Practical Navigation

Computational Formats
 TIME AZIMUTH
Sun
Date ----- Body Sun DR Lat ----- N/S, Long ----- E/W

Time Check
GMT = ----- Body = Sun
Brg: = ----- C

GHA Sun = ----- Decl = ----- N/S

Inc: = ----- d(/) = -----
GHA Sun = ----- Decl = ----- N/S
Long = ----- (E/W)
LHA Sun = ----- (E/W)

tan Lat
A= (N/S)
tan LHA
tan Decl
B= (N/S)
sin LHA
C = A  B (N/S)

1
Tan Azi =
C  cos 𝐿𝑎𝑡
Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)
T.Azi = -----(T)

T.Brg: = -----(T)
C.Brg: = -----(C)
C/E = ----- (E/W)
Var: = ----- (E/W)
Dev: = ----- (E/W)
Star
Date ----- Body Star DR Lat ----- N/S, Long ----- E/W

Time Check
GMT = -----

GHA Aries = ----- SHA  = -----

Inc: = ----- Decl = ----- N/S
SHA  = -----
GHA  = -----
Long = ----- (E/W)
LHA  = ----- (E/W)

tan Lat
A= (N/S)
tan LHA
tan Decl
B= (N/S)
sin LHA
C = A  B (N/S)

1
Tan Azi =
C  cos Lat
Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)
T.Azi = -----(T)

T.Brg: = -----(T)
C.Brg: = -----(C)
C/E = ----- (E/W)
Var: = ----- (E/W)
Dev: = ----- (E/W)
Planet
Date ----- Body Planet DR Lat ----- N/S, Long ----- E/W

Time Check
GMT = -----

GHA M = ----- Decl = ----- N/S

Inc: = ----- d(/) = -----
V corr: ( ---) = ----- Decl = ----- N/S
GHA M = -----
Long = ----- (E/W)
LHA M = ----- (E/W)
Opposite name to Latitude

tan Lat
A= (N/S)
tan LHA
LHA
270 90
tan Decl
B= (N/S)
sin LHA
C = A  B (N/S)
Same name to Latitude

1
Tan Azi =
C  cos Lat Decl’s name

Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)

T.Azi = -----(T)
To determine LHA’s name

T.Brg: = -----(T) 0

C.Brg: = -----(C)
C/E = ----- (E/W)
Compass least, Error East E W
Compass best, Error West

Var: = ----- (E/W)

Dev: = ----- (E/W) 180
 INTERCEPT METHOD
Sun
Date Body (Sun) DR Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)
Time Check
Corrected GMT = -----

GHA Sun = ----- Decl = (N/S) -----

Inc: = ----- d ( -----) = -----
GHA Sun = ----- Decl = (N/S) -----
Long = ----- (E/W)
LHA Sun = ----- (E/W)
Sextant Alt Sun = -----
tan Lat I.E = ----- (On  , Off )
A= (N/S)
tan LHA Obs: Alt Sun = -----
tan Decl
B= (N/S) Dip = -----
sin LHA
App: Alt Sun = -----
C = A  B (N/S)
Total Correction = -----
1
Tan Azi = True Altitude = -----
C  cos Lat
= 90
Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)
TZD = -----
T.Azi = -----(T)
P.L -----(T)  -----(T) Lat and Decl are in same name, ().
Lat and Decl are in different name, ().

Cos CZD = Cos LHA  Cos Lat  Cos Decl  Sin Lat  Sin Decl
CZD = ----- Intercept (Away)  To change T.Azi

TZD = ----- Intercept (Toward)  Not required

True greater, (Away)

Intercept = ----- (Toward or Away)
True less, (Towards)

DR Position Lat ----- (N/S) Long ----- (E/W)

(Intercept  T.Azi) D’lat -----(N/S) D’long ----- (E/W)
ITP Position Lat----- (N/S) Long ----- (E/W)
Ans: P.L -----(T)  -----(T) through Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)
Star
Date Body (Star) DR Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)
Time Check
Corrected GMT = -----
GHA Aries = ----- SHA  = -----
Inc: = ----- Decl = -----
SHA  = -----
GHA  = -----
Sextant Alt Sun = -----
Long = -----
I.E = ----- (On  , Off )
LHA  = -----
Obs: Alt Sun = -----
tan Lat
A= (N/S) Dip = -----
tan LHA
App: Alt Sun = -----
tan Decl
B= (N/S)
sin LHA Ref: = -----
C = A  B (N/S) True Altitude = -----
= 90
1
Tan Azi =
C  cos Lat TZD = -----
Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)
T.Azi = -----(T)
P.L -----(T)  -----(T)

Cos CZD = Cos LHA  Cos Lat  Cos Decl  Sin Lat  Sin Decl
CZD = -----
TZD = -----
Intercept = ----- (Towards or Away)

DR Position Lat ----- (N/S) Long ----- (E/W)

(Intercept  T.Azi) D’lat -----(N/S) D’long ----- (E/W)
ITP Position Lat----- (N/S) Long ----- (E/W)
Ans: P.L -----(T)  -----(T) through Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)
Planet
Date Body (Planet) DR Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)
Time Check
Corrected GMT = -----
GHA Planet = ----- Decl = (N/S) -----
Inc: = ----- d ( -----) = -----
V corr: ( ---)= ----- Decl = (N/S) -----
GHA Planet = -----
Long = ----- Sextant Alt Sun = -----

LHA Planet = ----- I.E = ----- (On  , Off )

Obs: Alt Sun = -----
tan Lat
A= (N/S) Dip = -----
tan LHA
tan Decl App: Alt Sun = -----
B= (N/S)
sin LHA Total Correction = -----
C = A  B (N/S) True Altitude = -----
= 90
1
Tan Azi =
C  cos Lat TZD = -----
Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)
T.Azi = -----(T)
P.L -----(T)  -----(T)

Cos CZD = Cos LHA  Cos Lat  Cos Decl  Sin Lat  Sin Decl
CZD = -----
TZD = -----
Intercept = ----- (Towards or Away)

DR Position Lat ----- (N/S) Long ----- (E/W)

(Intercept  T.Azi) D’lat -----(N/S) D’long ----- (E/W)
ITP Position Lat----- (N/S) Long ----- (E/W)
Ans: P.L -----(T)  -----(T) through Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)
 AMPLITUDE METHOD
Sun
Date Body Sun DR Lat ----- N/S, Long ----- E/W
LMT sun rise at Lat 10 N = --h --m
Lat 20 N = --h --m
--  --h --m
----  ?
−−−−  −−h−−m
=
−−
= --m --s

LMT sun rise at lat ----- (N/S) = --h --m --s (Date)
LIT (E) = --h --m --s
GMT sun rise = --h --m --s (Date)

Decl sun = (N/S) -----

d ( ---) = --
Decl sun = (N/S) -----
Sunrise or Sunset
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝐃𝐞𝐜𝐥
Sin Amp =
𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭
Amp = (E/W) ----- (N/S) Decl’s name
T.Brg: = ----- (T)

T.Brg: = -----(T)
C.Brg: = -----(C)
C/E = ----- (E/W)
Var: = ----- (E/W) Change the name first, then subtract.
Dev: = ----- (E/W)
 MERIDIAN ALTITUDE METHOD
Sun

Date ----- Body Sun DR Lat ----- N/S, Long ----- E/W
LMT MP = -----
LIT = -----
GMT MP = ----- Time check is not required in Meridian
Decl sun = (N/S) ----- Altitude Method.
d ( ---) = --
Decl sun = (N/S) -----

Sextant Alt Sun L.L = ----- (N/S)

I.E =  ----- (On , Off )
Obs: Alt sun L.L = -----
Dip = -----
App: Alt sun = -----
Total corr: = -----
T.Alt = ----- (N/S)
= 90 Change the name
MZD = ----- (S/N)
MZD and Decl are in same name, ( ).
Decl = ----- (N/S) MZD and Decl are in different name, ( ).

MP Lat = ----- (N/S)

P.L 090 (T)  270 (T)

Star

Date ----- Body Star DR Lat ----- N/S, Long ----- E/W
Decl sun = (N/S) -----

Sextant Alt Sun L.L = ----- (N/S)

I.E =  ----- (On , Off )
Obs: Alt sun L.L = -----
GMT MP is not required in this format.
Dip = -----
App: Alt sun = -----
Ref: = -----
T.Alt = ----- (N/S)
= 90
MZD = ----- (S/N)
Decl = ----- (N/S)
MP Lat = ----- (N/S)

P.L 090 (T)  270 (T)

Planet
Date ----- Body Planet DR Lat ----- N/S, Long ----- E/W
LMT MP = -----
LIT = -----
GMT MP = -----

Decl sun = (N/S) -----

d ( ---) = --
Decl sun = (N/S) -----

Sextant Alt Sun L.L = ----- (N/S)

I.E =  ----- (On , Off )
Obs: Alt sun L.L = -----
Dip = -----
App: Alt sun = -----
Ref: = -----
Additional corr: = -----
T.Alt = ----- (N/S)
= 90
MZD = ----- (S/N)
Decl = ----- (N/S)
MP Lat = ----- (N/S)

P.L 090 (T)  270 (T)

 GREAT CIRCLE SAILING
A Lat ----- A Long ----- PA = 90  Lat A (Same name , Different name )
B Lat ----- B Long ----- PB = 90  Lat B (Same name , Different name )
D.long ----- Nearest pole name = N/S (Maximum lat’s name)

To find distance
Cos AB = Cos D.long Sin PA Sin PB  Cos PA Cos PB
AB = -----
GC Dist = AB  60 = ----- N.miles

To find initial course

Cos PB  Cos PA  Cos AB
Cos A =
Sin PB  Sin AB
A = N/S ----- E/W D.long’s name

Nearest pole The value is more than 90, subtract from 180 and then
name change the name.

- If initial course and final course are in same

To find final course quadrant, vertex will be ‘outside’.
- If initial course and final course are in
Cos PA  Cos PB  Cos AB different quadrant, vertex will be ‘inside’.
Cos B =
Sin PB  Sin AB
B = N/S ----- E/W D.long’s name

Opposite to Nearest pole name The value is more than 90, subtract from 180 and then
change the name.

To find latitude of Vertex

Cos ‘V’ lat = Cos lat A Sin A (Use Maximum lat and Nearest Pole name)
(or) Vertex (Inside) ဆိုလျှင် APV or BPV

Cos ‘V’ lat = Cos lat B Sin B ကြိုြ်တာဖြင့်တွြလ

် ို့ရသည်။ Vertex
P
(Outside) ဆိုလျှင် Vertex နဲ့အနီးဆုံး
‘V’ lat = ----- N/S
မှာရှိသသာ Position ဖြင့်သာတွြရ
် မည်။

To find D.long of Vertex V

tan lat A W
Cos D.long APV or BPV = E
tan lat V A
B
D.long APV or BPV = ----- E/W Check in drawing

If the vertex is outside, use the ‘Longitude’ which is nearest of ‘Vertex’.

To find longitude of Vertex
Long of ‘V’ = Long of A  D.long APV ( Same name  , Different name  )

= ----- E/W
 ပုံဆွဲလျှင် Vertex ကို Highest lat ရှိတဲ့ဘက်အခြမ်းမှာကပ်၍ဆွဲရမည်။
 Nearest pole က North ဆိုလျှင် အြုံးပုံဆွဲရမည်။ South ဆိုလျှင် အြွက်ပုံဆွဲရမည်။
 B သည် D.long ရဲ့ Name အတိုင်း (East or West) မှာရှိမည်။
 COMPOSITE GREAT CIRCLE SAILING
‘A’ lat ----- (N/S) ‘A’ long ----- (E/W)
‘B’ lat ----- (N/S) ‘B’ long ----- (E/W) Max: lat = ----- N/S
D.long AB ----- (E/W) Nearest pole name = ----- (Larger lat’s name)

To find Initial Course

Cos Max lat
Sin A =
Cos lat A
A = N/S ----- E/W D.long’s name

To find Final Course Nearest pole name

Cos Max lat

Sin B =
Cos lat B
B = N/S ----- E/W D.long’s name

To find D.long Nearest pole name

Tan lat A
Cos D.long AV1 =
Tan Max lat
D.long AV1 = ----- (Name undefined)

Tan lat B
Cos D.long BV2 =
Tan Max lat
D.long BV2 = ----- (Name undefined)

D.long V1V2 = D.long AB  (D.long AV1  D.long BV2)

To find total distance

Sin lat A
Cos Dist AV1 =
Sin Max lat
Dist AV1 = -----

Sin lat B
Cos Dist BV2 =
Sin Max lat
Dist BV2 = -----

Dist V1V2 = Cos Max Lat  D.long V1V2

Total Dist = Dist AV1  Dist BV2  Dist V1V2

Total Dist = -----

To find Longitude of Vertex

Long of V1 = Long of A  D.long AV1
Check in drawing (  or  )
Long of V2 = Long of B  D.long BV2

Summary
Eastwards () Westwards ()
1. D.long (AB)
2. Initial course and Final course
3. Drawing
4. D.long AV1, D.long BV2 and D.long V1V2
5. Dist AV1, Dist BV2 and Dist V1V2
6. Total distance
7. Long of V1 and Long of V2
 EX – MERIDIAN METHOD

Sun
Date ----- Body (Sun) DR Lat ----- N/S, Long ----- E/W
Time Check
GMT = -----

GHA Sun = ----- Decl = ----- N/S

Inc: = ----- d(/) = -----
GHA Sun = ----- Decl = ----- N/S
Long = ----- (E/W)
LHA Sun = ----- (E/W)
C = A  B (N/S)
Sextant Alt Sun = -----
1
= ----- (On  , Off ) Tan Azi =
I.E C  cos Lat
Obs: Alt Sun = ----- Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)
Dip = ----- T.Azi = -----(T)
App: Alt Sun = ----- P.L = -----(T)  -----(T)
Total Correction = -----
True Altitude = ----- In question;

= 90 Near the meridian

ZX = -----
Cos MZD = (1  cos LHA) cos Lat  cos Decl  cos ZX
MZD = ------

MAD = ------
Decl = ------
Ex Lat = ------

tan Lat
A= (N/S)
tan LHA
tan Decl
B= (N/S)
sin LHA
Star
Date Body (Star) DR Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)

Time Check
Corrected GMT = -----

GHA Aries = ----- SHA  = -----

Inc: = ----- Decl = -----
SHA  = -----
GHA  = ----- C = A  B (N/S)

Long = ----- E/W 1

Tan Azi =
LHA  = -----E/W C  cos Lat
Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)
Sextant Alt Sun = -----
T.Azi = -----(T)
I.E = ----- (On  , Off )
P.L = -----(T)  -----(T)
Obs: Alt Sun = -----
Dip = -----
In question;
App: Alt Sun = -----
Near the meridian
Ref: = -----
True Altitude = -----
= 90
ZX = -----

Cos MZD = (1  cos LHA) cos Lat  cos Decl  cos ZX

MZD = ------

MAD = ------
Decl = ------
Ex Lat = ------

tan Lat
A= (N/S)
tan LHA
tan Decl
B= (N/S)
sin LHA
Planet
Date Body (Planet) DR Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)

Time Check
Corrected GMT = -----

GHA Planet = ----- Decl = (N/S) -----

Inc: = ----- d ( -----) = -----
V corr: ( ---)= ----- Decl = (N/S) -----
GHA Planet = -----
Long = -----
LHA Planet = -----

Sextant Alt Sun = -----

I.E = ----- (On  , Off )
Obs: Alt Sun = -----
Dip = -----
App: Alt Sun = -----
Ref: = -----
Additional corr: = -----
True Altitude = ----- tan Decl
B= (N/S)
sin LHA
= 90
C = A  B (N/S)
ZX = -----
1
Cos MZD = (1  cos LHA) cos Lat  cos Decl  cos ZX Tan Azi =
C  cos Lat
MZD = ------ Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)

MAD = ------ T.Azi = -----(T)

Decl = ------ P.L = -----(T)  -----(T)

Ex Lat = ------
In question;
tan Lat
A= (N/S) Near the meridian
tan LHA
 POLE STAR (POLARIS)
Date Body (Pole Star) DR Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)

Time Check
Corrected GMT = -----
Pole Star (Polaris)
GHA Aries = -----  Lat of observer = T. Alt of pole star
 Pole star သည် 00 Something မှာရှိ။
Inc: = -----
 Pole star သည် 90 တည့်တည့်မှာမရှိ။
GHA Aries = -----  South Lat မှ Pole star ြိုမဖမင်ရ။
Long = ----- E/W
 A0 (Always )  Interpolation လုပ်။
LHA Aries = ----- E/W
 A1 (Always )  Interpolation မလို။ LHA နဲ့ Lat တွဲကြည့်။
 A2 (Always )  Interpolation မလို။ LHA နဲ့ Month တွဲကြည့်။
Sextant Alt = -----
 သနာြ်ဆုံးအသဖြ Lat တွင် N ထည့်သပးရမည်။
I.E = -----
Obs: Alt = -----  C. Brg: သပးထားပပီး Deviation ရှာခိုင်းလျှင် A0, A1, A2 ရှာစရာမလို

Dip = ----- ပါ ။ T. Azi တန်းတွြ်ရန်။

App: Alt = -----

Total corr: = -----
T. Alt = -----
=  1
= -----
A0 = -----
A1 = -----
A2 = -----
Lat = ----- N (Always)
T.Azi = ----- (T)
P.L = ----- (T)  ----- (T)
 LONG BY CHRONO METHOD
Sun
Date ----- Body (Sun) DR Lat ----- N/S, Long ----- E/W
Time Check
GMT = -----

GHA Sun = ----- Decl = ----- N/S

Inc: = ----- d(/) = -----
GHA Sun = ----- Decl = ----- N/S

Sextant Alt Sun = -----

I.E = ----- (On  , Off )
Obs: Alt Sun = -----
Dip = -----
App: Alt Sun = ----- Lat and Decl are in

Total Correction = -----  same name, 

 different name, 
True Alt = -----

Sin T.Alt  Sin Lat  Sin Decl

Cos  P =
Cos Lat  Cos Decl

 P = ------ (LHA or EHA)

If EHA  LHA = 360  EHA

GHA Sun = ----- 1

Tan Azi =
LHA = ----- E/W C  cos Lat
Long = ----- E/W (Obs: Long) Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)
T.Azi = -----(T)
tan Lat
A= (N/S)
tan LHA P.L = -----(T)  -----(T)
tan Decl Ans: P.L = -----(T)  -----(T) through
B= (N/S)
sin LHA DR Lat ----- N/S, Obs: Long ----- E/W.
C=AB
Star
Date Body (Star) DR Lat ----- (N/S), Long ----- (E/W)

Time Check
Corrected GMT = -----

GHA Aries = ----- SHA  = -----

Inc: = ----- Decl = -----
SHA  = -----
GHA  = -----
Sextant Alt Sun = -----
I.E = ----- (On  , Off )
Obs: Alt Sun = -----
Dip = -----
App: Alt Sun = -----
Ref: = -----
True Alt = -----

Sin T.Alt  Sin Lat  Sin Decl

Cos  P =
Cos Lat  Cos Decl

 P = ------ (LHA or EHA)

If EHA  LHA = 360  EHA

GHA Sun = ----- 1

Tan Azi =
LHA = ----- E/W C  cos Lat
Long = ----- E/W (Obs: Long) Azi = (N/S) ----- (E/W)
T.Azi = -----(T)
tan Lat
A= (N/S)
tan LHA P.L = -----(T)  -----(T)
tan Decl Ans: P.L = -----(T)  -----(T) through
B= (N/S)
sin LHA DR Lat ----- N/S, Obs: Long ----- E/W.
C=AB