW.

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The instantaneous frequency is 𝜔𝑖 (𝑡) = 𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓(𝑡), it varies in the range

(𝜔𝑐 − 𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝 ) to (𝜔𝑐 + 𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝 ), where 𝑓𝑝 = |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑚𝑖𝑛 = |𝑓(𝑡)|𝑚𝑎𝑥

Then, the BW of WBFM would be 2𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝 , 𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝 is called the maximum

deviation of 𝜔𝑐 (∆f)

𝑘𝑓
∆f = 𝑓
2𝜋 𝑝
Hz ….. (5-12)

𝐵𝑊 = 2∆f Hz ….. (5-13)

Carson’s Rule
It is a general rule to compute the BW of FM (and PM) signal regardless of
it is narrowband or wideband.

𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑀 = 2(∆𝑓 + B) … (5-14)

If |𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)| ≪ 1, then ∆f ≪ 𝐵, then, 𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑀 ≅ 2𝐵 [narrowband case]

If |𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)| 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ≪ 1, then ∆f ≫ 𝐵, then, 𝐵𝑊𝐹𝑀 ≅ 2∆𝑓 [wideband case]

Therefore, we define deviation ratio,
∆f if 𝛽 ≪ 1(usually 𝛽 < 0.2) → NBFM
𝛽=
𝐵
if 𝛽 ≫ 1(usually 𝛽 > 5) → WBFM …. (5-15)
𝑘𝑓 𝑓𝑝
𝛽=
𝐵 Unit less … (5-16)

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For PM
The instantaneous frequency depends on the derivative of f(t), i.e,

𝑘𝑝 ′ … (5-17)
∆𝑓 = 𝑓
2𝜋 𝑝

𝑘𝑝 𝑓𝑝′ rad … (5-18)

β𝑃𝑀 =
𝐵

Since β𝑃𝑀 have unit “Rad”, sometimes it’s called phase deviation in PM

∆𝜃 = 𝛽 … (5-19)

Ex 5-2:
A 10 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal such that the peak
frequency deviation is 50 kHz, determine the BW of FM signal if the frequency of
modulating sinusoid is (a) 500 kHz (b) 500Hz (c) 10 KHz.
Solution:
∆𝑓 ∆𝑓 50
a) 𝛽 = = = = 0.1 “NBFM”
𝐵 𝑓𝑚 500

BW=2B=2fm=1 MHz
b) 𝛽 = 100 “WBFM” , BW≅ 2∆𝑓 = 100 𝑘𝐻𝑧
c) 𝛽 = 5 “using Carlson’s rule” , BW≅ 2(∆𝑓 + 𝑓𝑚 ) ≅120 kHz

Single Tone FM:

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝑡
𝐴𝑚
𝛼(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓(𝛼)𝑑 ∝ = sin𝜔𝑚 𝑡
−∞ 𝑓𝑚
NBFM:

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∅𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑓 𝛼(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]

𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚
= 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]
𝜔𝑚
∆𝜔
= 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡]
𝜔𝑚

∅𝑁𝐵𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑐 𝑡 − 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑐 𝑡] …(5-20)

ST-Single Tone
𝛽 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑀
Φ (f)
∆𝜔 ∆𝑓
𝛽= = NBFM

𝜔𝑚 𝑓𝑚 Ac/2 Ac/2

BW=2𝑓𝑚 Hz β Ac/4 β Ac/4 β Ac/4 β Ac/4

fc+fm
fc-fm
fc
-fc+fm
-fc-fm
-fc

2*fm

WBFM: Standard FM
𝑡
∅𝐹𝑀 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [ 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑘𝑓 ∫ 𝑓(∝)𝑑 ∝]
−∞

𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚
= 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 ]
𝜔𝑚

∅𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡]

… (5-21)
∅𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒{𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗[𝜔𝑐 𝑡+𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡] }

= 𝑅𝑒{𝐴𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑐𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡 }

F.S expansion
∞
𝑗𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝑒 =∑ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)𝑒 𝑗𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡
𝑛=−∞

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Where 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)is the Bessel function of first kind and nth order.
∞
∅𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒 {𝐴𝑐 ∑ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑐𝑡+𝑛𝜔𝑚 𝑡) }
𝑛=−∞

∞
∅𝐹𝑀/𝑆𝑇 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 ∑ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 + 𝑛𝜔𝑚 )𝑡
𝑛=−∞ … (5-21)
= 𝐴𝑐 𝐽𝑜 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 )𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝐽1 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 + 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝐽−1 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 − 𝜔𝑚 )𝑡
+ 𝐴𝑐 𝐽2 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 + 2𝜔𝑚 )𝑡 + 𝐴𝑐 𝐽−2 (𝛽)cos (𝜔𝑐 + 2𝜔𝑚 )𝑡
(Coefficient of series for Bessel function)

Φ (f) FM/ST

fc+fm
fc
fc-3fm
fc-2fm
fc-fm

fc+2fm
fc+3fm
-fc

f f

𝐵𝑊 = 2∆𝑓 = 2𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚 …(5-23)

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑀, 𝐵𝑊 = 2∆𝑓 = 2𝑘𝑓 𝐴𝑚 𝜔𝑚
Or

𝐵𝑊 = 2𝑛𝑓𝑚 …(5-24)

Where n is the number of significant sidebands (depend on the value of β).

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Properties of Bessel function:

1-𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) Are real valued function.
2-𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)=𝐽−𝑛 (𝛽), for n even.
3-𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) = −𝐽−𝑛 (𝛽), for n odd.
4-∑∞ 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) = 1

Average Power in the Single Tone FM:

Total power

𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑡 = Watt, if R=1Ω from eqn. (5-21)
2

𝐴2𝑐 𝐴2𝑐
𝑃𝑡 = ∑∞ 2
𝑛=−∞ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽) = watt from equation (5-22)
2 2

sideband power carrier power

𝐴2𝑐 2 𝐴2𝑐 2
𝑃𝑛 = 2 [ 𝐽𝑛 (𝛽)] 𝑃𝑐 = 𝐽 (𝛽)
2 2 𝑜

…(5-25) …(5-26)

The value of β is chosen such that the power is minimized at any desired
component (carrier or sidebands), [carrier term 𝐽0 (𝛽) can be made zero for
β=2.405, 5.52, 8.65,….].

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Table of Bessel function

Bessel function first kind

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(CH 5) Angle Modulation By Dr. Hikmat Al-Shamary & Dr. Tariq M. Salman

Ex. 5-3
A given FM transmitter is modulated with a single sinusoid. The output for no
modulation is 100 watt, into a 50 Ω resistive load. If the power provided for the
first sideband is made zero, find:

a) Carrier power.
b) All sidebands power.
c) Average power in second order sidebands.

Solution:

𝑃1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐽1 (𝛽)2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐽1 (𝛽) = 0, ∴ 𝛽 ≅ 3.8

a) 𝐽1 (𝛽) = 0 at 𝛽 ≅ 3.8
1
𝑃𝑐 = 𝐴2𝑐 𝐽02 (𝛽) = 𝑃𝑡 𝐽02 (3.8) = 16 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
2

b) 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑐 = 100 − 16 = 84 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
1
c) 𝑃2 = 2 [ 𝐴2𝑐 𝐽22 (𝛽)] = 2 × 100 × 𝐽22 (3.8) = 34 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
2

H.W
A carrier signal given by 10 cos 2𝜋 × 108 𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 is FM modulated by single tone
𝐻𝑧
message 4 cos 2𝜋 × 103 𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 if the modulation constant is 1000 ,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡

a) Compute max. frequency deviation and deviation ratio.

b) Write the equation of modulated wave.
c) Sketch the spectrum.
d) Calculate sidebands carrier and total power.

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