sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{] j0f{ljGof;ut

q'l6x¿sf] cWoog

/fh]z 9sfn
cg'qmdfª\s M @$!))^$
lq= lj= btf{ g+ M $%)@&–(!

lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo afn s'df/L sn]h

g]kfnL efifflzIff ljefu :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] kf7\of+z
-g]kf=lz= %(*_ sf] k|of]hgfy{ k|:t't

zf]wkq

@)&)÷2014

g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljefu

afn s'df/L sn]h
gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg
 k|lta4tf kq
k|:t't zf]wkq d cfkm}+n] n]vL tof/ kf/]sf] x'F . sxLF st}af6 x'ax' ;f/]sf] 5}g .
zf]wkq n]vgsf qmddf cfjZos ;Gbe{ u|Gy / afn s'df/L sn]h gf/fo0fu9sf]
k':tsfnoaf6 lnPsf] lyPF . tL ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L uxg cWoog u/L kfPsf] 1fgsf cfwf/df
u'?x¿sf] ;Nnfx / ;xof]uaf6 k|:t't zf]wkq tof/ u/]sf] 5' . cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ;a}
If]qaf6 ;xof]u kfPsf] x'gfn] ;xh¿kdf k|:t't zf]wkq tof/ kfg{] sfd u/]sf] 5' .

/fh]z 9sfn
 zf]w lgb]{zssf] l;kmfl/; kq

sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{] j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6x¿sf] cWoog

zLif{ssf] of] zf]wkq 5fq /fh]z 9sfnn] d]/f lgb]{zgdf tof/ kfg'{ ePsf] xf] .
ljifout uxgtfnfO{ dxŒj lbO{ tof/ kfl/Psf] o; zf]wkqaf6 d ;Gt'i6 5' /
cfjZos d"Nofª\sgsf nflu afn s'df/L sn]h, g]kfnL efifflzIff ljefu ;dIf
l;kmfl/; ub{5' .

ldlt M @)&!÷)*÷@#

=============================
bfdf]b/ l/hfn
;xk|fWofks
afn s'df/L sn]h
g]kfnL efifflzIff ljefu
gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg
 lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno
lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo
afn s'df/L sn]h
g]kfnL efifflzIff ljefu

:jLs[lt kq
lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno, lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo, afns'df/L sn]h, g]kfnL
efifflzIff ljefusf 5fq >L /fh]z 9sfnn] tof/ kfg{'ePsf] sIff gf}df
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{] j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6x¿sf] cWoog zLif{ssf] zf]wkq
:gftsf]Q/ tx g]kfnL ljifosf] lgldQ pko'Qm ePsfn] :jLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .

d"Nofª\sg ;ldlt

8f= s'nk|;fb 9'Ëfgf _________________

ljefuLo k|d'v x:tfIf/

;xk|fWofks bfdf]b/ l/hfn _________________

zf]wlgb{]zs x:tfIf/

=============================== _________________

afXo k/LIfs x:tfIf/

ldlt M
 s[t1tf 1fkg
k|:t't sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{] j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6x¿sf] cWoog
zLif{ssf] zf]wkq d}n] :gftsf]Q/ tx bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}+ kqsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt cfb/0fLo
u'? ;xk|fWofks bfdf]b/ l/hfnHo"sf] lgb{]zgdf tof/ kf/]sf] x'F . zf]wkq n]vgsf qmddf
cf/Deb]lv clGtd laGb';Dd cfkm\gf] cd"No ;do lbO{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;Nnfx, ;'emfj /
cfjZos lgb{]zg ug{'x'g] d]/f zf]wlgb{]zs tyf cfb/0fLo u'? bfdf]b/ l/hfnk|lt d
;j{k|yd xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5' .
k|:t't zf]wkq n]vg sfo{df :jLs[lt k|bfg ug{'x'g] afn s'df/L sn]h,
gf/fo0fu9sf ljefuLo k|d'v tyf cfb/0fLo u'? 8f= s'nk|;fb 9'ª\ufgfk|lt xflb{s s[t1tf
1fkg ub{5' ;fy} :gftsf]Q/ txsf] cWoog ug{] ;'cj;/ pknAw u/fPsf]df afn s'df/L
sn]h, gf/fo0fu9 / zf]w n]vgsf qmddf plrt ;Nnfx, :g]x, ;b\efj /fVg'x'g]
lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo afn s'df/L sn]hsf u'?x¿k|lt klg cfef/L 5' . zf]wkq tof/Lsf
qmddf cK7\of/f uf}+8fx¿nfO{ vf]lnlbP/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'x'g] ;DalGwt ljBfnosf k|frfo{
tyf ljifo lzIfsx¿nfO{ ljz]if cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' .
zf]wn]vg tof/Lsf qmddf cfjZos ;fdu|L ;ª\sngdf ;xof]u k|bfg ug{] ldq
boflwlg cof{nnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb lbg rfxG5' ;fy} y'k|} r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ a'l4dQfk"j{s
;fdgf ub{} dnfO{ o; cj:yf;Dd NofO k'¥ofpg k|]/0ffbfoL e"ldsf v]Ng'x'g] d]/L cfdf
xl/snf 9sfn, >LdtL k'ikf 9sfn / 5f]/L ;f]lgof 9sfnk|lt d ;b}j C0fL 5' .
o; zf]wkqnfO{ z'4, l56f] 5l/tf] sDKo'6/ 6Í0f ul/lbg'x'g] sflnsf sDKo'6/sf
dx]z kf}8]nHo"nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . cGtdf k|:t't zf]wkq cfjZos
d"Nofª\sgsf nflu afn s'df/L sn]h lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo cGtu{t g]kfnL efifflzIff
ljefu ;dIf k|:t't ub{5' .

ldlt M @)&!÷)*÷@#
zf]wfyL{
/fh]z 9sfn
lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno
afn s'df/L sn]h
g]kfnL efifflzIff ljefu
gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg
 zf]w;f/

efiff lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] k|f/De ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf ePsf]
xf] . lzIffyL{n] efiff l;Sg] qmddf q'l6 ub{5 . tL q'l6x¿ s] sf/0fn] x'G5g\ < efiff l;Sg]
l;sf¿n] s:tf q'l6x¿ ub{5g\ < egL q'l6x¿sf] cWoog÷ JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/L q'l6sf]
k|s[lt cg';f/ ;dfwfg vf]Hg] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ q'l6 ljZn]if0f xf] . o; zf]wsfo{df lrtjg
lhNnfl:yt e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf cGtu{tsf sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;|f]t
agfP/ pgLx¿n] n]vfOsf qmddf ug]{ j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 .
e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf ^ j6f ljBfnodf sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] k|of]u
ug]{ j0f{ljGof;df s]lGb|t /xL tL ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6x¿ klxrfg
u/L ljZn]if0f ug'{ g} o; zf]wkqsf] d"ne"t ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof of] zf]wkq
lgDglnlvt ;d:ofx¿df s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 M q'l6 ljZn]if0f eg]sf] s] xf] <, sIff gf}df
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6x¿ s]] s:tf x'G5g\ <, q'l6sf] ljZn]if0faf6
s] s:tf tYo k|fKt x'G5g\ <, s] s:tf ;'emfj lbFbf k|fKt q'l6x¿sf] lg/fs/0f x'G5 < eGg]
;d:ofdf s]lGb|t eO{ of] zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .
zf]wsfo{df p2]Zosf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . p2]Zo lagfsf] cWoogn]
ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;fy{stf lbg g;Sg] ePsfn] h'g;'s} ljifosf] cWoog klg p2]ZonfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ cufl8 a9fOPsf] x'G5 . s'g} klg zf]w lagf p2]Zo ;DkGg ul/Fb}g . o;
zf]wsfo{sf d'Vo p2]Zox¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M q'l6sf] ;}4flGts kl/ro lbg', sIff gf}df
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6sf If]q klxrfg ug'{,] tYoaf6 k|fKt
j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{, lzIf0fd'vL ;'emfj lbg' / lgisif{ k|:t't ug'{ log}
p2]Zodf cfwfl/t eO{ of] zf]w sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't cg';Gwfgsf qmddf k|ydtM cg';Gw]o ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt kIfx¿sf
af/]df lglZrt k|ZgfjnL tof/ kf/L cGtlq{mof ul/Psf] 5 . cfjZos k/]sf cj:yfdf
zf]wkq, kqklqsfx¿nfO{ klg ;fdu|L ;ª\sngsf nflu ;|f]t agfOPsf] 5 .
 efiff lzIf0fsf] ;Gbe{df q'l6 ljZn]if0f gofF k4lt xf] . q'l6 ljZn]if0fn] efiff
lzIf0fsf qmddf cGo k4ltsf t'ngfdf a9L dxŒj kfPsf] kfOG5 . ljBfyL{n] sxfF q'l6
ub{5g\ / q'l6 lg/fs/0fsf nflu s] s:tf ljlw / tl/sf ckgfpFbf lzIf0f pknlAwd"ns
x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ o;n] dxŒj lbPsf] 5 .
j0f{ljGof; n]Vo efiff;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . efiffsf n]Vo÷sYo÷pRrfo{÷>Jo b'O{
e]bdWo] n]Vo e]beGbf sYo ÷pRrfo{÷>Jo ¿k g} k|wfg b]lvP tfklg n]Vo efiffnfO{
lnlk jf n]Vo lrXgsf ¿kdf u|x0f ul/G5 . ;dfgWjlg ;d"xnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ efiffsf]
;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfOnfO{ j0f{ elgG5 / o;n] zAbdf /x]/ cy{df leGgtf NofpF5 . efiff
ljrf/ ljlgdosf] k|d'v ;fwg xf] . efiff dfgjLo cg'ej / ljrf/sf] cleJolQm klg xf]
To;}n] cg'ej / ljrf/nfO{ hlt k|efjsf/L ¿kdf JoQm ug{ ;Sof] Tolt g} c¿sf nflu
dxŒjk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . z'4, kl/is[t, ;f}Gbo{k"0f{, cleJolQmn] c¿nfO{ ;xh} k|efljt
t'NofpF5 . jf:tjdf ;':ki6, kl/is[t / nflnTodo cleJolQmsf nflu z'4, :t/Lo /
dfgs efiffsf] k|of]u cfjZos x'G5 .
efiff lzIf0fsf qmedf efiffnfO{ df}lvs / lnlvt ¿kdf k|of]u ug{'kg{] x'G5 eg]
b}gs Jojxf/ rnfpg klg k|foM sYo efiffsf ;fy} lnlvt efiffsf] k|of]u ug{'kg{]
x'G5 . lnlvt ¿kdf j0f{x¿sf] /vfOqmd g} j0f{ljGof; xf] . j0f{x¿sf] /vfOqmd cGtu{t
dfqf nfu]sf j0f{ tyf j0f{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm Pjd\ ldl>t cfa4tfsf ;fy} kbof]u / kb
ljof]u;DaGwL s'/fx¿nfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 . s'g} klg efiffsf] j0f{ ljGof; To; efiffsf] n]Vo
k/Dk/f;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . sYo efiffsf] h:t} n]Vo efiffsf] klg cfkm\g} k/Dk/f x'G5 .
k|foM sYo efiffs} k|ltlalDag n]Vo efiff xf] tfklg sYosf eGbf a]Un} lsl;dsf
ljz]iftfx¿ n]Vo efiffn] cFufn]sf] x'G5 . n]Vo efiffn] cFufn]sf leGg ljz]iftfx¿dWo]
Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf j0f{ ljGof; klg xf] .
dfqf nufot efiffdf k|of]u x'g] j0f{x¿ j0f{ ljGof;n] to u/]sf lglZrt lgod /
kl/lweGbf aflx/ /x]/ k|of]u x'g'nfO{ j0f{ ljGof;sf] q'l6 If]q elgG5 . o:tf q'l6x¿
sxfFaf6 / s;/L x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufO{ cEof; ug{] u/fpg] ugf{n] pQm q'l6df sdL
cfpg ;S5 . o; cWoogsf qmddf dfqf …zÚ, …ifÚ, …;Ú, …oÚ, …PÚ, …aÚ, …jÚ / …cf]Ú, …CÚ /
…l/Ú, …IfÚ / …5]Ú nufot jfSo u7g tyf kbof]u ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
 ljifo;"rL

zf]w lgb]{zssf] l;kmfl/; kq

:jLs[lt kq
s[t1tf 1fkg

kl/R5]b M Ps
zf]wkl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld !
!=@ ;d:of syg !
!=# zf]wsfo{sf] p2]Zo @
!=$ zf]wsfo{sf] cf}lrTo @
!=% zf]wsfo{sf] ;Ldf @
!=^ zf]wsfo{sf] ¿k/]vf #

kl/R5]b M b'O{
k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff / ;}4flGts k|f¿k
@=! k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff $
@=@ q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts k|f¿k *
@=@=! ljsf;zLntfsf cfwf/df *
@=@=!=! Jojl:yt q'l6 *
@=@=!=@ cJojl:yt q'l6 (
@=@=!=# pQ/Jojl:yt q'l6 !)
@=@=@ efiffsf]l6sf cfwf/df !)
@=@=@=! pRrf/0fut q'l6 !!
@=@=@=@ j0f{ljGof; q'l6 !!
 @=@=@=# Jofs/0fut q'l6 !@
@=@=@=$ cy{tflTjs q'l6 !@
@=@=@=% zAbe08f/ut q'l6 !@
@=@=# ;|f]tsf cfwf/df !@
@=@=#=! efiffGtl/s q'l6 !#
@=@=#=@ cGt/ eflifs q'l6 !#
@=@=$ uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df !$
@=@=$=! cy{3fts q'l6 !$
@=@=$=@ cy{c3fts q'l6 !%
@=@=% Jofkstfsf cfwf/df !%
@=@=^ :j¿ksf cfwf/df q'l6 !^
@=@=& cgf}lrTosf cfwf/df q'l6 !^
@=# q'l6ljZn]if0fsf k4lt tyf k|lqmof !&
@=#=! q'l6sf] klxrfg !*
@=#=@ q'l6sf] juL{s/0f !*
@=#=# q'l6sf] j0f{g ÷JofVof ljZn]if0f !*
@=#=$ q'l6sf] lg/fs/0f !(
@=$ ;f/f+z !(

kl/R5]b M ltg
zf]w ljlw tyf cWoog k|lqmof
#=! zf]w ljlw @)
#=!=! cWoogsf] 9fFrf @)
#=!=@ hgª\Vof / gd'gf÷cWoogsf] If]q @)
#=!=# gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof @!
#=!=$ tYofª\s÷;"rgf ;ª\sngsf pks/0fx¿ / ;fdu|L lgdf{0f @!
 #=!=% tYofª\s ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f k|lqmof @@
#=@ x|:j / bL3{;DaGwL lgod @#
#=@=! x|:j;DaGwL lgod @#
#=@=!=! zAbflbdf x|:j @#
#=@=!=@ zAb dWodf x|:j @#
#=@=!=# zAbfGtdf x|:j @#
#=@=@ bL3{;DaGwL lgod @$
#=@=@=! zAbflbdf bL3{ @$
#=@=@=@ zAbdWodf bL3{ @$
#=@=@=# zAbfGtdf bL3{ @$
#=@=# …zÚ, …ifÚ / …;Ú sf] k|of]u @$
#=@=#=! …zÚ sf] k|of]u @$
#=@=#=@ …ifÚ sf] k|of]u @$
#=@=#=# …;Ú sf] k|of]u @$
#=@=$ …aÚ, …jÚ / …cf]Ú sf] k|of]u @$
#=@=$=! …aÚ sf] k|of]u @$
#=@=$=@ …jÚ sf] k|of]u @%
#=@=$=# …cf]Ú sf] k|of]u @%
#=@=% …PÚ, …oÚ / …o]Ú sf] k|of]u @%
#=@=%=! …PÚ sf] k|of]u @%
#=@=%=@ …oÚ sf] k|of]u @%
#=@=%=# …o]Ú sf] k|of]u @%
#=@=^ …CÚ / …l/Ú sf] k|of]u @%
#=@=^=! …CÚ sf] k|of]u @%
#=@=^=@ …l/Ú sf] k|of]u @%
#=@=& …If, …If]Ú,/ …5]Ú sf] k|of]u @^
 #=@=&=! …5]Ú sf] k|of]u @^
#=@=* …UofÚ / …UoFÚ÷…1Ú sf] k|of]u @^
#=# rGb|laGb' / lz/laGb'sf] k|of]u @^
#=$ xnGt / chGtsf] k|of]u @^
#=$=! xnGtsf] k|of]u @^
#=$=@ chGtsf] k|of]u @&
#=% kbof]u / kb ljof]u @&
#=%=! kbof]u x'g] cj:yf @&
#=%=@ kb ljof]u x'g] cj:yf @&
#=^ n]Vo lrXgsf] k|of]u @&
#=^=! cNklj/fd lrXg @&
#=^=@ cw{lj/fd lrXg @*
#=^=# k|Zgjfrs lrXg @*
#=^=$ pb\uf/ lrXg @*
#=^=% p4/0f lrXg @*
#=^=^ lgb]{z lrXg @*
#=^=& of]hs lrXg @*
#=^=* sf]i7s lrXg @(
#=^=( lto{s\ lrXg @(
#=^=!) ;ª\If]k lrXg @(

kl/R5]b M rf/
JofVof ljZn]if0f
$=! kl/ro #)
$=@ ;fd'bflos ljBfno / ;+:yfut ljBfno;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿ #!
$=# ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿n] lglbi6 z'4 zAbx¿sf] n]vgdf
u/]sf q'l6x¿ #!
$=$ q'l6sf] juL{s/0f #@
$=$=! x|:j bL3{ ;DaGwL q'l6ljZn]if0f #@
$=$=@ zAb dWodf q'l6 ePsf zAbx¿ ##
$=$=# zAbfGtdf q'l6 ePsf zAbx¿ #$
$=$=$ z÷if÷; ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljj/0f #$
$=$=% a÷j ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f #%
$=$=^ o÷P ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f #^
$=$=& 1÷UoF ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljz]if0f #&
$=$=* l/÷C ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f #&
$=$=( If÷5÷;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f #*
$=$=!) lz/laGb'÷rGb|laGb' ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f #(
$=$=!! lz/laGb' / rGb|laGb' ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljj/0f #(
$=$=!@ xnGt / chGt ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f $)
$=$=!# kbof]u / kbljof]u ;DaGwL q'l6 $!
$=% ;f/f+z $@

kl/R5]b M kfFr
;f/f+z, lgisif{ / pkof]lutf
%=! ;f/f+z $$
%=@ lgisif{ $%
%=# pkof]lutf $&

kl/lzi6 %#

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL %%

 tflnsf ;"rL

tflnsf ;ª\Vof – ! #@
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – @ ##
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – # ##
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – $ #$
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – % #$
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – ^ #%
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – & #%
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – * #^
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – ( #&
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !) #*
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !! #*
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !@ #(
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !# $)
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !$ $)
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !% $!
 ;ª\If]kLs[t zAb;"rL

p=df=lj= pRr dfWolds ljBfno

qm=;+= qmd ;ª\Vof
lq=lj= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
k[= k[i7
df=lj= dfWolds ljBfno
;Dkf= ;Dkfbs
;+= ;ª\Vof
;+:s= ;+:s/0f
M lgb{]zs lrXg
– of]hs lrXg
 kl/R5]b M Ps
zf]wkl/ro

!=! k[i7e"ld
efiff lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] k|f/De ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf ePsf] xf] .
lzIffyL{n] efiff l;Sg] qmddf q'l6 ub{5 . tL q'l6x¿ s] sf/0fn] x'G5g\ < efiff l;Sg] l;sf¿n]
s:tf q'l6x¿ ub{5g\ < egL q'l6x¿sf] cWoog÷ JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/L q'l6sf] k|s[lt
cg';f/ ;dfwfg vf]Hg] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ q'l6 ljZn]if0f xf]. dfWoflds txdf cWoog ug]{
ljBfyL{x¿n] g]kfnL efiff l;sfOsf qmddf ljleGg lsl;dsf q'l6x¿ u/]sf x'G5g\ / To:tf
q'l6x¿dWo] j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6nfO{ dxQd q'l6 dflgG5 To;}n] o; zf]wsfo{df lrtjg
lhNnfl:yt e/tk'/ gu/kflnsf cGtu{tsf sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;|f]t agfP/
pgLx¿n] n]vfOsf qmddf ug]{ j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

!=@ ;d:of syg

g]kfn ;fgf] d'n's eP klg efiff / ;+:s[ltsf b[lii6n] ljljwtfo'Qm /fi6«sf ¿kdf
lrlgG5 . g]kfn efiffsf b[li6n] ax'eflifs d'n['s xf] . g]kfndf af]lng] efiff g]kfnsf] /fli6«o
efiff xf] . ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff xf], cfd ;~rf/sf] efiff xf] . ;+j}wflgs dfGotf kfPsf]
g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf cGo efiffx¿dWo] k|efjzfnL Pjd\ ;DkGgzfnL 5 . o; efiffdf cg]s
;flxTo, jfª\do, bz{g n]lvP klg of] efiff eflifs ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . e/tk'/
gu/kflnsfsf ^ j6f ljBfnodf sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ j0f{ljGof;df
s]lGb|t /xL tL ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6x¿ klxrfg u/L ljZn]if0f ug'{ g}
o; zf]wkqsf] d"ne"t ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof of] zf]wkq lgDglnlvt ;d:ofx¿df
s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 M
s_ sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6x¿ s]] s:tf x'G5g\
<
v_ q'l6sf] ljZn]if0faf6 s] s:tf tYo k|fKt x'G5g\ <

1
 u_ s] s:tf ;'emfj lbFbf k|fKt q'l6x¿sf] lg/fs/0f x'G5 <
log} ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t eO{ of] zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

!=# zf]wsfo{sf] p2]Zo

zf]wsfo{df p2]Zosf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . p2]Zo lagfsf] cWoogn] ljifoj:t'nfO{
;fy{stf lbg g;Sg] ePsfn] h'g;'s} ljifosf] cWoog klg p2]ZonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ cufl8
a9fOPsf] x'G5 . s'g} klg zf]w lagf p2]Zo ;DkGg ul/Fb}g . o; zf]wsfo{sf d'Vo p2]Zox¿
lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
s_ sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6sf If]q
klxrfg ug'{,]
v_ tYoaf6 k|fKt j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{,
u_ lzIf0fd'vL ;'emfj lbg' / lgisif{ k|:t't ug'{,
log} p2]Zodf cfwfl/t eO{ of] zf]w sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

!=$ zf]wsfo{sf] cf}lrTo

efiffdf /x]sf ljleGg lsl;dsf j0f{ lrXgx¿sf] lgoda4 /vfOnfO{ j0f{ljGof; elgG5
. of] efiffsf] sYo / n]Vo ¿kdWo] n]Vo¿k;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] lnlvt cleJolQmdf o;sf]
dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg /xG5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf q'l6 ljZn]if0f ;DaGwL gofF l;4fGt k|ltkfbgdf
;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug ;Sg] ePsfn] o;sf] cWoog cf}lrTok"0f{ 5 . g]kfnL efiff
g]kfnsf] k|d'v efiff tyf ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff;d]t ePsfn] o;sf] n]Vo¿kdf ;'wf/
Nofpg' lgTffGt cfjZos b]lvG5 . To;}n] k|:t't zf]wkqdf j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6 kQf nufO{
lg/fs/0fsf pkfo;d]t ;d]l6g] x'gfn] of] zf]wkq cf}lrTok"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

!=% zf]wsfo{sf] ;Ldf

s''g} klg zf]wsfo{ lglZrt p2]Zodf cfwfl/t x'g] ePsfn] of] p2]Zocg';f/ sfd ug{
lglZrt ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 To;}n] of] zf]wkq lgDglnlvt ;Ldfleq /x]/ tof/ /x]sf]
5.
lrtjg lhNnf cGtu{t e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfdf ;~rflnt gd'gf 5gf}6 ul/Psf ltg
j6f ;fd'bflos / ltg j6f ;+:yfut u/L hDdf ^ j6f ljBfno cGtu{t sIff Gff}df

2
cWoog/t !)÷!) hgf ljBfYfL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6;Fu dfq of] zf]wsfo{
;DalGwt /xg] 5 . gd'gf 5gf}6 ubf{ 5fq, 5fqf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt / a|fXd0f If]qL
;d'bfosf bz bz hgfsf] ;d"xaf6 tYofÍ ;ª\sng ul/g] 5 . o; zf]wsfo{sf] lgisif{
tf]lsPsf ljBfyL{x¿af6 lglb{i6 k|ZgfjnL cg';f/ k|fKt tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t /x]sf]
5.

!=^ zf]wsfo{sf] ¿k/]vf

k|:t't zf]wsfo{sf] afx\o ;+/rgfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpgsf nflu ;fdfGotof
lgDglnlvt kl/R5]bx¿df ljefhg / cfjZostfcg';f/ cGo ljleGg pk–kl/R5]b, pk–
zLif{s, ;xfos–zLif{s cflbdf klg ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ¿k/]vf tn n]lvPadf]lhd
/x]sf] 5 M
kl/R5]b Ps M zf]wsfo{sf] kl/ro
o;cGt{ut zf]w zLif{s, ljifo kl/ro, zf]w k|of]hg, ;d:of syg, zf]w
p2]Zo, zf]wsf] cf}lrTo / zf]wsfo{sf] ;Ldf cflb ljleGg pkzLif{sx¿
/x]sf 5g\ .
kl/R5]b b'O{ M k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff / ;}4flGts k|f¿k
o; kl/R5]bdf k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff / ;}4flGts k|f¿ksf] kl/ro lbOPsf]
5.
kl/R5]b ltg M zf]wljlw tyf cWoog k|lqmof
o; kl/R5]bdf zf]wljlw tyf cWoog k|lqmofsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/R5]b rf/ M JofVof ljZn]if0f
o; kl/R5]bdf j0f{ ljGof;ut q'l6x¿sf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/R5]b kfFr M ;f/f+z, lgisif{ / pkof]lutf
o; v08df cfˆgf] lgisif{ / ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 .
k|:t't zf]wkqsf cGtdf cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/lzi6 v08 / ;Gbe{u|Gy ;"rL;d]t
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

3
 kl/R5]b M b'O{
k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff / ;}4flGts k|f¿k

@=! k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff

efiff l;sfOsf ;Gbe{df ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6sf If]qdf o;eGbf cufl8
ePsf sfo{x¿af6 ;DkGg x'g] zf]wsfo{df ;xof]u k|fKt x'g;S5 . q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf af/]df s]
s:tf k|of; ePsf 5g\, tL k|of; s'g s'g kIf;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ h:tf s'/fx¿sf]
hfgsf/Lsf nflu k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff cToGt h¿/L 5 . efiff lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df j0f{ljGof;ut
q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf If]qdf ePsf ljljw k"j{sfo{x¿nfO{ l6kf]6 ul/Psf] 5 M
huGgfy zdf{ lqkf7Låf/f dfgljsL / ;fdflhs zf:q cWoog ;+:yfg cGtu{t
kßsGof SofDk;sf 5fqfx¿sf] g]kfnL Jof/s/0f;DaGwL q'l6x¿sf] ljZn]if0f
zLif{ssf] :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkqdf pRr tx kf/ ug{ nfu]sf 5fqfx¿sf] n]vfOdf
g]kfnL efiffnfO{ klxnf] efiff / bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf lng] 5fqfx¿df lqmofkb,
j0f{ljGof;, jfRo, ;ª\ult cflb q'l6sf] ljleGg ;d"x agfP/ JofVof /
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 tfklg JolQmut q'l6sf] pNn]v To; zf]wkqdf
ul/Psf] 5}g -lqkf7L, @)#% M !@–*)_ .
/fdrGb| nD;fnåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] lgDg dfWolds tx k"/f u/]sf cfjf;Lo /
;fwf/0f ljBfnodf ljBfyL{x¿sf] g]kfnL jfSo u7g;DaGwL q'l6 kIfsf]
t'ngfTds cWoog zLif{ssf] Ps cWoogdf q'l6x¿sf] t'ngfTds ¿kdf
klxrfg ug{ dfq s]lGb|t b]lvPsfn] cGo q'l6 kIfnfO{ o; cWoogn] ;d]6\g
;s]sf] 5}g -nD;fn, @)$! M !#–*)_ .
lzj/fd d/x¶fn] lzIff zf:q ;ª\sfo :gftsf]Q/ txsf] zf]wkq k|:t't ubf{
lrtjg lhNnfsf ;xsf/L ljBfnodf sIff ( df cWoog/t yf¿ efifL
ljBfyL{x¿n] j0f{ljGof;sf If]qsf ug{] q'l6x¿sf] cWoogdf yf¿ efifL
ljBfyL{x¿n] g]kfnL efiffsf If]qdf s]–s:tf q'l6x¿ u5{g\ eGg] ljifodf uxg

4
cWoog–ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] o; zf]wkqn] ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{sf q'l6nfO{
;d]6]sf] kfOFb}g -d/x¶f, @)^@ M !!–&%_ .
lzj s'df/ ld>åf/f sIff % k"/f u/]sf ;tf/efifL ljBfyL{x¿n] g]kfnL efiff
l;sfOdf ug{] q'l6x¿sf] cWoog zLif{sdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] zf]wkqdf sIff %
k"/f u/]sf ;tf/efifL ljBfyL{x¿n] :t/Lo g]kfnL efiff l;Sbf kb;ª\ult /
j0f{ljGof;df ug{] q'l6x¿sf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug{] p2]Zo /flvPsf]
5 . pQm zf]wkqn] q'l6 Go"gLs/0fdf s]xL ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] eP klg o;
zf]wkqdf q'l6;DaGwL lj:t[t cWoog eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g -ld>, @)^# M !)–
&!_ .
sljtf vgfnåf/f df]/ª lhNnfsf sIff cf7df cWoog/t yf¿efifL
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ug{] j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6x¿sf] cWoog zLif{sdf Ps zf]w
sfo{ ePsf] 5 . j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6 klxNofpg', juL{s/0f ug{' / To:tf
q'l6sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu ;'emfj lbg' o; cWoogsf] p2]Zo /x] klg pQm
cWOogn] yf¿efifL ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{] j0f{ljGof; ;DagwL q'l6x¿nfO{ dfq
;d]6]sf] x'gfn] cGo efifLsf q'l6 kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g -vgfn, @)^% M
!!–*!_ .
s[i0f s'df/L >]i7åf/f sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] j0f{ljGof;
Ifdtfsf] cWoog zLif{sdf Ps zf]wsfo{ ePsf] 5 . j0f{ljGof;;Fu ;DalGwt
If]qx¿df ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{] q'l6 cf}FNofpg', ltgsf] lg/fs/0f ug{' / ;DalGwt
kIfsf nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' o; zf]wkqsf] d'Vo nIo eP klg o;df ljz]if
u/L lxHh] kIfnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbOPs]f kfOG5 ->]i7, @)^% M (–^(_ .
s[i0fs'df/L >]i7åf/f sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] j0f{ljGof; Ifdtfsf]
cWoog zLif{sdf zf]wsfo{ ePsf] 5 . zf]wkqdf o; If]qsf sIff cf7df
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6sf af/]df ljZn]if0f u/L
lgisif{ / ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 ->]i7, @)^% M %_ . o; zf]wkqaf6 j0f{ljGof;sf
If]qdf sfd ug{ yk ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 .

5
 zf]ef b]jsf]6fåf/f lrtjg lhNnfsf] uLtfgu/ uf=lj=; sf sIff gf}df
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6x¿sf] cWoog zLif{sdf
Ps zf]w sfo{ ePsf] 5 . zf]wkqdf uLtfgu/ uf=lj=;= sf sIff gf}df
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6x¿sf] af/]df ljZn]if0f u/L
lgisif{ / ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 -b]jsf]6f, @)^* M @–*!_ . o; zf]wkqaf6
j0f{ljGof;sf If]qdf sfd ug{ yk ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 .
emk]Gb|k|;fb l/hfnåf/f lrtjg lhNnf dª\unk'/ uf=lj=;= sf sIff !) df
cWoog ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6x¿sf] cWoog zLif{sdf Ps
zf]wsfo{ ePsf] 5 . zf]wkqdf To; If]qsf sIff !) df k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿n]
j0f{ljGof;sf If]qdf ug]{ q'l6x¿sf af/]df lgisif{ / ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5 -l/hfn,
@)^( M $*–$(_ . o; zf]wkqaf6 zf]w k|:tfj tof/ ug{ dfu{ lgb]{z k|fKt
/x]sf] 5 .
bfdf]b/L rfln;]åf/f /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf cGtu{tsf sIff cf7df cWoog/t
ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6x¿sf] cWoog zLif{sdf Ps zf]wsfo{
ePsf] 5 . zf]wkqdf To; If]qsf sIff cf7sf ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ q'l6x¿sf
af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 -rfln;], @)^( M @–%*_ . o; zf]wkqaf6
j0f{ljGof;sf If]qdf sfd ug{ yk ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 .
efiff lzIf0fsf] ;Gbe{df q'l6 ljZn]if0f gofF k4lt xf] . q'l6 ljZn]if0fn] efiff lzIf0fsf
qmddf cGo k4ltsf t'ngfdf a9L dxŒj kfPsf] kfOG5 . ljBfyL{n] sxfF q'l6 ub{5g\ / q'l6
lg/fs/0fsf nflu s] s:tf ljlw / tl/sf ckgfpFbf lzIf0f pknlAwd"ns x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
o;n] dxŒj lbPsf] 5 . efiff lzIf0fsf If]qdf klg o;sf] dxŒj ;g\ !(&) kl5 a9\g yfn]sf]
b]lvG5 . efiff cflh{t x'g] j:t' xf] To;}n] efiff l;sfO q'l6 lagfsf] x'g ;Sb}g . x/]s k|sf/sf
l;sfOsf q'l6x¿ eO/xg] x'gfn] efiff l;sfOdf klg ljleGg ql6x¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . t;y{ efiff
lzIf0fsf qmddf b]lvg] ljleGg vfnsf uNtLx¿nfO{ g} efiff lzIf0fsf q'l6 eGg] ul/G5 .
To:t} efiff l;sfOsf qmddf b]vfkg]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf q'l6 jf uNtLx¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgsf]
lg/fs/0f ug]{ pkfox¿ ;'emfpg] k|lqmofnfO} q'l6 ljZn]if0f elgG5 . q'l6 ljZn]if0f bf];|f] efiff
jf cGo efiff lzIf0fsf qmddf ljsfl;t ljlw xf] tfklg k|yd efiff l;sfOsf qmddf klg of]

6
plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . q'l6 ljZn]if0faf6 ljBfyL{x¿df s]–s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf
kfpg ;lsG5 . efiff l;sfOsf] k|s[lt / k|j[lQnfO{ q'l6n] ;"lrt ug]{ x'Fbf o:tf q'l6af/]
lzIfsnfO{ oyfy{ hfgsf/L ePdf ljBfyL{x¿n] q'l6sf] k|j[lQ / k|j[lt x]/L ltgLx¿nfO{ l;Sg
;lhnf] / sl7g x'g] kIfx¿sf] u/L ltgsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ pkfo kQf nufO{ efiff l;sfOdf
k|efj Nofpg ;lsG5 -e§/fO{ / cGo, @)^@ M @$)_ .
q'l6 ljZn]if0f efiffsf l;sfO k|lqmofsf] cWoog o; cGtu{t q'l6k/s b[li6n] k|To]s
efiffsf PsfO k|lqmofsf] cWoog ul/g] x'gfn] o;af6 Psflt/ ;DalGwt efiffsf ljBfyL{x¿n]
ug]{ q'l6x¿sf] 1fg x'G5 eg] csf{lt/ efiffsf] l;sfOqmd tyf k|j[lQs} ;d]t hfgsf/L k|fKt
x'G5 . q'l6x¿af6 ljBfyL{n] efiff s;/L l;Sb} 5 < eg]/ yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 / efiff l;sfO
j}olQms tyf jftfj/0fLo sf/0fn] klg Tolt ;xh x'g ;Sb}g . km]l/ bf];|f] efiff l;Sbf
ljBfyL{n] Pp6f efiffsf] cg'ej a6'ln;s]sf] x'G5 clg p;n] klxnf] efiff l;s]hlQs} ;do,
;fwg / ;lqmo eflifs jftfj/0f bf];|f] efiff l;Sg ;S5 . o;n] ubf{ p;sf] bf];|f] jf cGo
efiffsf] l;sfOsf qmddf ljz]if k|f;lËs dflgG5 -clwsf/L, @)^% M !$)_ .
q'l6 ljZn]if0fn] q'l6x¿nfO{ l;sfOdf sdhf]/L dfGg] k/Dk/fut wf/0ffnfO{ c:jLsf/
u5{ / o;n] q'l6nfO{ efiff l;sfOsf] ;xh Pjd\ cleGg cËsf ¿kdf
dfGb5 . q'l6x¿af6 g} ljBfyL{x¿sf] efiffsf] ljsf; yfxf kfOg] x'gfn] pgLx¿sf] efiff
l;sfO q'l6ljxLg l:yltaf6 cufl8 a9\5 eGg] s'/f ck|f;lËs dflgg' :jfefljs 5 .
lzIfsx¿ ljBfyL{x¿af6 ePsf ;fdfGo uNtLnfO{ klg 7'n} uNtL 7fGg] u5{g\ t/ sfd ubf{
e"n t cjZo x'G5 / efiff k|of]u ubf{ klg x'g ;S5 . x'G5 eGb}df s'g} klg sfd ;'? gug]{
xf] eg] p;n] ck]lIft s'/f s;/L l;Sg ;S5 / < :jfefljs jftfj/0fdf kfP klg s;}n] klg
q'l6ljxLg ¿kdf efiff l;Sb}g To;}n] efiff l;sfOdf jftfj/0fsf] lgoGq0fnfO{ cTolws hf]8
lbg' cfjZos 5}g a? q'l6n] ljBfyL{x¿df efiff l;sfOsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ x'gfn] o;n]
l;sfOsf] ;sf/fTds kIflt/ 8f]¥ofpF5 .

@=@ q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts k|f¿k

q'l6 ljZn]if0f efiffsf] l;sfO k|lqmofsf] cWoog ug]{ Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ k|lqmof
xf] . o;n] q'l6k/s b[li6af6 k|To]s efiffsf l;sfO k|lqmofsf] cWoog ug]{ x'gfn] Psflt/

7
o;af6 ;DalGwt efiffsf ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ q'l6x¿sf] 1fg x'G5 eg] csf{lt/ efiffsf]
l;sfOsf] qmd tyf k|j[lQsf] ;d]t hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ k|s[ltnfO{ x]/L q'l6sf]
juL{s/0f ljleGg cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 -9sfn, @)^& M !$$_ .

@=@=! ljsf;zLntfsf cfwf/df

efiff l;sfOsf qmddf l;sf?n] ug]{ q'l6nfO{ ljsf;zLntfsf cfwf/df ePsf] q'l6
elgG5 . ljsf;zLntfsf cfwf/df q'l6nfO{ tLg efudf afFl8Psf] 5 .

@=@=!=! Jojl:yt q'l6

l;sfOdf eflifs 1fg x'Fbf x'Fb} klg efiff k|of]udf k6s k6s bf]xf]l/g] q'l6nfO{
Jojl:yt q'l6 elgG5 . Jojl:yt q'l6nfO{ lgoldt q'l6 klg elgG5 . jf:tjdf efiff lzIf0fdf
Jojl:yt q'l6sf] dxŒj pRr /x]sf] x'G5 . l;sf?n] efiff l;Sg] ;Gbe{df k|foM Ps} k|sf/n] ug]{
q'l6x¿ jf ;r]t x'Fbfx'Fb} klg eflifs k|of]udf af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/g] q'l6x¿ o; sf]l6df kb{5g\ .
lzIf0fdf ;r]t x'Fbfx'Fb} cyf{t\ cGo efiff k|of]udf lzIffyL{ :jod\ ;r]t x'Fbfx'Fb} klg
;'wfg{ g;lsg] q'l6nfO{ Jojl:yt q'l6 elgG5 . Jojl:yt q'l6n] ljBfyL{sf] ;|f]t efiff / nIo
efifflarsf] ;ª\qmd0f sfndf /x]sf] cj:yfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . k|foM u/]/ o; k|sf/sf] q'l6
s'g} JolQmn] dft[efiff afx]s cGo efiff l;Sbf unt ;fdfGoLs/0f, eflifs 1fgsf] cefj jf
e|fds Jo'TklQsf sf/0f pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] o; k|sf/sf] q'l6 ;d"xk/s k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
bg'jf/L efiffsf jStfx¿n] g]kfnL af]Nbf efGhf sf7df8f}+ hfG5 . lbbL s] u¥of 5 < eGg] q'l6
ug{' o; k|sf/sf uNtL x'g\ . bg'jf/L efiffdf efGhf / lbbLsf] nflu cfb/fyL{ lqmofsf] k|of]u
ug{] k|rng x'Fb}g . t;y{ pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] dft[efiffsf] lgod g]kfnL efiffdf klg cf/f]lkt
ub{5g\ . vf±of]Ö vfof], k9\±of]Ök9\of], u/\±of]Öu¥of] k9]kl5 hf±of]Öhfof], x'±of]Öx'of]
agfpg] uNtL ug{' o;k|sf/sf] q'l6 xf] . o:tf] q'l6 unt ;fdfGoLs/0faf6 x'g uPsf] xf]
-9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M !$$_ .
s'g} klg l;sf?n] efiff l;Sg] qmddf Ps} k|sf/sf] q'l6 ul//xG5 eg] To:tf] vfnsf]
q'l6nfO{ Jojl:yt q'l6 elgG5 . o:tf] vfnsf] q'l6 dft[efiffsf] k|efjs} sf/0fn] x'g] ub{5 .

8
o; vfnsf] q'l6nfO{ lzIffyL{ ;r]t eP/ klg ;'wfg{ ;Sb}g . o:tf] q'l6x¿nfO{ klxrfg u/L
lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ cuf8 a9fpg ;s]sf] v08df jf lzIffy{nfO{ ljz]if ;ts{tf
ckgfpg nufPsf] v08df o:tf] q'l6 lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 -9'ª\ufgf, @)&^ M !@#_ .

@=@=!=@ cJojl:yt q'l6

cJojl:yt q'l6nfO{ k|f/lDes q'l6 klg elG5 . bf];|f] efiff l;sfOdf l;sf?n] ug]{ q'l6
k|f/lDes q'l6 xf] . o:tf q'l6 eflifs k|of]usf] yfngLdf b]lvG5g\ . ;fjwfg u/fpFbf u/fpFb}
klg b]vfkg]{ uNtLnfO{ cJojl:yt q'l6 elgG5 .
o;nfO{ k|f/lDes q'l6 klg elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] q'l6df Pp6} ljBfyL{n] ug{] q'l6 Ps}
k|sf/sf] geO{ a]Unfa]Un} k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . s'g} Pp6f ljBfyL{n] PskN6 Ps k|s[ltsf] q'l6
ub{5 / csf{]kN6 csf{] k|s[ltsf] q'l6 ub{5 eg] o; k|s[ltsf] q'l6nfO{ cJojl:yt q'l6 elgG5 -
9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M !$$_ .
efiff l;sfOsf] ;'?df s'g} klg l;sf?n] Pp6} vfnsf] q'l6 gu/L k6s}lkR5] km/skm/s
vfnsf] q'l6 u5{ eg] o:tf] clgoldt vfnsf] q'l6nfO{ cJojl:yt q'l6 elgG5 . o:tf vfnsf
q'l6x¿ clgoldt x'g] ub{5g\ . o:tf q'l6sf] s'g} lglZrt
x'Gg . cfkm"n] k|of]u u/]sf] eflifs ¿k lsg l7s 5 lsg a]l7s 5 eGg] ;fdfGo 1fg klg
l;sf?df x'g ;Sb}g To;} sf/0fn] pm Psk6s z'4 ¿k k|of]u u/]kl5 csf{] k6s To:t} 7fpFdf
z'4 ¿k k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}g -9'ª\ufgf, @)^& M !@#_ .

@=@=!=# pQ/Jojl:yt q'l6

c;fjwfgLut x'g] q'l6nfO{ pQ/Jojl:yt q'l6 elgG5 . l;sf?sf] x]nrS|ofO{+af6 x'g]
q'l6x¿ pQ/Jojl:yt q'l6 x'g\ . l;sf?n] xf]l;of/Lk"j{s eflifs k|of]u u/]df o; k|sf/sf
q'l6x¿ x'Fb}gg\ . efiff l;sfOdf cj/f]w cfO{ Jofjxfl/s sf/0fx¿af6 ck]lIft jftfj/0feGbf
k/ k'uL efiff l;sfOsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ g;Sg] l:yltdf o:tf q'l6x¿ b]lvGf ;S5g\ .
lgodsf] 1fg ePkl5 klg eflifs k|of]ustf{sf] c;fjwfgLn] x'g] q'l6x¿nfO{
pQ/Jojl:yt q'l6 elgG5 . ;}4flGts lgodx¿sf] 1fg eP klg cEof; / jStfsf]
c;fjwfgLn] pQ/Jojl:yt q'l6x¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . eflifs k|of]ustf{sf] c;fjwfgn] x'g] q'l6

9
ePsfn] o;nfO{ c;fjwfgLut q'l6 klg elgG5 -9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M
!$$_ .
efiffdf bvntf xfl;n ul/;s]kl5 klg jf lzIffyL{n] ;a} lgod hflg;s] klg
nfk/jfxLsf sf/0f ljleGg vfnsf q'l6x¿ ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf vfnsf] q'l6nfO{ pQ/Jojl:yt
q'l6 elgG5 . efiff l;sfOsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf k'Ubf lzIffyL{n] s]xL ;fdfGo lgodx¿> kSs}
klg l;ls;s]sf] x'G5 t/ k|of;sf] sdL, a]jf:tf tyf x]nr]S|ofOF clg lj:d[ltsf sf/0f pm
q'l6 ug{] ub{5 . l;sf?n] xf]l;of/Lk"j{s efiff k|of]u u/]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf vfnsf q'l6x¿
:jtM x/fP/ hfG5g\ -9'ª\ufgf, @)^& M !@#_ .

@=@=@ efiffsf]l6sf cfwf/df

lnª\u, jrg, k'?if, / cfb/sf cfwf/df x'g] eflifs q'l6nfO{ efiff sf]l6sf cfwf/df
q'l6 elgG5 .
efiffsf ljleGg sf]l6 -tx_ x¿ x'G5g\, h:t}– pRrf/0f, j0f{ ljGof;, Jofs/0fut,
cy{tflTjs, zAb e08f/ut, z}nLut cflb . oL ljleGg txx¿df ljBfyL{n] ug{] q'l6x¿ x'G5g\
. logsf kIfleq cGtlg{lxt ljleGg kIfx¿– jfRout, efjut, k'?ifut, sfnut cflb u/]/
klg q'l6nfO{ ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ klg efiffsf]l6sf cfwf/df q'l6x¿nfO{ k|d'v ¿kn]
pRrf/0fut q'l6, zAb /rgfut q'l6, ¿k /rgfut q'l6, zAb k|of]uut q'l6, jfSout q'l6 /
j0f{ ljGof;ut q'l6 kb{5g\ -9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M !$%_ . efiffsf]l6sf cfwf/df q'l6nfO{
lgDglnlvt ju{df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

@=@=@=! pRrf/0fut q'l6

pRrf/0f ubf{ x'g] eflifs q'l6nfO{ pRrf/0fut q'l6 elgG5 . g]kfnL efiffnfO{ bf];|f]
efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{x¿df o;k|sf/sf] q'l6 a9L kfOG5 .
pRrf/0f ubf{ unt tl/sfn] x'g] cyjf pRrf/0fdf b]lvg] ;d:ofnfO{ g} pRrf/0fut
q'l6 elgG5 . pRrf/0fsf] qmddf ljBfyL{n] t j0f{nfO{ 6 j0f{, c nfO{ cf, cf nfO{ c, j nfO{
cf, o nfO{ P, 0f nfO{ g agfpg], xnGtnfO{ chGt / chGtnfO{ xnGt ug{], ljb]zL efiffsf]
k|efjdf cfO{ km/s tl/sfn] pRrf/0f ug{], pRrf/0f ubf{ ;hutf gckgfpg] cflb sf/0faf6

10
x'g] q'l6nfO{ pRrf/0fut q'l6cGtu{t /fVg
;lsG5 . h:t} M–
6f6f – tftf tf]Sg] – nf]Ug]
;t:o – ;b:o tkfO{ – tkfO{
l6dL – ltdL -9'ª\ufgf, @)^& M !@!_ .

@=@=@=@ j0f{ljGof; q'l6

n]vfOsf qmddf j0f{ljGof;df x'g] q'l6nfO{ j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6 elgG5 . eflifs k|of]udf
j0f{x¿sf] plrt k|of]u ug]{ 1fg gx'Fbf efiffdf o;k|sf/sf q'l6 x'g] ub{5g\ . eflifs k|of]udf
j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6n] w]/} :yfg kfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . l;sf?n] j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6 g} a9L k|of]u
ug]{ x'gfn] j0f{ljGof;sf lgodsf ;fy} k|of]udf w]/} hf]8 lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .
j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6nfO{ klg efiffsf]l6sf cfwf/df x'g] Pp6f q'l6sf] lsl;dcGtu{t
/fVg ;lsG5 . o;cGtu{t o / P sf] k|of]u, j / cf] ;DaGwL q'l6 …5Ú / …IfÚ sf] k|of]u,
chGt / xnGtsf] k|of]u, rGb|laGb' / lz/laGb'sf] k|of]u, z, if, ; ;DaGwL k|of]u, x|:j–
bL3{;DaGwL q'l6 cflb j0f{ljGof;ut lgodnfO{ eª\u ub{} q'l6k"0f{ 9ª\un] lzIffyL{x¿n] n]Vg]
ub{5g\ . h;n] ubf{ j0f{ljGof;sf lgoddf afwf k'Ug ;S5 . o;/L lgod ljk/Lt x'g] q'l6nfO{
j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6 elgG5 -9'ª\ufgf, @)^& M !@!_ .

@=@=@=# Jofs/0fut q'l6

eflifs k|of]udf lnË, jrg, cfb/, lqmofsf] k|of]u cflb kIf;Fu ;Da4 q'l6x¿
Jofs/0fut q'l6 elgG5 .

@=@=@=$ cy{tflTjs q'l6

eflifs k|of]u ubf{ cy{df b]lvg] q'l6nfO{ cy{tflŒjs q'l6 elgG5 . efiffsf]l6sf
cfwf/df cy{tflŒjs b[li6n] klg ljleGg eflifs q'l6 x'g] ub{5g\ .
zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ cy{nfO{ Vofn gubf{ x'g] q'l6x¿ cy{ut q'l6 x'g\ . h:t} M eGg
vf]h]sf] clek|fonfO{ zAbn] k5\ofpg g;Sg', Pp6} cy{ ePsf zAbx¿nfO{ af/Daf/

11
bf]xf]¥ofpg', Pp6f zAbaf6 sfd rNg]df To:t} vfnsf cGo zAbx¿ yKg' xf] / 5 sf] k|of]udf
leGgtf a'‰g g;Sg', dft[efiffsf] k|efjdf cfP/ c;fGble{s zAbx¿sf] 5gf]6 ug{] cflbh:tf
;d:ofx¿nfO{ cy{ut q'l6cGtu{t /flvG5 -9'ª\ufgf, @)^& M !@@_ .

@=@=@=% zAbe08f/ut q'l6

zAblgdf{0f / zAb k|of]usf qmddf x'g] q'l6x¿nfO{ zAbe08f/ut q'l6 elgG5 . s'g
7fpFdf s'g zAb k|of]u ug]{ eGg] ;d:of zAbe08f/ut q'l6 xf] .

@=@=# ;|f]tsf cfwf/df

q'l6 eflifs 1fg k|fKt ub}{ hfFbf eft[ efiff jf nIo efiffs} Joj:yfaf6 x'g] q'l6x¿
;|f]tsf cfwf/df ePsf q'l6 x'g\ . ;|f]tsf cfwf/df q'l6nfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
q'l6sf] ;|f]t s'g xf], To; cfwf/df klg q'l6nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . efiff
k|of]ustf{n] l;ls/x]sf] efiffsf] Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ q'l6 u5{ jf l;ls/x]sf] efiffsf]
Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt geO{ cGo efiffsf] Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ q'l6 u5{ -9'ª\u]n /
bfxfn, @)^* M !$%_ .

@=@=#=! efiffGtl/s q'l6

efiffGtl/s q'l6 eg]sf] l;lsPsf] efiffs} Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt q'l6 xf] h'g efiff
l;lsPsf] xf] ToxL efiffsf] eflifs Joj:yfsf af/]df :ki6 1fg lbg ;s]df o:tf] q'l6 sd ug{
;lsG5 .
l;ls/x]sf] eflifs Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt q'l6nfO{ efiffGtl/s q'l6 elgG5 . o:tf] q'l6
nIo efiffs} lgodx¿sf] unt ;fdfGoLs/0faf6 x'g] ub{5 . h:t}– …vfof]Ú, …k9\of]Ú / …u¥of]Ú
zAbdf vf, k9\ / u/\, wft' x'g\ eg]/ k9]sf] ljBfyL{n] …eof]Ú / …uof]Ú sf] wft' …eÚ / …uÚ x'g\
eGg' o; k|sf/sf] q'l6 ug{' xf] -9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M
!$%_ .
cfkm"n] dft[efiffsf ¿kdf l;Sb} ubf{ dft[efiffsf] eflifs Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt q'l6nfO{
efiffGtl/s q'l6 elgG5 . of] q'l6 dft[efiff l;sfOsf] Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt
5 . g]kfnL dft[efiffn] efiff l;sfOsf] ;'?sf] r/0fdf ug{] q'l6nfO{ efiffGtl/s q'l6cGtu{t

12
/fVg ;lsG5 . h:t} M pm 3/ uof] . /fd kf; x'of] . d ;kmn x'PF . h:tf jfSou7g;DaGwL
q'l6x¿nfO{ efiffGtl/s q'l6sf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 -9'ª\ufgf, @)^& M !@@_ .

@=@=#=@ cGt/ eflifs q'l6

bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL l;Sg] / k|yd efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnLOt/ efiff k|of]u ug]{
l;sf?df x'g] q'l6nfO{ cGt/ eflifs q'l6 elgG5 .
l;ls/x]sf] eflifs Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt geO{ cGo eflifs Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt
q'l6nfO{ cGt/ eflifs q'l6 elgG5 . o;k|sf/sf] q'l6 nIo efiff;Fu ;DalGwt geO{ ;|f]t efiff
-dft[efiff_ sf] eflifs Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ub{5, h:t}– ltdLx¿ t w]/} cfpFb}g . d tf
lxF8\g} ;Sb}gF . tkfOF t /fd|f] dfG5] xf] . ltdL hfg' x'G5 cflb -9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M !$%_
.
s'g} klg klxnf] efiff l;s]sf] JolQmn] bf];|f] jf cGo efiff l;sfOsf qmddf ug{]
q'l6nfO{ cGt/eflifs q'l6 elgG5 . csf{] efiffsf] Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt jf egf}+ bf];|f] efiffsf]
Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt of] q'l6 df[tefiffsf] k|efjsf sf/0f x'g] ub{5 . dft[efiffsf] k|efjsf]
sf/0fn] l;Sg nfu]sf] nIo eflifs Joj:yfnfO{ laufl/lbG5, h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k bf];|f] efiff
l;Sg] l;sf?n] q'l6 ug{ yfN5 cyjf ;|f]t efiffsf] k|efjdf cfO{ lzIffyL{nfO{ nIo efiffsf]
;+/rgfnfO{ ;|f]t efiffsf] em}F a'emL q'l6 ug{ yfN5 . tfdfª dft[efifLn] g]kfnL efiffsf] k|of]u
ubf{ jf g]kfnL dft[efifLn] cª\u|]hL cflb efiffx¿sf] k|of]u ubf{ of] l:ylt b]vf kg{ ;Sb5 .
h:t} M xfdL 3/ uPF . tf] otf cfOhf] . cfO, /fO; O6 . xL xf]d uf] . o:tf lsl;dsf
jfSou7g;DaGwL q'l6nfO{ cGt/ eflifs q'l6sf ¿kdf /fVg ;lsG5 -9'ª\ufgf, @)^& M !@#_ .

@=@=$ uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df

efiff k|of]u ubf{ cy{df x'g] q'l6nfO{ uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df q'l6 elgG5 . uDeL/tfsf
cfwf/df cy{3fts / cy{c3fts u/L q'l6 b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
efiffsf] d'Vo sfd ljrf/sf] ljlgdo ug{' xf] . ljrf/sf] ljlgdo ug{] sfo{df s'g} q'l6n]
afwf k'¥ofpF5 eg] s'g} q'l6n] afwf k'¥ofpFb}gg\ -9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M !$%_ .

13
 ljrf/ ljlgdo ug{] sfo{df s'g} q'l6n] afwf k'¥ofpF5 eg] s'g} q'l6n] afwf k'¥ofpFb}g .
ctM s'g} q'l6n] ljrf/ / ljlgdosf] qmddf cy{df k'¥ofpg] afwfsf] uxgtf g} uDeL/tf xf] -
nD;fn, uf}td / clwsf/L, @)^& M !@!_ .

@=@=$=! cy{3fts q'l6

h'g q'l6 ugf{n] Pp6f cy{sf] ;6\6f cs}}{ cy{ nfU5 To; k|sf/sf q'l6nfO{ cy{3fts
q'l6 elgG5 . o;k|sf/sf q'l6x¿ a9L xflgsf/s x'G5g\ .
h'g q'l6 x'Fbf cy{ a'‰g ;lsFb}g, To:tf] k|sf/sf] q'l6nfO{ cy{3fts q'l6 elgG5, h:t}–
bfh' efO, dfdf3/sf] zAb lgdf{0f k|lqmof b]vfpFbf bfh'±efO, dfdf±3/ x'G5 eGg] a'em]kl5
kfgL;fgL, d/d;nfsf] zAb lgdf{0f k|lqmof b]vfpFbf kfgL±;fgL, d/±d;nf agfpg' o;
k|sf/sf] uNtL xf] . o;af6 zAb lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] unt ¿k b]lvg' dfq xf]Og h'g cy{df
…;fgLÚ / …d/Ú cfPsf] 5 . To;sf] cy{ ;d]t :ki6 x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ o:tf] q'l6 cy{afws q'l6
xf] -9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M !$%_ .
k|of]Qmfn] u/]sf] s'g} eflifs q'l6af6 cy{ ;Dk|]if0fdf uDe/ afwf pkl:yt x'G5 eg]
To:tf q'l6nfO{ cy{3fts q'l6 eGg ;lsG5 . o:tf q'l6sf uOg\÷uOg, jfl/÷kf/L,
;f7L÷;fyL, cfb/÷cfwf/ cflb -nD;fn, uf}td / clwsf/L, @)^& M !@!_ .

@=@=$=@ cy{c3fts q'l6

k|of]Qmfn] u/]sf] s'g} eflifs q'l6af6 cy{ ;Dk|]if0ffdf afwf pTkGg x'Fb}g eg] To;nfO{
cy{c3fts q'l6 elgG5 .
h'g q'l6n] ljrf/ ljlgdo ug{df afwf pTkGg ub{}g jf h'g q'l6 x'Fbf klg cy{df s'g}
afwf x'Fb}g, To; k|sf/sf] q'l6nfO{ cy{ cjfws q'l6 elgG5 . g]kfnL efiffdf lxHh]ut q'l6x¿
o; k|sf/sf q'l6x¿ x'g\, h:t}– bLO{Psf] -lbOPsf]_, c3L
-cl3_, ;xLb -;lxb_, wlg -wgL_, zStL -zlSt_ cflb . cy{df afwf gkfg{] eP klg efiffsf]
n]Vo lgod eË ug{] ePsfn] o:tf q'l6 ug{ klg 5'6 lbg rflxF ;lsFb}g
-9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M !$^_ .

14
 k|of]Qmfn] u/]sf] s'g} eflifs q'l6af6 cy{ ;Dk|]if0fdf afwf x'Fb}g eg] To:tf q'l6nfO{
c3fts q'l6 eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof; jf lxHh] Joj:yf cGtu{t kfOg] x|:jbL3{
;DaGwL q'l6nfO{ o; cGtu{t /fVg ;lsG5 . h:t} M dfyL -dfly_, k5L -kl5_, lko'; -kLo"if_
cfbL -cflb_, /lS; -/S;L_, efO{ -efO_, cflb o:tf q'l6 x'g\ -nD;fn, uf}td, clwsf/L, @)^& M
!@!_ .

@=@=% Jofkstfsf cfwf/df

zAb, jfSo / cg'R5]bnfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ vfnsf q'l6nfO{ Jofkstfsf cfwf/df x'g] q'l6
elgG5 .
q'l6 s'g} Ps jfSo jf PseGbf a9L jfSo;Fu ;DalGwt 5 jf s'g} Ps jfSosf] s'g}
vf; c+z;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o; cfwf/df klg q'l6nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o; cfwf/wf
q'l6x¿ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\– -c_ zAbut -kbut÷cfl+zs_ / -cf_ kbfjnLut -;du|_ .
s_ zAbut -kbut÷cf+lzs_ M s'g} jfSosf] vf; c+zdf b]lvg] q'l6nfO{ cf+lzs
q'l6 elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf] q'l6 jfSosf] s'g} Ps zAb -kb_ df ;Lldt x'g]
ePsfn] o;nfO{ zAbut q'l6 klg elgG5 . o; k|s/fsf] q'l6 cy{afws geP/
cy{ cjfws k|s[ltsf] x'G5, h:t}– bfh' cfof} < s's'/ hfg'eof] . xfdLx¿ vfG5'
cflb .

v_ kbfjnLut -;du|_ M s'g} Ps jfSo jf PseGbf a9L jfSo;Fu ;DalGwt

q'l6nfO{ ;du| q'l6 elgG5 . o;k|sf/sf] q'l6 s'g} jfSosf] vf; zAb;Fu
;DalGwt geO{ kbfjnL;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ kbfjnLut q'l6 klg
eGg ;lsG5 . h:t} M Tof] s]6fx¿ cfof] -tL s]6fx¿ cfP_, cfkm\gf] ;fyL;Fu
pgLx¿ jgef]h uof] . -cfkm\gf ;fyL;Fu pgLx¿ jgef]h uP_, xfdLn] ;'s]sf]
?vx¿ 9fn]F . -xfdLn] ;'s]sf ?vx¿ 9fNof}+_ . d]/f] >LdtL 3/df x'g'x'Gg . -d]/L
>LdtL 3/df 5}gg\_ tkfO{+sf] ;;'/f uof] . -tkfO{+sf ;;'/f hfg'eof]_ cflb -
9'ª\u]n / bfxfn, @)^* M !$^_ .

15
@=@=^ :j¿ksf cfwf/df q'l6
q'l6x¿nfO{ afx\o ¿kfsf/sf cfwf/df klg ljeflht ug{ ;lsG5 . s'g} q'l6 nf]khlgt
x'G5g\ eg] s'g} ykf]6 jf qmdJoltqmdhlgt x'G5g\ . vf; lsl;dsf q'l6x¿sf] j0f{gdf logsf]
klg pkof]lutf x'G5 .

@=@=& cgf}lrTosf cfwf/df q'l6

Jofs/0ffTds b[li6n] 7Ls eP klg ;Gbe{ cg'¿k pko'Qm gePsf k|of]unfO{ klg q'l6
eGg'k5{ . ljz]iftM z}nLljifo;Fu ;Da4 q'l6x¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ jf Jofs/0ffTds b[li6n]
a]7Ls eP klg ;Gbe{cg'¿k k|of]u 5 eg] To:tfnfO{ q'l6 eg]/ JofVof ug{ gldNg] b]lvG5 .

@=# q'l6ljZn]if0fsf k4lt tyf k|lqmof

q'l6 ljZn]if0f ug{ lglZrt k|lqmofx¿ cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf
pkof]u ug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf k4ltx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu vf;
u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf k4ltx¿ cFufNg ;lsG5 .

s_ k"j{lgwf{l/t sf]l6 k4lt

ljBfyL{af6 x'g] u/]sf q'l6x¿ efiff, Jofs/0fut s'g s'g sf]l6sf x'g\ 5'6\ofO{
ljZn]if0f ug]{ k4lt k"j{lgwf{l/t sf]l6 k4lt xf] . o; sf]l6cGtu{t ;j{k|yd
ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ q'l6x¿ s]–s:tf efiff Jofs/0fut sf]l6cGtu{t x'g ;S5g\ egL
cg'dfg ul/G5 . To;kl5 ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf] vf; cleJolQmx¿nfO{ lnO{ ltgsf]
cWoog u/]/ k|fKt ePsf q'l6x¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L d"Nofª\sg / ljZn]if0f ug'{
k"j{lgwf{l/t sf]l6 k4ltsf] p2]Zo xf] .

v_ kZrlgwf{l/t sf]l6 k4lt

vf; cleJolQmnfO{ pbfx/0f dfg]/ q'l6sf] k|s[lt x]/L cfjZostf cg';f/
ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ kZrlgwf{l/t sf]l6 k4lt elgG5 . o;df s'g} vf;
cjlw;Dd lzIfsn] s'g} lglb{i6 kf7\of+zsf] lzIf0f u/]kl5 ljBfyL{{x¿nfO{ pknAw

16
 u/fOPsf k|Zgsf cfwf/df pgLx¿af6 s'g} vf; cleJolQmsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 . To;kl5
ljBfyL{sf lnlvt jf df}lvs cleJolQm k|fKt ePkl5 pgLx¿n] u/]sf k|ultsf]
cfsng ul/G5 . o; lsl;dsf] sfo{kZrft\ q'l6sf] k|s[lt x]/L To;sf] ;Íng,
klxrfg, 5gf}6 / juL{s/0f ug]{ sfd ul/G5 -clwsf/L, @)^% M !$(_ .
o;/L q'l6 ljZn]if0f ljleGg 9Ën] ug{ ;lsG5 tfklg k|lqmofut 9Ën] d"ntM
q'l6ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|lqmof lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
@=#=! q'l6sf] klxrfg
q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;j{k|yd ljBfyL{x¿n] k|of]u ug]{ df}lvs jf lnlvt
cleJolQmx¿sf] cWoog u/]/ q'l6x¿sf] l6kf]6 ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ nIo efiffdf pQm
k|of]ux¿ s]–slt :jLsfo{ jf c:jLsfo{ 5g\ To;sf] klg Vofn ug'{kb{5 . s'g} uNtL jf:tljs
q'l6 xf] jf xf]Og eGg] hfGgsf nflu pQm k|of]u Ps jf ljleGg ljBfyL{sf cleJolQmx¿df
p:t} ¿kdf cfj[Q ePsf] 5, 5}g To;tkm{ klg Wofg lbg''kb{5 . ha s'g} ljBfyL{sf] n]vfOdf
ToxL k|of]u st} q'l6sf ¿kdf / st} 7Ls ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ ;fdfGo uNtL
dfq dfGg x'Gg t/ k|of]usf] a9L ;ª\Vof q'l6sf ¿kdf / Ps b''O{ 7fpFdf dfq q'l6ljlxg /x]df
To;nfO{ q'l6sf sf]l6df /fVg'kb{5 . s'g} k|of]u q'l6k"0f{ / s'g} q'l6ljlxg b'j} ¿kdf e]l6of] eg]
Tof] ljBfyL{sf] cGof]nsf] l:ylt egL a'‰g'kb{5 . o;/L q'l6sf] klxrfg ubf{ ;fdfGo uNtL
k|of]ux¿ c;fjwfgLut dfq x'g\ ls ltgdf s]–slt lgoldt 5 cflb ljleGg s'/fsf] ljrf/
ug{ cfjZos x'G5 .

@=#=@ q'l6sf] juL{s/0f

q'l6sf] juL{s/0f ubf{ ;a} q'l6x¿nfO{ ljljw cfwf/af6 ;"rLa4 u/L juL{s/0f ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . q'l6x¿sf] juL{s/0fsf nflu ljsf;zLntf, efiffsf]l6, ;|f]t, uDeL/tf, cJojl:yt,
j0f{ljGof;ut, Jofs/0fut, cy{tflTjs, zAbe08f/ut, z}nLut, efiffGtl/t, cGt/eflifs
cflb s'g ¿kdf ePsf] 5 egL q'l6sf] juL{s/0f ug'{kb{5 .

17
@=#=# q'l6sf] j0f{g ÷JofVof ljZn]if0f
q'l6sf] klxrfg / juL{s/0fkl5 ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . ljZn]if0f ubf{ q'l6sf] k|s[lt
5'6\ofpg] cfwf/, q'l6sf] Jojl:yt jf lgoldttf, ljBfyl{x¿sf cleJolQmdf /xg] q'l6sf
sf/0f / ltgsf] vf]hk"0f{ j0f{g–ljj/0f cflbsf] JofVof–ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfd x'G5 . o;df q'l6
x'gfsf sf/0fx¿df klxnf] efiff, kf7\o;fdfu|L cg'ko'Qmtf, lzIf0f jf cEof;sf] sdL cflb
s'/ftkm{ ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df q'l6sf] :ki6gf jf c:ki6tf, nIo efiffsf] Jojl:yt
;Da4 jf dft[efiffsf] Joj:yfl;t ;Da4 q'l6 cflbsf] 5fglag ul/G5 . o;/L cfjZostf
cg';f/ ljleGg cfwf/df q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@=#=$ q'l6sf] lg/fs/0f
q'l6sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0f ePkl5 q'l6 lg/fs/0f ug{tkm{
nfUg'kb{5 . q'l6 ljZn]if0f u/]/ dfq To;sf] pkof]u ePg eg] To;sf] s'g} dxŒj /xGg t;y{
q'l6ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt lgisif{nfO{ pkof]u ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . To;sf nflu q'l6 lg/fs/0f ug]{
pkfo / ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{–u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

@=$ ;f/f+z
q'l6 ljZn]if0f / efiff lzIf0f aLr gª / df;'sf] h:tf] 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 . s'g} Pssf]
cefjdf klg lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof cw'/f] / ck"/f] /xG5 . q'l6ljZn]if0fn] q'l6x¿nfO{ l;sfOsf]
sdhf]/L dfGg] k/Dk/fut wf/0ffnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/L q'l6nfO{ efiff l;sfpg] ;xh, cjZoDefjL
/ cleGg cË dfGb5 . efifflzIf0fsf qmddf b]lvg] q'l6x¿ w]/} lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
;j{k|yd ljBfyL{x¿n] k|of]u u/]sf df}lvs / lnlvt cleJolQmx¿sf] cWoog u/L
ltgdf b]lvPsf q'l6x¿ s]–s:tf x'g ;S5g\ < ltgLx¿sf] l6kf]6 u/L q'l6sf] klxrfg
ul/;s]kl5 tL q'l6x¿ s:tf k|s[ltsf q'l6 x'g\ egL juL{s/0f ug'{kb{5 . q'l6sf] klxrfg /
juL{s/0fkZrft\ q'l6sf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ug'{kb{5 . cGTodf q'l6x¿sf] cWoog ljZn]if0faf6
k|fKt tYosf cfwf/df ltgsf] lg/fs/0f jf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg' jf~5gLo x'G5 .

18
 kl/R5]b M ltg
zf]w ljlw tyf cWoog k|lqmof

#=! zf]w ljlw

k|:t't cg';Gwfgsf qmddf k|ydtM cg';Gw]o ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt kIfx¿sf af/]df
lglZrt k|ZgfjnL tof/ kf/L cGtlq{mof ul/Psf] 5 . cfjZos k/]sf cj:yfdf zf]wkq,
kqklqsfx¿nfO{ klg ;fdu|L ;ª\sngsf nflu ;|f]t agfOPsf] 5 . zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg ug]{
qmddf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgfy{ cfjZostf cg';f/ efiffsf ljleGg ljlw ckgfOP
klg d"ntM cfugfTds ljlw ckgfPsf] 5 .

#=!=! cWoogsf] 9fFrf

cg';Gwfg Ps cf}krfl/s / Jojl:yt cWoog sfo{ xf] . cg';Gwfgdf ljlw jf
k4ltnfO{ cjnDag u/L p2]Zo;Dd k'Ug] ul/G5 . of] 1fgfh{gsf] dfWod jf k|lqmof
xf] . p2]Zo;Dd k'Ugsf nflu ul/g] cWoog Jojl:yt x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . cg';Gwfgsf ljljw
ljifo / If]qx¿dWo] eflifs cg';Gwfg klg Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ If]q
xf] . eflifs If]qdf cg';Gwfg ubf{ ;du|Lsf] ;ª\sng, ;fdu|Lsf] ;Tofkg, juL{s/0f, ljZn]if0f
/ JofVof, ;fdu|Lsf] t'ngf / d"Nofª\sg u/L lgisif{;Dd k'uL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ug{] sfd
ul/G5 -e08f/L / cGo, @)^* M @%_ .

#=!=@ hgª\Vof / gd'gf÷cWoogsf] If]q

cg';Gwfgsf nflu lnOPsf] hg;ª\Vofaf6 5flgPsf] c+znfO{ gd'gf elgG5 . cWoog
cg';Gwfgsf qmddf ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Laf6 5flgPsf] c+z g} gd'gf 5gf]6 xf] . cg';Gwfgsf nflu
zLif{s / ;d:of 5gf]6 ul/;s]kl5 cg';Gwfgsf] If]q lgwf{?0f
x'G5 . cg';Gwfgsf] If]qleq kg{] ;Dk"0f{ hg;ª\Vofaf6 c+z 5fGg] / ltgnfO{ g} ;Dk"0f{
hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltlglw dfg]/ cWoog ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ cg';Gwfgleq ul/G5 . cg';Gwfg
zLif{s;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ hg;ª\VofnfO{ lnFbf ;do, >d / vr{sf sf]0faf6 Tof] :Dej x'Fb}g

19
. o;y{ ;Dk"0f{ hg;ª\Vofaf6 s]xLnfO{ 5fg]/ gd'gfsf ¿kdf lng'kg{] x'G5 . Pp6f efuaf6
;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Laf/] 1fg u/fpg' 5gf]6 k4lt xf] . To;}n] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|Laf6 Ps c+z lnO{ ;Dk"0f{
;fdu|Laf/] 1fg u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ gd'gf 5gf]6 k4lt elgG5 -e08f/L / cGo, @)^* M ^!_ .

#=!=# gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof

JolQmsf] :jljj]sdf geO{ ;+of]u jf ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df gd'gf ;fdu|Lsf] 5gf]6
ul/g] k|lqmofnfO{ gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof elgG5 . ;fdu|Lsf ;a} ljz]iftfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]
u/L k|To]s ;fdu|Lsf] cyjf ;fdu|Lsf PsfOsf] 5gf]6 x'g] ;dfg cj;/ ePsf] gd'gf 5gf]6
k4lt g} ofb[lR5s gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof xf] . To;} u/L ;fdu|Lsf] ;a} PsfOx¿sf] qmda4
9fFrfsf] ;"rL agfO slt PsfO rog ug{] eGg] lglZrt u/L gd'gf 5gf]6 ug{] k|lqmof qmda4
gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof xf] . hg;ª\Vof jf ;fdu|LnfO{ pd]/, wd{, hft, y/, lnª\u, efiff, cfo'
cflb ljz]iftfo'Qm ljleGg :t/ jf ju{df ljefhg u/L ;hftLo ju{af6 gd'gf 5gf]6 ul/g]
ljlw ju{a4 gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof
xf] . ;Dk"0f{ hg;ª\Vofsf] k|To]s PsfOnfO{ gd'gfsf ¿kdf 5fGg] ;Defjgf gx'g] gd'gf 5gf]6
k4ltnfO{ c;DefJo gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof klg elgG5 -e08f/L / cGo, @)%* M ^@–^#_ .

#=!=$ tYofª\s÷;"rgf ;ª\sngsf pks/0fx¿ / ;fdu|L lgdf{0f

s_ k|ZgfjnL
eflifs cg';Gwfgdf tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{] ljleGg ljlwx¿dWo] k|ZgfjnL klg
Ps xf] . cg';Gwfgsf] k|fylds ;|f]t cGtu{t kg{] k|ZgfjnLnfO{ gd'gf JolQm jf ;|f]t
JolQm ;dIf k|:t't ul/G5 . x'nfs dfkm{t k7fP/ cyjf cg';Gwftf :jo+ ;|f]tJolQm
;dIf k'u]/ eg{ nufOg] kmf/fd g} k|ZgfjnL xf] . o;df cg';Gwfg;Fu ;DalGwt tYo
;ª\sngsf nflu ljleGg k|Zgx¿ ;f]lwPsf] x'G5 -e08f/L / cGo, @)%* M ^$_ .
v_ cGtjf{tf{
s'g} JolQmsf] ljrf/ jf b[li6sf]0f a'‰g cfkm;df ul/g] ljz]if s'/fsfgL jf
;+jfb cGtjf{tf{ xf] . cg';Gwfgsf If]qdf cg';Gwftf / ;|f]t JolQmaLrsf] s'/fsfgL g}

20
 cGtjf{tf{ xf] . eflifs cg';Gwfgsf If]qdf ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug{] sfo{df cGtjf{tf{sf]
;jf{]k/L :yfg 5 . ;|f]t JolQmaf6 cfjZos kg{] ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{] ;/n / ;jf{lws
k|rlnt ljlw g} cGtjf{tf{ xf] -e08f/L / cGo, @)%* M ^(_.

u_ dtfjnL / o;sf] k|of]u

s'g} ;d:ofsf] cWoog ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;DalGwt JolQmx¿af6 lnOg] dt jf
/fo g} dtfjnL xf] . dflg;sf ljrf/, wf/0ff / cg'ejnfO{ a'‰gsf nflu dtfjnLsf]
k|of]u ul/G5 -e08f/L / cGo, @)%* M ^!_.

3_ cjnf]sg
s'g} :yfg, j:t', 36gf jf ljifonfO{ ;/;tL{ x]g{] sfdnfO{ cjnf]sg elgG5 .
o;sf] cy{ lg/LIf0f ug{' jf s'g} klg s'/fnfO{ Wofgk"j{s dl:tisdf /fVg' eGg] a'lemG5
-e08f/L / cGo, @)%* M &#_ .

#=!=% tYofª\s ;ª\sng tyf ljZn]if0f k|lqmof

cg';Gwfgdf z'4tf, :ki6tf, j}wtf / ljZj;gLotf Nofpgsf nflu pks/0fx¿sf]
dfgsLs/0f cfjZos x'G5 . pks/0fx¿ kl/is[t / dfgs x'g ;s] eg] dfq cg';Gwfgsf]
ceLi6 k"/f x'g ;S5 . o;y{ cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u x'g] o:tf pks/0fx¿ kl/is[t, :t/o'Qm /
ljzj;gLo 5g\ 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof{}n ug{'k5{ . dfgsLs/0f gul/Psf pks/0fx¿nfO{
nIo ;|f]t cyf{t\ kmf/fd eg{] dflg;n] a'‰g ;s]g\ eg] t emg\ To;n] gsf/fTds c;/ ;d]t
kfg{ ;S5 .
cg';Gwftfn] cg';Gwfg ug{ rfx]sf] ljifo If]q;Fu ;DalGwt pks/0f lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ .
cg';Gwfgn] lgdf{0f u/]sf pks/0fnfO{ cfkm}n] x]/]/ bf]xf]¥ofO÷t]x¥ofO{ kl/isf/ ug{'k5{ . zf]w
lgb{]zs Pjd\ ljifo ljz]if1af6 ;/;Nnfx / ;'emfj ;ª\sng u/L To;} cg';f/ pks/0fsf]
kl/isf/ Pjd\ kl/dfh{g ug{'kb{5 . lgld{t pks/0fnfO{ ;DalGwt If]qdf uO{ k"j{ k/LIf0f
ug{'kb{5 . k"j{ k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f kZrft\ ltgLx¿nfO{ ;+zf]wg
ug{'k5{ .

21
 o;k|sf/ cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fx¿ hlt dfgs / :t/Lo Tolt g} jf:tljs
tYofª\s ;ª\sng x'G5 . jf:tljs tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f u/L lgsflnPsf] lgisif{ ljZj;gLo /
;To x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] pks/0fsf] dfgsLs/0f
cfjZos x'G5 .

#=@ x|:j / bL3{;DaGwL lgod

x|:j / bL3{ eGgfn] n]Vo efiffdf k|of]u ul/g] dfqf x|:j Osf/–psf/ / bL3{–Osf/ /
pmsf/x¿ x'g\ . logLx¿nfO{ l7sl7s lsl;dn] k|of]u u/L efiffut cz'l4nfO{ x6fpg] sfd
ul/G5 t/ dfWolds txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿n] a9L dfqfdf x|:jbL3{df uNtL ub{5g\ .
:yfgsf cfwf/df x]bf{ x|:jbL3{sf] k|of]u klg kbflbdf, kb dWodf / kbfGtdf u/L tLg 7fpFdf
x'G5 .

#=@=! x|:j;DaGwL lgod

#=@=!=! zAbflbdf x|:j
tb\ej / cfuGt's gfd ;a} Jo''TkGg zAbx¿, ;a} wft'÷ lqmofkbx¿, ;a} cJoox¿,
cg's/0ffTds zAbx¿sf zAbflbdf x|:j x'G5 .

#=@=!=@ zAb dWodf x|:j

d"n gfd, ljz]if0f, ;dfks / c;dfks lqmof, cJoo, Jo'TkGg zAbx¿sf dWodf x|:j
x'G5 .

#=@=!=# zAbfGtdf x|:j

k'lnËL gfd, psf/fGt lghL{j gfd, cJoo, Os, Ot, Oof, Od h:tf k|Too nfu]sf
zAbsf cGTodf x|:j x'G5 .
#=@=@ bL3{;DaGwL lgod
#=@=@=! zAbflbdf bL3{
Jo~hg nf]k ePsf ljz]if0f zAb / s]xL tT;d zAbsf zAbflbdf bL3{ x'G5 .

22
#=@=@=@ zAbdWodf bL3{
OR5fy{s lqmofkbx¿, O{o, O{g, cgLo h:tf k|Too nfu]sf zAb / s]xL tT;d
zAbx¿sf dWodf bL3{ x'G5 .

#=@=@=# zAbfGtdf bL3{

:qLlnË zAb, ;a} ;ª\Vofjfrs zAb, :qLlnË lqmofkb, ljz]if0f zAb, hflt, k];f, y/
a'emfpg] zAb, nL, O{ h:tf k|Too nfu]sf zAb, 7fpF, gbL a'emfpg] gfd, ljz]if0faf6 ag]sf
efjjfrL gfd, :g]xjfrL gfd h:tf zAbsf cGTodf bL3{ x'G5 .

#=@=# …zÚ, …ifÚ / …;Ú sf] k|of]u

#=@=#=! …zÚ sf] k|of]u
;+:s[tsf tT;d zAbdf, lj;u{ ;lGwsf] k|of]u x'g] :yfgdf, …CÚ, …rÚ, / …nÚ j0f{;Fu
cfpFbf …;Ú / …ifÚ eGbf cufl8 cfpg] zAbx¿df …zÚ sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=@=#=@ …ifÚ sf] k|of]u

g]kfnL efiffdf k|o'Qm tT;d zAbdf, …sÚ, …kÚ, …kmÚ / …dÚ ;Fu hf]l8P/ cfpFbf / 6 7
…8Ú, …9Ú, …0fÚ j0f{sf cufl8 …ifÚ sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=@=#=# …;Ú sf] k|of]u

7]6 g]kfnL zAbdf, tb\ej zAbdf / tT;d zAbsf ;'?df, aLrdf / cGTodf …;Ú sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=@=$ …aÚ, …jÚ / …cf]Ú sf] k|of]u

#=@=$=! …aÚ sf] k|of]u
…aÚ pRrf/0f x'g] ;a} tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbx¿df …aÚ sf cufl8 …dÚ sf] pRrf/0f
x'Fbf, s]xL ;ª\Vofjfrs zAbdf, ab …a]Ú pk;u{ nflu ag]sf zAbdf …aÚ sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
#=@=$=@ …jÚ sf] k|of]u
g]kfnLdf …jÚ pRrf/0f x'g] zAb …jfg\Ú, …jtLÚ, …ljbÚ\ df 6'ª\lug] zAb Pjd\ …JoÚ cfPsf
zAbsf ;fy} …;d\Ú pk;u{kl5 …jÚ / s]xL …aÚ pRrf/0f eP/ kl5 …jÚ n]lvg] zAbdf …jÚ sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .

23
#=@=$=# …cf]Ú sf] k|of]u
…aÚ / …jÚ ;DaGwL g]kfnLdf w]/} zAbx¿ eP klg s]xL tb\ej / cfuGt's zAb, s]xL
lqmofkb / s]xL tT;d zAbx¿df eg] cf] g} n]Vg] rng 5 .

#=@=% …PÚ, …oÚ / …o]Ú sf] k|of]u

#=@=%=! …PÚ sf] k|of]u
s]xL ;ª\Vofjfrs zAbdf / e"tsflns lqmofdf …PÚ sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=@=%=@ …oÚ sf] k|of]u

…oÚ af6 ag]sf ;j{gfd, Jo'TkGg zAb, s]xL cfuGt's zAb / s]xL tT;d zAbdf …oÚ
sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=@=%=# …o]Ú sf] k|of]u

s]xL zAb h:t} M cGTo]li6, Ho]i7, Wo]o, k|To]s, cWo]tf cflb zAbx¿df …o]Ú sf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .

#=@=^ …CÚ / …l/Ú sf] k|of]u

#=@=^=! …CÚ sf] k|of]u
;+:s[tsf tT;d zAbdf dfq …CÚ sf] k|of]u x'G5 .

#=@=^=@ …l/Ú sf] k|of]u

tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf …l/Ú sf] k|of]u ul/g'sf ;fy} s]xL tT;d zAbdf klg …l/Ú sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .
#=@=& …If, …If]Ú / …5]Ú sf] k|of]u
…IfÚ, …If]Ú / …IoÚ sf] k|of]u tT;d zAbdf x'G5 .

24
#=@=&=! …5]Ú sf] k|of]u
…5]Ú sf] k|of]u tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf ul/G5 .

#=@=* …UofÚ / …UoFÚ÷…1Ú sf] k|of]u

…UofÚ / …UoFÚ sf] k|of]u tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf ul/G5 eg] tT;d zAbdf …1Ú sf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=# rGb|laGb' / lz/laGb'sf] k|of]u

rGb|laGb'n] gfs]:j/nfO{ a'emfpF5 eg] zL/laGb'n] k~rd j0f{nfO{ a'emfpF5 M
s_ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf cfpg] cg'gfl;s :j/nfO{ pRrf/0f cg';f/ g}
rGb|laGb' n]Vg] t/ l8sf]dfly cfpg] dfqf / /]kmo'Qm cj:yfdf eg] zL/laGb'sf]
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
v_ cfuGt's / tb\ej zAbdf /x]sf] k~rd j0f{nfO{ pRrf/0f cg';f/ ª\, g, d
n]Vg' k5{ .
u_ ;+:s[t tT;d zAbdf cfPsf] k~rdj0f{nfO{ k~rdj0f{eGbf k/jtL{ / :kz{j0f{
-…sÚ b]lv …dÚ ;Ddsf_ eP ;f] j0f{sf] :jjuL{o k~rj0f{ n]Vg' k5{ .

#=$ xnGt / chGtsf] k|of]u

#=$=! xnGtsf] k|of]u
zAbsf] cGTodf :j/ gePsf] j0f{sf] v'6\6f sf6\g'nfO{ xnGt elgG5 . tT;d zAb /
cGTodf afg\, dfg\, jt\ k|of]usf zAbdf xnGtsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
#=$=@ chGtsf] k|of]u
zAbsf] cGTodf :j/ ePsf] zAbnfO{ chGt elgG5 . cJoo zAb, cf1fy{s zAb /
;+/rgfjfrs zAbdf chGtsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

25
#=% kbof]u / kb ljof]u
kbof]u eg]sf] n]Vo efiffdf zAbnfO{ hf]8]/ n]Vg] klqmof xf] eg] kb ljof]u eg]sf]
zAbnfO{ ghf]8L 5'6\ofP/ n]Vg] k|lqmof xf] .

#=%=! kbof]u x'g] cj:yf

pk;u{, k|Too, s]xL ;df; eP/ ag]sf zAb, cs/0f agfpg] g, s]xL cJoo zAbx¿ /
JolQmsf gfdsf] k5fl8kl§ cfpg] zAbnfO{ hf]8]/ n]Vg'kb{5 .

#=%=@ kb ljof]u x'g] cj:yf

jfSosf k|To]s zAbx¿, ljelQmeGbf kl5 cfpg] ljelQm jf gfdof]uL, lgkftx¿,
ljefhs …gÚ ;fy} ;+o'Qm lqmofsf aLrdf lgkft cfPdf / lqmofkbn] ck"0f{, k"0f{ / c1ft kIf
hgpFbf kbx¿ ljof]u x'G5g\ .

#=^ n]Vo lrXgsf] k|of]u

g]kfnL n]vgdf j0f{ljGof;sf cltl/Qm n]Vo lrXgx¿sf] klg cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg
5 . z'4 / :t/Lo eflifs k|of]usf nflu o:tf n]Vo lrXgx¿ j0f{ hlQs} clgjfo{ 7flgG5g\
lsgeg] n]vfO / af]nfOdf logsf] cy{e]bs d"No /x]sf] x'G5 . n]Vo lrXgsf] ;xL k|of]u
gePdf cy{sf] cgy{ nfUg] ub{5 . ult, olt ldnfP/ jfrg ug{ logn] d'Vo ¿kdf e"ldsf
v]Nb5g\ t;y{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s:tf] 7fpFdf s'g lrXgsf] k|of]u ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfg{
;lsPdf :t/Lo eflifs k|of]u x'g ;Sb5 .

#=^=! cNklj/fd lrXg

5f]6f] c8fgnfO{ cNklj/fd jf kfblj/fd klg elgG5 . cNklj/fd lrXgn] sd ;do
/f]lsg'kg]{ jf yf]/} ;do lj>fd lng'kg]{ s'/fnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ;fdfGotM of] lrXgsf] k|of]u kb,
kbfjnL / pkjfSosf] ;+of]hg ug{sf nflu ul/G5 .
#=^=@ cw{lj/fd lrXg
cfwf c8fgnfO{ cw{lj/fd elgG5 . cNklj/fdeGbf cln a9L ;do / k"0f{lj/fdeGbf
sd ;do lng] / clGtd jfSon] ;dy{gdf cfpg] pkjfSosf] k5fl8, lj/f]wL efjgf k|s6

26
ug'{kg]{ ePdf cw{lj/fdsf] k|of]u ug]{ rng cfO;s]sf] b]lvG5 To;}n] o;sf] k|of]u uf}0f x'Fb}
uPsf] kfOG5 .

#=^=# k|Zgjfrs lrXg

k|Zgjfrs jfSosf cGTodf k|Zgjfrs lrXg nfUg] eP tfklg k|Zgjfrs jfSo
pkjfSosf ¿kdf cfPsf] eP k|Zgjfrs lrXg nfUb}g cyf{t\ k|Zg hgfP klg cf1fy{s
jfSodf eg] o;sf] k|of]u ul/Gg .

#=^=$ pb\uf/ lrXg

pb\uf/ lrXgnfO{ lj:do lrXg, cfZrfo{ lrXg, lj:doflbaf]ws lrXg klg elgG5 .
o;sf] k|of]u lj:do hgfpg] jfSosf] k'5f/df ul/G5 . o;n] klg jfSo ;dfKt ePsf]
hgfpF5 . xif{, lj:dft, 3[0ff, cfZro{ cflbsf] efj k|s6 ubf{ / ;Daf]wgdf klg o;sf] k|of]u
x'G5 .

#=^=% p4/0f lrXg

p4/0f lrXg ljz]if lsl;dsf] egfOdf, s;}sf] egfOnfO{ pb[t ubf{, s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ kb,
kbfjnL / jfSof+zx¿nfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbP/ cnUofpFbf jf k|:6\ofpFbf klg k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=^=^ lgb]{z lrXg

lgb]{Z lrXgnfO{ ;fk]If lj/fd jf lgb]{zs lrXg klg elgG5 . jfSodf elgPsf s'/f
:ki6 kfg{, pbfx/0f lbg'kbf{ / s'g} s'/fsf] ;"rgf lbg o; lrXgsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

#=^=& of]hs lrXg

b'O{cf]6f zAbnfO{ hf]8\bf, Ps x/kmdf s'g} zAb gc6fP/ csf]{ x/kmdf n}hfFbf of]hs
lrXg k|of]u ul/G5 .
#=^=* sf]i7s lrXg
cy{ :ki6 kfg{, ;+jfb, dgf]jfb, cflbdf clegosf] ;Í]t ug{ jf kl/j]z a'emfpg tyf
;ª\Vof a'emfpgsf nflu sf]i7ssf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

27
#=^=( lto{s\ lrXg
s'g} klg zAbsf] ljsNkdf csf]{ zAb hgfpg' kbf{ lto{s\ lrXgsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 .

#=^=!) ;ª\If]k lrXg

s'g} klg zAbnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'kbf{ zAbsf] klxnf] cIf/k5fl8 ;ª\If]k lrXgsf]
k|of]u ul/G5 .

28
 kl/R5]b M rf/
JofVof ljZn]if0f
$=! kl/ro
j0f{ljGof; n]Vo efiff;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . efiffsf n]Vo÷sYo÷pRrfo{÷>Jo b'O{ e]bdWo]
n]Vo e]beGbf sYo ÷pRrfo{÷>Jo ¿k g} k|wfg b]lvP tfklg n]Vo efiffnfO{ lnlk jf n]Vo
lrXgsf ¿kdf u|x0f ul/G5 . ;dfgWjlg ;d"xnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ efiffsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf]
PsfOnfO{ j0f{ elgG5 / o;n] zAbdf /x]/ cy{df leGgtf NofpF5 .
efiff ljrf/ ljlgdosf] k|d'v ;fwg xf] . efiff dfgjLo cg'ej / ljrf/sf] cleJolQm
klg xf] To;}n] cg'ej / ljrf/nfO{ hlt k|efjsf/L ¿kdf JoQm ug{ ;Sof] Tolt g} c¿sf
nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'g hfG5 . z'4, kl/is[t, ;f}Gbo{k"0f{, cleJolQmn] c¿nfO{ ;xh} k|efljt
t'NofpF5 . jf:tjdf ;':ki6, kl/is[t / nflnTodo cleJolQmsf nflu z'4, :t/Lo / dfgs
efiffsf] k|of]u cfjZos x'G5 .
sYo efiffsf] cfˆg} k|sf/sf] df}lvs k/Dk/f x'G5 . To:t} n]Vo efiffsf] klg cfˆg}
k|sf/sf] z}nL / k/Dk/f /x]sf] x'G5 . n]Vo efiffnfO{ sYo efiffs} cfTdd"NofÍg dflgg] eP
tfklg n]Vo efiffn] cfˆg} leGg ljz]iftf cFufn]sf] x'G5 . n]Vo efiffsf ltg} leGg
ljz]iftfx¿dWo] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftf j0f{ljGof; xf] cyf{t\ lgoda4 ¿kdf j0f{x¿sf]
/vfOnfO{ j0f{ljGof; elgG5 . j0f{ljGof;nfO{ cfˆg} zAbdf lnlkljGof; jf lxHh] klg eGg]
ul/G5 . j0f{ljGof;leq j0f{x¿sf cltl/Qm dfqf, ;+o'Qmtf, kbof]u–kb ljof]u, zL/laGb',
rGb|laGb', xnGt, chGt, k~rd j0f{sf] k|of]u, n]VolrXgsf] k|of]u, x|:jbL3{sf] k|of]unfO{
/flvPsf] 5 .
efiff lzIf0fsf qmedf efiffnfO{ df}lvs / lnlvt ¿kdf k|of]u ug{'kg{] x'G5 eg] b}gs
Jojxf/ rnfpg klg k|foM sYo efiffsf ;fy} lnlvt efiffsf] k|of]u ug{'kg{]
x'G5 . lnlvt ¿kdf j0f{x¿sf] /vfOqmd g} j0f{ljGof; xf] . j0f{x¿sf] /vfOqmd cGtu{t dfqf
nfu]sf j0f{ tyf j0f{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm Pjd\ ldl>t cfa4tfsf ;fy} kbof]u / kb ljof]u;DaGwL
s'/fx¿nfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 . s'g} klg efiffsf] j0f{ ljGof; To; efiffsf] n]Vo k/Dk/f;Fu
;DalGwt x'G5 . sYo efiffsf] h:t} n]Vo efiffsf] klg cfkm\g} k/Dk/f x'G5 . k|foM sYo efiffs}

29
k|ltlalDag n]Vo efiff xf] tfklg sYosf eGbf a]Un} lsl;dsf ljz]iftfx¿ n]Vo efiffn]
cFufn]sf] x'G5 . n]Vo efiffn] cFufn]sf leGg ljz]iftfx¿dWo] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf j0f{
ljGof; klg xf] .
dfqf nufot efiffdf k|of]u x'g] j0f{x¿ j0f{ ljGof;n] to u/]sf lglZrt lgod /
kl/lweGbf aflx/ /x]/ k|of]u x'g'nfO{ j0f{ ljGof;sf] q'l6 If]q elgG5 . o:tf q'l6x¿ sxfFaf6 /
s;/L x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufO{ cEof; ug{] u/fpg] ugf{n] pQm q'l6df sdL cfpg ;S5 .
o; cWoogsf qmddf dfqf …zÚ, …ifÚ, …;Ú, …oÚ, …PÚ, …aÚ, …jÚ / …cf]Ú, …CÚ / …l/Ú, …IfÚ / …5]Ú
nufot jfSo u7g tyf kbof]u ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

$=@ ;fd'bflos ljBfno / ;+:yfut ljBfno;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿

o; cWoogsf] k|of]hgfy{ lrtjg lhNnf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfdf ;~rflnt ;fd'bflos
ljBfnx¿ >L s[i0fk'/ dfWolds ljBfno, z/bk'/ pRr dfWoflds ljBfno dfWolds
ljBfno, nIdL pRr dfWolds ljBfno / ;:yfut ljBfnox¿ :6]k afO :6]k, kf]nfO :6f/
e[s'6L dfWolds ljBfno, gf/fo0fu9, lrtjgnfO{ gd"gf ;ª\sngsf nflu ;'ljwfhgs 9ª\un]
5gf]6 ul/Psf] lyof] . ToxfF sIff gf}df cwoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ syf / lgaGw n]vgsf
lglDt zLif{s lbP/ s'g} Psdf df}lns cleJolQm lbg jf n]Vg nufOPsf] lyof] . To;sf nflu
k|To]snfO{ $% ldg]6sf] ;do ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] lyof] .
o;/L Jojl:yt tl/sfn] gd'gf ;ª\sng sfo{ ul/P klg s]xL ljBfyL{x¿n] eg] cfwf
hlt dfq zAb n]v]sf c¿ 5f8]sf] l:ylt 5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] n]v]sf zAbx¿sf] ;ª\sng /
juL{s/0f u/L ltgn] u/]sf q'l6sf] JofVof ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ oxfF ul/Psf] 5 .

$=# ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿n] lglbi6 z'4 zAbx¿sf]

n]vgdf u/]sf q'l6x¿
o; pkzLif{scGtu{t emG8} @)) zAb ;"rL 6fOk ul/Psf] zAb ;"rLkqaf6
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ >'ltn]vg u/fO{ ;xL zAb n]Vg nufOPsf] lyof] . ljBfyL{x¿n] ;xL zAb n]Vg
g;sL cz'4 ¿k n]v]sf] cj:yf klg b]vfk/]sf] 5 .

30
$=$ q'l6sf] juL{s/0f
ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 7Ls zAb n]Vgsf nflu j0f{ljGof;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg If]qsf
zAbx¿ ;'g]/ n]Vg nufOPsf] lyof] . q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] k|lqmofcg';f/ q'l6sf] ;ª\sngkl5
juL{s/0f cfjZos x'G5 . ;ª\slnt zAbx¿sf] juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

$=$=! x|:j bL3{ ;DaGwL q'l6ljZn]if0f

g]kfnL efiffsf] j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL l;sfOsf qmddf ljBfyL{x¿n] ug]{ q'l6dWo] x|:jbL3{
-dfqf_ ;DaGwL q'l6 k|d'v q'l6If]q /x]sf] xf] . ;fw/0f tyf afOdfqf / ts'{n] nfu]sf 5f]6f
pRrf/0f x'g] j0f{nfO{ x|:j elgG5 eg] bflxg] / aw{g] dfqf nfu]sf nfdf] ;do;Dd pRrf/0f
x'g] j0f{nfO{ bL3{ elgG5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] x|:j bL3{sf dfqfsf] k|of]u ubf{ jf:tf gu/L cflb,
dWo / cGTodf x|:j x'g] 7fpFdf bL3{ / bL£f{ x'g] 7fpFdf x|:j k|of]u u/L z'4Ls/0fdf dfq geO{
zAbsf] cy{df ;d]t cGof]n kf/]sf] b]lvG5 . efiffsf] cg'ko'Qm k|of]un] pRrf/0fut km/s
Tolt gb]lvP tfklg n]vg sfo{df eg] j0f{ljGof; q'l6 x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 . x|:j bL3{ ;DaGwL
leGgtfnfO{ lgDglnlvt tflnsfdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !
lsl;d x|:j bL3{
pRrf/0f jfOdfq ts'{n] bflgf aw{g]
;ª\s]t O÷l p÷' O{÷L pm÷"
ls s' sL s"
lv v' vL v"
dflysf] plNnlvt x|:j / bL3{ ;DaGwL lrXgx¿sf] k|of]udf ljBfyL{x¿n] lnlvt
cleJolQm lbFbf k|z:t 7fpFdf q'l6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; txdf ljBfyL{x¿n] zAbsf] cflb, dWo
/ cGodf x|:jbL3{;DaGwL s]–slt sxfF q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg]/ lrtjg lhNnf e/tk'/
gu/kflnsfsf ltg ;fd'bflos / ltg ;+:yfut ljBfnosf sIff gf}df cWoog/t
ljBfyL{x¿dWo] !)÷!) hgfnfO{ hg;ª\Vofsf ¿kdf lnOPsf]
5 . o;sfo{df >'lt n]vg dfkm{t Ifdtfsf] hfFr u/L klxrfg ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf]

31
5 . j0f{ljGof;sf] If]qdWo] s'g If]qdf slt k|ltzt 7Ls a]7Ls 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;d]t o;df
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – @
q'l6 ePsf zAbx¿ q'l6 /lxt zAbx¿
bLofnf] 3l8 lbofnf] 3l8
xLdfn glb lxdfn gbL
uLnf; lkkn lunf; kLkn
kLª\ 5flt kLª\ 5ftL]]
uLtf/ ;f/L lutf/ ;f/L
k"tnL pmv' s's'/ k'tnL pv' s's'/
d"nf :ofp d"nf :ofp
d"/nL b"uf{k'hf d'/nL b'uf{k"hf
k'j{b"t, d'lt{, d"nL k"j{b't, d"lt{, d"nL

$=$=@ zAb dWodf q'l6 ePsf zAbx¿

g]kfnL efiffdf x|:jbL3{ ;DaGwL cfˆg} lsl;dsf lgodx¿ 5g\ . zAbsf] cflbdf dfq
x|:j bL3{ n]lvg] geP/ zAbsf] dWoefudf klg x|:j / bL3{ n]lvg] zAbx¿ 5g\ . To:tf
zAbx¿sf] k|of]ustf{ jf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|z:t} uNtL u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . zAbsf] dWoefudf q'l6 ul/g] zAbx¿ ljz]if u/L gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f, lqmof /
cGoo zAbx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf q'l6x¿sf] klxrfg u/L ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – #
z'4 zAbx¿ q'l6 ePsf zAbx¿ z'4 zAbx¿ q'l6 ePsf zAbx¿
xfdLn] xfldn] ;xl/of ;x/Lof
rfln;] rfnL;] s's'/ s's"/
dflg; dfgL; sldnf] sdLnf]
pgLn] plgn] klxnf] kxLn]
dfWoflds dfWofdLs cfTdLo cflTdo

32
 ;dLk ;ldk z/L/ zl//
wfld{s wfdL{s k|tLIff k|ltIff
s]lGb|t s]Gb|Lt :yfgLo :yflgo
uDeL/ ulDe/ rl/q r/Lq
dfgl;s dg;Ls sljtf sjLtf

$=$=# zAbfGtdf q'l6 ePsf zAbx¿

g]kfnL efiff zAbx¿sf zAbflb / zAbdWodf h;/L x|:jbL3{ b'j}yl/ n]v]/ q'l6 ug]{
k|j[lQ b]lvG5 To;}u/L zAbfGtdf klg x|:j / bL3{ ;DaGwL zAb k|of]udf klg q'l6 u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . To:tf q'l6x¿ ljz]iftM gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f, lqmof, / cJoo h:tf ;j} ju{sf
zAbx¿df kfOG5g\ .
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – $
;xeflu u[lx0fL Clb l;nfO{ blx
sfult kz" s;l/ plg ;"lr
hftL dg" zlQm tkfO ltld

tflnsf ;ª\Vof – %
lk|tL lgtL
o;/L pQm tflnsfnfO{ cWoog ubf{ dfWolds tx sIff ( gf} df cWoog/t
;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut b'j}tkm{sf ljBfyL{x¿n] efiff l;Sg] qmddf ug]{ q'l6x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{
;a}eGbf a9L x|:j bL3{cGtu{t zAbflb zAb dWo / zAbfGt ;DaGwL q'l6tkm{ %$=)) k|ltzt
/x]sf] b]lvG5 .

$=$=$ z÷if÷; ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljj/0f

x|:jbL3{ ;DaGwL q'l6x¿df em}F z÷if÷; df klg cJojl:yt k|sf/sf q'l6x¿ k|z:t
b]lvPsf 5g\ . z÷if÷; g]kfnLdf cw{e]bs j0f{g geP klg k|of]u ;Gbe{nfO{ 5'6\ofpg
ljBfyL{x¿ lgs} cndndf k/]sf] l:ylt b]lvPsf] 5 .

33
 tflnsf ;ª\Vof – ^
cz'4 zAbx¿ z'4 zAbx¿
cle;]s, znfO{, zx/, ;ª\s/, ;f:q, l;if{s cleif]s, if6sf]0f, lzIf0f, ;x/, kf]zfs,
;/L/, zxof]u, zldIff, z]K;, iff];s, if8fgGb, zª\s/, z/L/, ;xof]u, ;wjf
;8bz{g, ;8fgGb

pko{'Qm tflnsf cg';f/ z÷if÷; ;DaGwL q'l6 j0f{;DaGwL ;a}eGbf a9L d"w{Go if sf]
k|of]udf b]lvG5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd q'l6 bGTo ; sf] k|of]udf b]lvG5 / cf};t q'l6 ug]{
ljBfyL{x¿ %@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] z'4 n]Vg] ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ltzt $* k|ltzt /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .

$=$=% a÷j ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f

g]kfnL efiffdf k|o'Qm sltko o:tf zAbx¿ 5g\ h'g …aÚ af]n]/ …jÚ n]lvG5g\ eg]
sltko …jÚ pRrf/0f u/]/ …aÚ n]lvG5g\ . o:tf zAbx¿sf] cGt/ 5'6\ofpg' Ps sl7g sfo{ xf]
. logLx¿nfO{ 5'6\ofpgsf nflu pRrf/0f :yfg klxrfg ug'{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . …aÚ sf]
pRrf/0f :yfg cf]7 x'G5 eg] …jÚ sf] pRrf/0f cf]7 / bfFt b'j}jf6 Ps;fy ul/G5 . To;}n]
cf]7af6 pRrf/0f x'g] cIf/ …aÚ sf] k]6 lrl/G5 eg] cf]7 / bftaf6 pRrf/0f x'g] …jÚ sf] k]6
a? To;sf] 7fpFdf slxn]sfxL :j/j0f{ …cf]Ú n]Vg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] pRrf/0f 3fF6L / tfn'af6
x'G5 . o;/L sYo efiffdf …cf]Ú sd ¿kdf pRrfl/t x'g] eP klg b'j}sf] n]Vo / sYodf
pRrf/0f Pp6} x'g] ePsfn] o:tf 7fpFdf q'l6 x'g' :jfefljs dflgG5 .

tflnsf ;ª\Vof – &

q'l6 ePsf] q'l6 gePsf]
jbfd, jo]nL, asfOgf], an, ao/, a;,
laZjf;, laZj]Zj/, laifo jlsn, ljZj, ljjfx
dflysf] tlnsfdf ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf q'l6nfO{ x]bf{ …aÚ n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf …jÚ / …jÚ
n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf …aÚ n]v]/ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L …aÚ x'g'kg]{df …jÚ n]v]/ q'l6 ug]{ $^ k|ltzt

34
ljBfyL{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] %$ k|ltztn] 7Ls k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿n] …aÚ sf] k|of]udf
eGbf …jÚ sf] k|of]udf a9L q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . o;f] x'gfsf] sf/0f ljBfyL{x¿df …aÚ j0f{sf] k]6
lrg]{ afgLsf] ljsf; gx'g' / :ki6 pRrf/0f;Fu kl/lrt gx'g' xf] . ;fy} …jÚ / …aÚ k|of]usf]
lgod;Fu k"0f{ ¿kdf kl/lrt gx'g' klg xf] .

$=$=^ o÷P ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f

g]kfnL efiffdf ;dfg pRrf/0f ePsf] dflgg] …oÚ cw{ :j/j0f{ xf] eg] …PÚ :j/j0f{ xf] .
To;}n] oL j0f{x¿sf] pRrf/0fdf ;dfgtf kfOP klg n]vfOPdf eg] km/s lsl;dn] k|o'Qm
ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf lgodcg';f/ …oÚ sf] k|of]u ul/G5 eg] …PÚ af6 ag]sf
jg]sf zJb, OR5fy{s lqmofkb, e"tsflns lqmofkb tyf …P/Ú / …Psf]Ú nfu]sf s[bGt zAb
Pjd\ s]xL tT;d zAbdf …PÚ sf] k|of]u ul/g] eP klg ljBfyL{x¿n] …PÚ sf] 7fpFdf o / o sf]
7fpFdf …PÚ k|of]u u/]/ q'l6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt pQ/ k'l:tsfx¿nfO{ k/LIf0f
ubf{ w]/} h;f] ljBfyL{x¿n] …oÚ / …PÚ j0f{sf] plrt k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt
pQ/k'l:tsfx¿nfO{ k/LIf0f ubf{ w]/}h;f] ljBfyL{x¿n] o / P j0f{sf] plrt k|of]u u/]sf] kfOP
klg s]xL ljBfyL{x¿n] klg q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf q'l6af6 d'Qm u/fpg dfgs Jofs/0fn]
lnPsf cfwf/e"t lgodx¿sf] hfgsf/L u/fO{ k|of]u ug{ nufpFbf o:tf q'l6 lg/fs/0f ug{
;lsg] b]lvG5 . lrtjg lhNnfsf e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf tLg ;fd'bflos / tLg ;+:yfut
ljBfnosf sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] …oÚ / …PÚ sf] k|of]udf u/]sf q'l6x¿nfO{
lgDglnlvt tflnsfdf b]vfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M

tflnsf ;ª\Vof – *
osLs/0f oGq Eoklg osfGt
n]vfo o;l;+u] olR5s op6f
vf]lnosf nf]slk|o Pzf]w/f sfon6
dflysf] tflnsf cWoog ubf{ s] yfxf x'G5 eg] …PÚ sf] 7fpFdf …oÚ n]v]/ eGbf …oÚ sf]
7fpFdf …PÚ n]v]/ q'l6 ug]{ ljBfyL{ w]/} 5g\ ljBfyL{x¿n] …oÚ n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf …PÚ sf] k|of]u u/L
$^ k|ltztn] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] …PÚ 7fpFdf …oÚ n]v/ %$ k|ltztn] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . …oÚ /

35
…PÚ sf] k|of]u ubf{ q'l6 x'g'df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ …oÚ / …PÚ sf] k|of]u ;DaGwL lgod yfxf gx'g' …oÚ
/ …PÚ nfO{ j}slNks ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ z'4 pRrf/0f ug{ ghfGg', cEof;sf] sdL cflb s'/fsf]
k|efj k/]sf] b]lvG5 .

$=$=& 1÷UoF ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljz]if0f

g]kfnL efiffdf k|of]u x'g] …1Ú clGtd cIf/ xf] . h\ ± ` ldn]/ …1Ú ag]sf]
x'G5 . pRrf/0fut c:ki6tfsf] sf/0f ljBfyL{x¿n] …1Ú sf] k|ofudf UoF n]v]/ j0f{ljGof;ut
q'l6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . sIff ( df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿af6 k|fKt tYonfO{ x]bf{ o:tf] q'l6 u/]sf]
b]lvG5 h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – (
q'l6 gePsf zAbx¿ q'l6 ePsf zAbx¿
1fF;, 1fFd, 1f;s]6, ljUofg, k|UofFg, ljUofkg, Uof;s]6, lj1fg, k|1fg, lj1fkg, cf1f,
cfUof, cjUof, UofgL, Uofd, UofF;, cj1f, 1fgL

dflysf] tflnsfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] 1 / UoF df klg ljBfyL{x¿
cGof]ndf k/]/ q'l6 u/]sf] 5g\ . oxfF ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf q'l6x¿nfO{ dfq ljZn]if0f ubf{ 1
n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf UoF n]v]/ ^) k|ltztn] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] UoF sf] 7fpFdf 1 n]v]/ $)
k|ltztn] q'l6 u/]sf 5}gg\ .

$=$=* l/÷C ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f

g]kfnL pRrf/0fdf …CÚ j0f{ 5}g . o;sf 7fpFdf …l/Ú sf] pRrf/0f x'G5 . t/ tT;d
zAbdf eg] lgod cg';f/ g} n]Vg'kg]{ xF'bf g]kfnL efiffdf cfPsf tT;d zAbdf …CÚ n]Vg]
ul/G5 . tT;d afx]s cfuGt's / tb\ej zAbdf eg] …l/Ú sf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
dfWoflds tx sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿df cfwfl/t o; cWoogaf6 k|fKt
tYocg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿n] …CÚ / …l/Ú j0f{sf] k|of]u u/]sf q'l6x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt ¿kdf
b]vfOPsf] 5 M

36
 tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !)
Cjg Cdf Cdlemd l/n
l/lif l/lifk~rdL l/rf C0f

dflysf] tflnsfdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ %$ k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] …CÚ n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf …l/Ú sf]
k|of]u u/]/ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] $^ k|ltztn] …l/Ú n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf …CÚ n]v]/ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ .
ljBfyL{x¿n] …CÚ / …l/Ú k|of]u ;DaGwL lgodsf] cefj q'l6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

$=$=( If÷5÷;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f

g]kfnL efiffsf sltko zAbx¿ pRrf/0f ubf{ Pp6} ;'lgP klg n]Vg] sfo{df km/s–
km/s n]lvg] x'Fbf ltgnfO{ :ki6 5'6\ofP/ n]Vg sl7g kb{5 . …5Ú bGtd"nLo j0f{ ePsfn]
bfFtsf] u/fu/f ePsf] efunfO{ 5f]P/ pRrf/0f x'G5 eg] …IfÚ ;+o'Qm j0f{ xf] . …IfÚ -s\±if±c_
sf] pRrf/0f tfnJo / jT:o ePsfn] o;sf] pRrf/0fn] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ em'SofO{ q'l6 ug{ afWo
kfb{5 h;nfO{ lgDglnlvt tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf g+= !!
5ftf If]j/ 50f ld5f
Ifxf/L 5nkmn /f5;
5fof 5qL lzIfs

dflysf] tflnsf ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿n] …5Ú / …IfÚ j0f{sf] k|of]udf u/]sf
q'l6x¿nfO{ tflnsfdf /fv]/ x]bf{ …IfÚ n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf …5Ú n]v]/ ^) k|ltzt q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg]
…5 Ún]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf …IfÚ n]v]/ $) k|ltztn] ljBfyL{n] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . …5Ú j0f{sf] k|of]ueGbf
…IfÚ j0f{sf] k|of]udf ljBfyL{n] a9L q'l6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 . …5Ú / …IfÚ j0f{sf] k|of]u ;DaGwL
lgodsf] 1fg gx'g', j}slNks j0f{sf] k|of]u ug'{, cEof;sf] sdL c;fjwfgL cflb sf/0fn]
ljBfyL{x¿n] …5Ú / …IfÚ j0f{sf] k|of]udf q'l6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

37
$=$=!) lz/laGb'÷rGb|laGb' ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f
g]kfnL efiffdf zAbx¿sf] n]vg ubf{ sxfF rGb|laGb'sf] k|of]u ug{] / sxfF jf s:tf]
cj:yfdf lz/laGb'sf] k|of]u ug{] eGg] s'/f Wofg lbg'kb{5 . o;nfO{ cg'gfl;s jf cg':jf/
klg eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . b'j}sf] pRrf/0f gfs]:j/ x'G5 t/ cg'gfl;s pRrf/0fdf gfs /
d'v b'j}af6 / cg':jf/sf] pRrf/0fdf gfsaf6 dfq jfo' aflx/ lgl:sG5 . g]kfnL j0f{
ljGof;df cg'gfl;ssf] n]vg - F _ åf/f / cg':jf/sf] n]vg lz/laGb' - + _ åf/f ul/G5 . sIff
cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tn lbOPcg';f/sf zAbx¿df k/LIf0f ubf{ uNtL u/]sf /
z'4 n]v]sf zAbx¿sf] tflnsLs/0fnfO{ o;/L b]vfpg ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= !@
q'l6 gePsf zAbx¿ q'l6 ePsf zAbx¿
gfª\nf], u'Ghg, dGhg, eGHofª, u+uf, r+uf, /+u, k+tL, k+r, k+rfd[t, d+8k,
u'G8f, emG8f, u+8sL, e+8f/, rfd'G8f, ef+9fO .
dflysf] tflnsfnfO{ cWoog ubf{ k~rdj0f{sf] k|of]udf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;xL j0f{sf] k|of]u
gu/L cGo k~rdj0f{sf] k|of]u u/]/ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . k~rd j0f{sf 7fpFdf zL/laGb' n]v]/ q'l6
ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ ^! k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] #( k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] cGo k~rd j0f{ ;DaGwL
q'l6 u/]sf 5}gg\ .

$=$=!! lz/laGb' / rGb|laGb' ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljj/0f

g]kfnL efiffdf j0f{ljGof; cGtu{t zL/laGb' / rGb|laGb'sf] k|of]u u/]sf]
kfOG5 . g]kfnLdf zL/laGb'sf] 7fpFdf - F_ - +_ rGb|laGb'sf] 7fpFdf - F_ lrXgsf] k|of]u u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] zL/laGb' / rGb|laGb'sf] k|of]udf;fjwfg gx'Fbf o; k|:sf/sf q'l6
b]lvPsf 5g\ . To:tf q'l6x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt ¿kdf tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !#
sFz xF; cf+k ;F:sf/ ;F/If0f
/f+uf] cf+vf cf]F6 lk+8fn' e}F;L

38
 dflysf] tflnsfdf zL/laGb' / rGb|laGb' ;DaGwL q'l6x¿nfO{ dfq cWoog ubf{
ljBfyL{x¿n] ;xL ¿k k|of]u gu/L cGo lrXgsf] k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . zL/laGb'sf] k|of]u
ug'{kg]{ 7fpFdf rGb|laGb'sf] k|of]u ug{] %! k|ltzt / rGb|laGb' k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 7fpFdf zL/laGb'
k|of]u ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ %! k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .

$=$=!@ xnGt / chGt ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f

xn\ eg]sf] Jo~hg / ch\ eg]sf] :j/ xf] . cGTodf :j/ x'g] zAbnfO{ chGt / Jo~hg
x'g] zAbnfO{ xnGt elgG5 . g]kfnL efiffsf zAbx¿sf] pRrf/0fsf] qmddf zAbsf] cGTosf
Jo~hg j0f{ cfP xnGt - \ _ k|of]u ul/G5 eg] zAbsf] cGTodf :j/ j0f{ cfP chGt - f _ g}
n]lvG5 . xnGtnfO{ g]kfnL v'§ sf6\g] / chGtnfO{ v'§f gsf6\g] klg elgG5 . pRrf/0fsf
cfwf/df xnGt 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ ePsfn] ljBfyL{x¿n] ;xL pRrf/0f ug{ g;Sbf o; If]qdf q'l6
ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L xnGt / chGtnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] d"n cfwf/ pRrf/0f xf] . ljBfyL{x¿n]
g]kfnL efiffdf xnGt n]lvg] 7fpFdf chGt / chGt n]lvg] 7fpFdf xnGt n]v]/ q'l6 u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . xnGt / chGt ;DaGwL q'l6x¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt tflnsfdf b]vfOPsf] 5 M

tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !$
x'G5g\ k9\5g\ dxfg eljiot >Ldfg\
bofjfg\ ;dfh\ ;+:sf/ ;+/If0f lstfa

dflysf] tflnsfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ sIff ( df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿n] xnGt n]Vg'kg]{
7fpFdf chGt n]v/]/ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . lbPsf !) zAbdf #( k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] q'l6 u/]sf
5g\, ^! k|ltztn] q'l6 u/]sf 5}gg\ . To:t} chGtsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{df xnGt n]v]/ %% k|ltzt
ljBfyL{x¿n] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] $% k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] q'l6 u/]sf] 5}gg\ . xnGt /
chGtsf] k|of]u ;DaGwL lgod / 1fgsf] cefj, sltko zAbx¿sf] pRrf/0fdf v'§f sfl6Psf]
pRrf/0f x'g] k|j[lQn] ubf{ q'l6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf q'l6nfO{ d"Nofª\sg ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{
j0f{;DaGwL 1fgsf] ;'wf/ x'g] b]lvG5 .

39
$=$=!# kbof]u / kbljof]u ;DaGwL q'l6
zAbx¿nfO{ hf]8]/ n]Vg'nfO{ …kbof]uÚ / zAbx¿nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ n]Vg'nfO{ …kbljof]u
ÚelgG5 . kbof]u / ljof]unfO{ ;xL 9ª\un] k|of]u ug{ g;s]df eGg vf]h]sf] d"n cfzosf] cy{
cs}{ nfUg ;S5 . h:t} M– …k9\of]Úsf] cy{ k9\g] sfd u¥of] eGg] a'lemG5 eg] – …k9\ of]Ú sf] cy{
of] ljifo k9 eGg] x'G5 .
To:t} …/fdn] u'lnof] vfof]Ú n]Vbf o;sf] cy{ /fdn] u'lnof] kbfy{ vfof] eGg] x'G5 eg]
…/fdn] u' lnof] vfof]Ú eGbf o;n] s'g} lb;f hgfpg] j:t' vfof] eGg]
a'lemG5 . pRrf/0f ;dfg ;'lgg] zAb eP/ klg kbof]u / kbljof]usf sf/0fn] cy{df
k"0f{¿kdf km/s b]lvg'n] gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ x'Fbf o;nfO{ 7Ls 9ª\un] k|of]u ug'{ k5{, cGoyf
cy{df leGgtf kfOG5 .

tflnsf ;ª\Vof – !%
kbof]u kbljof]u
ljBfno ufpF n] /fdsf nflu
;Dd 3/ dfly 3/b]lv d'lg
lxhf] b]lv ltdL n] gbLn] jufof]
hGd e"ld kf]v/f af6 ePklg O{Zj/sflglDt
d ;Fu d nfO{ ltdLg} hfp
cfgL afgL p; sf] efOsfnflu
sfd n] To;eGbfcl3

dflysf] tflnsfaf6 kbof]u ;DaGwL q'l6x¿nfO{ dfq ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;fd'bflos

ljBfno / ;+:yfut ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿sf] n]vfO :t/df leGgtf eP klg cf}iftdf ##
k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] kbof]u ug'{kg]{df kbljof]u u/]/ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] ^& k|ltzt
ljBfyL{x¿n] kbof]u ;DaGwL q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} kbljof]u ;DaGwL ljelQm / gfdof]uL
klbsf lgkftx¿ k"0f{ jf]ws lqmofkbx¿ cflbdf kbljof]u ug'{ kg]{df kbof]u u/]/ q'l6 u/]sf

40
5g\ . kbof]u / kbljof]u ;DaGwL q'l6 ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿nfo{ j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t
lgodx¿sf] cWoog u/fP/ cEof; ug{ nufpFbf q'l6x¿df ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] blvG5 .

$=% ;f/f+z
dfWoflds tx sIff g}df ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut ljBfnodf sIff ( df cWoog/t
ljBfyL{x¿n] efiff l;Sg] qmddf u/]sf q'l6x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L x|:jbL3{ ;DaGwL
q'l6 cf}iftdf %% k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf 5g\ eg] $% k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] x|:jbL3{
;DaGwL %! k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] $( k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] z÷;÷if
;DaGwL q'l6 u/]sf 5}gg\ . a÷j ;DaGwL q'l6nfO{ x]bf{ $^ k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] q'l6 u/]sf
5g\ eg] %$ k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] q'l6 u/]sf 5}gg\ . o÷P ;DaGwL q'l6nfO{ z]bf{ o n]Vg'kg]{ P
n]v]/ q'l6 ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ $^ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\] eg] P n]Vg] 7fpFdf o n]v]/ q'l6 ug]{ ljBfyL{
%$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5g\ . 1÷UoF ;DaGwL q'l6nfO{ x]bf{ 1 n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf UoF n]v]/ q'l6 ug]{
ljBfyL{x¿ ^) k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] UoF n]Vg' kg]{ 7fpFdf 1 n]v]/ q'l6 ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ $^
k|ltzt ePsf] kfOG5 . C / l/ j0f{sf] k|of]u ubf{ ljBfyL{x¿ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . C n]Vg'kg]{
7fpFdf l/ n]Vg] ljBfyL{x¿ %$ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] l/ n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf C n]Vg] ljBfyL{x¿
$^ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .
g]kfnL efiffdf If n]Vg' kg]{ 7fpFdf 5 n]v]/ ^! k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\
eg] 5 sf] 7fpFdf If n]v]/ #( k|ltztn] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . k~rd j0f{sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 7fpFdf
lz/laGb' n]v]/ q'l6 ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ ^! k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] #( k|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿n]
k~rdj0f{ ;DaGwL q'l6 u/]sf 5}gg\ . lz/laGb' k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ 7fpFdf rGb|laGb' k|of]u u/]/ q'l6
ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ %% k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] rGb|laGb' n]lvg' kg]{ 7fpFdf zL/laGb' n]v]/ q'l6ug]{
ljBfyL{x¿ $% k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .
ljBfyL{x¿n] xnGtsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 7fpFdf chGt k|of]u u/L ^! k|ltztn] q'l6 u/]sf
5g\ eg] chGt n]Vg'kg]{ 7fpFdf chGt n]v]/ #( k|ltztn] q'l6 u/]sf] kfOG5 . kbof]u
ug'{kg]{df kbljof]u u/]/ #$ k|ltztn] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] kb ljof]usf] 7fpFdf kbof]u u/]/
^^ k|ltztn] ljBfyL{n] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ .

41
 cGTodf To:tf q'l6 x'g'sf] d'Vo saf/0f ;DaGwL 1fg eP/ klg Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{
g;Sg' dfqf j0f{ cflbsf] k|of]udf cNdlng' z'4 pRrf/0fsf] cefj jz]if u/L bf];|f] efiffsf]
¿kdf g]kfnL af]Ng]x¿df of] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} Ps j0f{sf] ;§fdf csf]{ j0f{sf] k|of]u
ubf{ cy{ km/s x'G5 eGg] s'/f yfxf gx'g' / n]vg cEof;sf] sdL cflb sf/0fn] q'l6 ePsf]
b]lvG5 / lgoldt cEof; u/fpFb} lzIf0f u/]df ljBfyL{x¿df pko"{Qm Jofs/0fsf sf]l6x¿df
j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6nfO{ ;Rofpg ;lsG5 .

42
 kl/R5]b M kfFr
;f/f+z, lgisif{ / pkof]lutf

%=! ;f/f+z
efiff lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df q'l6 ljZn]if0fsf] k|f/De ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf ePsf]
xf] . lzIffyL{n] efiff l;Sg] qmddf q'l6 ub{5 . tL q'l6x¿ s] sf/0fn] x'G5g\ < efiff l;Sg]
l;sf¿n] s:tf q'l6x¿ ub{5g\ < egL q'l6x¿sf] cWoog÷JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/L q'l6sf]
k|s[lt cg';f/ ;dfwfg vf]Hg] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ q'l6 ljZn]if0f xf] .
e/tk'/ gu/kflnsfsf ^ j6f ljBfnodf sIff gf}df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] k|of]u
ug]{ j0f{ljGof;df s]lGb|t /xL tL ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6x¿ klxrfg u/L
ljZn]if0f ug'{ g} o; zf]wkqsf] d"ne"t ;d:of /x]sf] 5 .
zf]wsfo{df p2]Zosf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . p2]Zo lagfsf] cWoogn] ljifoj:t'nfO{
;fy{stf lbg g;Sg] ePsfn] h'g;'s} ljifosf] cWoog klg p2]ZonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ cufl8
a9fOPsf] x'G5 .
k|:t't cg';Gwfgsf qmddf k|ydtM cg';Gw]o ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt kIfx¿sf af/]df
lglZrt k|ZgfjnL tof/ kf/L cGtlq{mof ul/Psf] 5 . cfjZos k/]sf cj:yfdf zf]wkq,
kqklqsfx¿nfO{ klg ;fdu|L ;ª\sngsf nflu ;|f]t agfOPsf] 5 .
efiff lzIf0fsf] ;Gbe{df q'l6 ljZn]if0f gofF k4lt xf] . q'l6 ljZn]if0fn] efiff lzIf0fsf
qmddf cGo k4ltsf t'ngfdf a9L dxŒj kfPsf] kfOG5 . ljBfyL{n] sxfF q'l6 ub{5g\ / q'l6
lg/fs/0fsf nflu s] s:tf ljlw / tl/sf ckgfpFbf lzIf0f pknlAwd"ns x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{
o;n] dxŒj lbPsf] 5 .
j0f{ljGof; n]Vo efiff;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . efiffsf n]Vo÷sYo÷pRrfo{÷>Jo b'O{ e]bdWo]
n]Vo e]beGbf sYo÷pRrfo{÷>Jo ¿k g} k|wfg b]lvP tfklg n]Vo efiffnfO{ lnlk jf n]Vo
lrXgsf ¿kdf u|x0f ul/G5 . ;dfgWjlg ;d"xnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ efiffsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf]
PsfOnfO{ j0f{ elgG5 / o;n] zAbdf /x]/ cy{df leGgtf NofpF5 .
dfqf nufot efiffdf k|of]u x'g] j0f{x¿ j0f{ ljGof;n] to u/]sf lglZrt lgod /
kl/lweGbf aflx/ /x]/ k|of]u x'g'nfO{ j0f{ ljGof;sf] q'l6 If]q elgG5 . o:tf q'l6x¿ sxfFaf6 /
s;/L x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufO{ cEof; ug{] u/fpg] ugf{n] pQm q'l6df sdL cfpg ;S5 .

43
o; cWoogsf qmddf dfqf …zÚ, …ifÚ, …;Ú, …oÚ, …PÚ, …aÚ, …jÚ / …cf]Ú, …CÚ / …l/Ú, …IfÚ / …5]Ú
nufot jfSo u7g tyf kbof]u ;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

%=@ lgisif{
efiff dfgjLo cg'ej tyf ljrf/sf] cleJolQm xf] . t/ efiffsf sYo Pjd\ n]Vo
¿kdf k|z:t q'l6x¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . efiff lzIf0fdf b]vf kg]{ q'l6x¿sf] cWoog ug{, q'l6sf]
vf]hL u'g{ ;lhnf] s'/f xf] . efiffdf /x]sf q'l6x¿ lg/fs/0fsf pkfo atfpg eg] Tolt
;lhnf] 5}g To;}n] efiff lzIf0fsf] qmddf To:tf q'l6x¿ ;a} txdf b]vf kb{5g\ . To;}df klg
lgDg dfWoflds txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ z'4;Fu efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] agfpg]
p2]Zo kf7\oqmdn] lnPsf] eP tfklg j0f{ ljGof;sf q'l6x¿nfO{ laNs'n} lgjf/0f ug{ t ;Dej
b]lvb}g t/ a9L cEof; / pko'Qm lzIf0fljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ efiffsf] k|ofudf /x]sf
q'l6x¿nfO{ sd ug{ eg] cjZo ;lsG5 . o; cWoogsf qmddf klg ljBfyL{x¿af6 n]vg
cleJolQmdf j0f{ ljGof;;DaGwL cWoog ubf{ Pp6} :yfg / efiffsf Pp6} kIf;Fu ;DalGwt
q'l6 geP/ ljljw kIf;Fu ;Da4 q'l6x¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . o:tf q'l6x¿ ljljw If]qsf b]lvPsfn]
ltgLx¿nfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
! efiffdf k|of]u ePsf dfqf;DaGwL q'l6nfO{ cWoog ubf{ zAbflb, zAbdWo / zAbfGt
tLg} :yfgdf q'l6 ePsf] 5 t/ Pp6} cg'kftdf eg] q'l6 ePsf] 5}g . oL q'l6nfO{
cWoog ubf{ 7]6 g]kfnL efiffsf zAbx¿sf] cg'kftdf tT;d / cfuGt's ;|f]tsf
zAbdf a9L q'l6 u/]sf 5g] eg] ljBfyL{x¿af6 Osf/sf] t'ngfdf psf/sf] k|of]udf
sd q'l6 ePsf] kfOG5 .
@= q'l6sf] cWoogs} qmddf j0f{ ljGof;sf q'l6 z,if,/ ; sf] k|of]udf klg ljBfyL{x¿n]
;a} …;Ú sf] k|of]udf Ps}gf;sf] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ eg] df]6f] …zÚ sf] k|of]udf kftnf] …;Ú
sf t'ngfdf a9L q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} u/L k]6lr/] …ifÚ sf] k|of]udf …;Ú / …zÚ sf
t'ngfdf a9L q'l6 u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
#= g]kfnL efiffsf] …oÚ / …PÚ :j/ sf]dn tfn'af6 pRrf/0f x'g] ePsfn] logLx¿sf qmddf
eg] j}slNks ¿kdf …oÚ sf :yfgdf P / o] sf] k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t} u/L …PÚ
sf :yfgdf …oÚ sf] k|of]u u/L j0f{ ljGof;Lo q'l6 u/]s]f

44
 e]l6G5 . oL b'j} j0f{nfO{ j}slNks ¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ sf/0fn] k|foM a/fa/} q'l6 u/]sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 .
$= g]kfnL efiffdf /x]sf …aÚ / …jÚ j0f{sf] k|of]u sYo / n]Vo ¿kd} km/s /x]sf] eP
tfklg tT;d zAbdf eg] n]Vbf …jÚ n]lvg] t/ pRrf/0f ubf{ …aÚ pRrf/0f ug]{ k/Dk/f
/x]sfn] h:tf] af]lnG5 To:t} n]lvG5 . o;af6 j0f{ ljGof;ut q'l6 ePsf] kfOG5 .
%= j0f{ ljGof;Lo q'l6sf] csf]{ kIf …IfÚ / …5Ú sf] k|of]udf b]lvPsf] 5 . tT;d zAbsf]
k|of]udf …IfÚ j0f{sf] cTolws k|of]u kfOG5 eg] cGo cfuGt's j0f{df …5Ú / …5]Ú h:tf
j0f{sf] k|of]un] ljBfyL{x¿n] …IfÚ sf] k|of]u x'g'kg]{ :yfgdf …5Ú / …5]Ú sf] k|of]u u/]sf
kfOPsf] 5 .
^= …1Ú j0f{sf] k|of]usf] If]qdf klg pko'{Qm adf]lhd UofF / UoF sf] k|of]u u/L q'l6 u/]sf
5g\ . eg] UofF, / UoF k|of]u x'g'kg]{ zAbdf …1Ú / …UofFÚ sf] k|of]u u/]/ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ .
&= …CÚ / …l/Ú sf] k|of]udf klg ljBfyL{x¿n] q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . lgod / kof{Kt cEof;sf
sf/0fn] ubf{ …CÚ sf] k|of]u ug]{ 7fpFdf …l/Ú sf] k|of]u u/]/ / …l/Ú sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{
7fpFdf …CÚ sf] k|of]u u/]/ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ . t'ngfTds ¿kdf x]bf{ …CÚ sf] k|of]udf
eGbf …l/Ú sf] k|of]udf a9L q'l6 u/]sf] kfOG5 .
*= g]kfnL efiffsf k~rjif{, lz/ljGb', gfl;So Wjlg / rGb|ljGb'sf] k|of]udf klg
ljBfyL{x¿af6 q'l6 ePsf 5g\ . lz/ljGb'sf] :yfgdf st} k~rd j0f{sf] k|of]u ug]{
tT;d zAbsf j0f{ ljGof; ut lgod g]kfnL efiffdf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . rGb|ljGb'sf]
k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 7fpFdf lz/ljGb'sf] / lz/ljGb'sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 7fpFdf rGb|ljGb'sf] k|of]u
u/]/ q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ .
(= g]kfnL efiffdf b]lvPsf j0f{ ljGof;ut q'l6 If]q dWo]sf] Ps kIf chGt / xnGt klg
xf] . g]kfnL efiffsf s]xL zAbx¿sf] pRrf/0fdf af]Nbf xnGt / n]Vbf chGt -sfn,
eft, snd cflb_ n]Vg] j0f{ ljGof;sf] lgod /x]sf] 5 eg] xnGtsf] :yfgdf cflb /
dfWodf em'08fpg] rngn] ubf{ klg ljBfyL{x¿ s'g 7fpFdf v'§f sf6\g] / s'g 7fpFdf
em'08fpg] egL cNdlnPsf] kfOG5 .

45
!)= j0f{ ljGof;sf] csf]{ q'l6 If]qsf] ¿kdf kbof]u / kb ljof]u;DaGwL q'l6 ePsf] kfOG5
. efiffdf /x]sf kbx¿ kbof]u / kb ljof]u;DaGwL lgodsf] 1fg / cEof;sf] cefjdf
kbof]u x'g'kg]{ zAb kb ljof]u / kb ljof]u x'g'kg]{ zAb kbof]u u/L q'l6 u/]sf 5g\ .
!!= ;dli6ut ¿kdf eGg'kbf{ g]kfnL efiffsf ljljw If]qdf j0f{ ljGof;n] cfˆg} lgod /
Joj:yfsf] ls6fg u/]sf] kfOG5 t/ k|of]u eg] st} Ps j0f{sf] :yfgdf csf]{ j0f{sf]
k|of]u, st} x|:j bL3{, dfqf -Osf/ psf/_ sf sf/0fn] klg q'l6 ePsf] kfOG5 . efiff
l;sfO / o;sf] cleJolQmsf qmddf /x]sf pQm q'l6x¿sf] lgjf/0f g} x'g sl7g 5 t/
pko'Qm lzIf0f sfo{snfk / ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ cEof; u/]df bIf / cg'ejL lzIfssf]
;xfotfaf6 pQm q'l6x¿nfO{ efiff lzIf0fsf] tNnf] txb]lv g} sd ub}{ n}hfg ;lsG5 .

%=# pkof]lutf
g]kfnL efiffsf ljljw If]qdf w]/} lsl;dsf q'l6x¿ x'g] ub{5g\ . tL ;a} k|sf/sf
q'l6x¿nfO{ Ps} k6sdf l;sfpg ;lsFb}g / ;Dej klg 5}g . To:tf j0f{ ljGof;sf
q'l6x¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf] qmdd} ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ To:tf zAbsf] dfqf lxHh] l;sfpg' k5{ h'g zAb
ljBfyL{x¿n] kl9;s]sf 5g\ . To:tf q'l6x¿sf af/]df ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' cfjZos
b]lvG5 . lzIf0fsf qmddf k|To]s kf7df cfpg] gofF zAbx¿sf] lxHh]k|lt ;r]t u/fpg'sf ;fy}
gofF zAbx¿sf] Vofn ug]{ afgL a;fNg pgLx¿nfO{ sfnf]kf6Ldf n]v]/ atfpg] jf
kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf To:tf zAbx¿k|lt ;r]t u/fpg' klg cfjZos 5 . ljBfyL{x¿n] j0f{
ljGof;df s], s:tf q'l6x¿ ub{5g\ tL q'l6x¿sf vf;vf; If]q s]–s] x'g\ < To; ;DaGwdf
lzIfsn] j0f{ ljGof; l;sfpFbf pko'Qm dfqfdf Wofg lbg ;Sg'k5{ .
eflifs z'4tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu q'l6x¿sf] lg/fs/0f / :t/Ls/0f ul/g' k5{ . efiffdf
:t/Ls/0fs]f cy{ efiffsf] n]Vo Pjd\ sYo k|of]udf ;j{Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{
xf] . g]kfnL efiffdf :t/Ls/0f eGgfn] efiffnfO{ k|of]u ul/g] z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs, sfg'gL,
;~rf/, lj1fkg / k|ljlw If]qdf dfWodx¿df k|of]usf nflu g]kfnL j0f{ ljGof;df Ps¿ktf
sfod ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ o;n] ;ª\s]t ub{5 . g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ljleGg efudf leGbfleGb}
lsl;dn] k|of]u ul/g] x'Fbf j0f{ ljGof; klg km/s x'g uPsf] kfOG5 . To:t} u/]/ efiffsf]

46
pRrfo{ ¿knfO{ h:tfsf] t:t} lnlkdf ptfg{ g;lsg] x'gfn] klg j0f{ ljGof;df km/s kg{
hfG5 . To:t} sf/0fn] k|fylds / lgDg dfWolds tx efiff lzIf0fsf] cfwf/ tx eP tfklg
o; txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿n] efiffsf ljljw If]qdf leGbfleGb} lsl;dsf q'l6x¿ u/]sf
5g\ . pgLx¿df b]vf k/]sf q'l6x¿nfO{ sd ug{sf nflu o; cWoogsf qmddf s]xL
;'emfjx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
!= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lzIf0fsf qmddf kf7 k9fO;s]kl5 kf7df /x]sf ljleGg lsl;dsf j0f{
ljGof;;daGwL q'l6 x'g;Sg] zAbx¿ lnO{ sIffdf ;d"x ljefhg u/]/ k|To]s
;d"xaf6 s–s;n] z'4 n]Vg ;S5g\ ;f]wL sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg nfupg] / tL zAbx¿
z'4 zAbsf] k|of]u ePdf cÍ k|bfg ug]{ u/L cfsif{s lsl;dn] lzIf0f u/fpg] /
ljBfyL{af6 q'l6 b]lvPdf lzIfsn] ;RrfO{ l;Sg] df}sf k|bfg ubf{ q'l6nfO{ sd ub}{
lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
@= kf7df k|o'Qm ePsf q'l6;Fu ;DalGwt zAbx¿nfO{ lzIfsn] ;ª\sng u/L sfnf]kf6Ldf
k6s k6s cEof; ug{ nufpgfn] q'l6sf] lg/fs0f ug{ ;lsG5 . n]v]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
jfSodf k|of]u ug{ nufpg] / kfn}kfnf] k9]/ ;'gfpg eGg] / 7Ls k|of]u u/]df wGojfb
lbg] sfo{ ubf{ q'l6nfO{ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . q'l6 u/]df lzIfsn] jfSodf k|of]u ul/lbg] /
k'gM cEof; ug{ nufpg ljlw klg o;sf] csf]{ kIff xf] . o;af6 ljBfyL{x¿n] zAbdf
/x]sf j0f{ Pjd\ dfqfsf] Vofn ug]{ cj;/ kfpF5g\ . o;af6 k|o'Qm zAbk|lt
ljBfyL{x¿n] cEof; ug]{ / q'l6 36fpg] jf kl/lrt x'g] df}sf kfpF5g\ .
#= lzIfsn] kf7 lzIf0fkl5 hl6n lxHh] b]lvPsf zAbx¿nfO{ /]vfÍg u/L sfnf]kf6Ldf
jfSo agfO{ b]vfpg] / pQm zAbx¿nfO{ t'?Gt d]6L k'gM ljBfyL{x¿af6 To; zAbnfO{
n]Vg nufO{ zAbn]vg;DaGwL cEof; u/fpgfn] q'l6 sd x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
$= kbof]u / kb ljof]u lzIf0f ubf{ lzIfsn] sfnf]kf6Ldf n]vL ljBfyL{af6 zAbsf cy{
eGg nufpg] / jfSodf k|of]u ug{ nufpg] clg ljBfyL{x¿af6 cy{ / jfSo k|i6 /
7Ls ePdf wGojfb lbg] k|lqmofaf6 klg q'l6sf] dfqf sd x'g ;S5 . ;d"x ljefhg
u/L z'4 n]Vg] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ cÍ k|bfg ubf{ u/]df a9L /f]rs / ljBfyL{x¿ ;lqmo x'b}
hfg] tyf zAbsf] Vofn ug]{ afgL lgdf{0f x'G5 .

47
%= zAb lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf cfwf/df pk;u{ / k|Toosf] k|of]u u/L Osf/ / psf/ cg';f/
zAbdf klg lxHh] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ lgodsf] hfgsf/L /fvL o;k|sf/sf kf7df /x]sf
zAbx¿ ;Íng u/]/ sfnf]kf6Ldf n]vL lzIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . …O{oÚ k|Too nflu ag]sf
s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo, dfgjLo bL3{ x'G5g\ eg] …cfOÚ k|Tooaf6 lxF8fO, a;fO, k9fO h:tf
zAb aGb5g\ egL lzIf0f ub}{ o:tf !)÷!) zAb n]vL Nofpg u[xsfo{ lbg ;lsG5 .
^= af]Nbf …aÚ af]lng] / n]Vbf …jÚ n]lvg] zAbx¿sf] vf]hL u/]/ Nofpg] eGb} pbfx/0fsf
¿kdf !÷@ zAb sfnf]kf6Ldf n]vL b]vfpg' k5{ . a9L zAb n]Vg] ;d"xnfO{ ljh]tf
3f]if0ff ug]{ lgb]{zg lbgfn] ljBfyL{x¿df o:tf zAbsf] vf]hL ug]{ / zAbk|lt a9L Wofg
hfg x'G5 . …zÚ, …ifÚ, …;Ú, …oÚ / …PÚ tyf …IfÚ, …1Ú sf] lzIf0fdf klg pko{'Qm lgod
cg';f/ lzIf0f ugf{n] ljBfyL{x¿df cfk;df 5nkmn ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 eg]
zAbk|lt a9L Wofg hfg] b]lvG5 .
&= em08} p:t} p:t} lsl;dn] pRrf/0f x'g] zAb ;Dej eP;Dd pQm txsf]
kf7\ok':tsaf6 ;ª\sng u/L sfnf]kf6Ldf n]Vg] / ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k9\g nufpg'
k5{ . lzIfsn] klg tL zAbx¿ ;:j/ pRrf/0f u/L ;'gfpg' k5{ . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
kf7\ok':tsaf6 ;ª\sng ug{ u[xsfo{ lbgfn] klg o:tf zAbdf b]lvg] j0f{ ljGof;
;DaGwL q'l6sf] sdL x'g'sf] ;fy} zAbk|Lt a9L Vofn ug]{ afgLsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 .
*= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kf7sf] s'g} cg'R5]b cg'n]vg ug{ nufP/ klg k|i6 /fd|f cIf/ agfpg]
/ z'4 zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ sfddf ;d]t ;xof]u x'g] b]lvG5 .
(= ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿s} kf7\ok':tsaf6 kl9;s]sf] kf7af6 zAb ;ª\sng u/L lxHh]
n]Vg nufpg] / cfk;df ;d"x ;f6]/ sfkL hfFRg nufpg] / kl5 lzIfsn] sfnf]kf6Ldf
n]vL b]vfpg] ugf{n] zAbk|lt a9L Wofg hfg] x'G5 .
!)= bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiff cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿df dft[efiffsf] k|efj kg]{ x'bfF
a9L dfqfdf cEof; u/fpg' ;fGble{s x'G5 h;n] ubf{ g]kfnL efiffdf x'g] q'l6x¿nfO{
sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
!!= efifflzIf0fsf nflu bIf lzIfssf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljBfnox¿df g]kfnL ljifo
h;n] k9fP klg x'G5 eGg] efjgf /x]sf] x'G5 / g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf nflu tflnd
ck|fKt JolQmnfO{ efifflzffIfssf ¿kdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] dfgl;stfn] ubf{

48
 klg g]kfnL efiffdf a9L q'l6 b]lvPsf] xf] . o;sf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu dft[efiffsf ¿kdf
g]kfnL efiffdf bIf Pjd\ tflnd k|fKt JolQmnfO{ dfq lzIfs agfpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
!@= tflnd k|fKt lzIfsnfO{ ;do ;dodf uf]i7L tyf ;]ldgf/x¿df ;xefuL agfO{ tyf
efiffljb\ Pjd\ ljz]ifqx¿sf] /fo ;Nnfxåf/f ;d:of ;dfwfgsf plrt k|aGw ldnfpg'
/fd|f] x'G5 .
!#= sIff gf} df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] j0f{ljGof;df ug{] q'l6x¿ cTolws /x]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ o:tf] l:yltnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{' ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 . o; k|s[ltsf q'l6x¿
Pp6} ;fgf] k|of; / Pp6} ljsNkaf6 dfq ug{] ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g .
ljBfno:t/df efiff l;sfOsf b[li6n] cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff k|fKt eO;s]sf] / cfwf/e"t
tx kf/ ul/;s]/ pRr lzIffsf] åf/df k|j]z ug{] tof/L ul//fv]sf] cj:yf xf] . ctM
ljBfnosf tNnf sIffx¿b]lv g} efiff l;sfOsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff ljlw, k|ljlw /
k4ltsf] cjnDag u/L lzIf0f l;sfOnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{] k|of; ug{'k5{ .
!$= efiff l;Sbf ljBfyL{x¿n] k|z:t q'l6 ug{] / To;sf] Go'gLs/0f ub{} n}hfg] k|lqmof
:jfefljs 5 . t/ o:tf] l:ylt ljBfnosf] k|fylds txdf ;xh / :jfefljs b]lvG5 .
sIff gf};Dd To:t} cGof]nk"0f{ l:ylt b]lvg' c:jfefljs / ;xh g} xf] . To;}n]
dflyNnf sIffdf dfq bz lzIfssf] Joj:yf gu/L tNnf] txb]lv g} o; ljifonfO{
;'Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 .
!%= ljBfyL{x¿ efiff l;Sgsf nflu ;j{k|yd dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf tof/ x'g' kb{5 .
dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf g} efiff / ljifok|lt gsf/fTds efj pTkGg ePsf] l:yltdf
j0f{ljGof;df dfq xf]Og ;du| l;sfO k|lqmofdf g} c:jfefljs c;/ b]vfkg{ ;S5 .
o;sf] k|efj ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfO / pknAwLdf b]lvg' :jfefljs x'G5 . To;}n]
l;sfOsf nflu ;sf/fTds ;f]rssf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . efiff lzIfs tyf
cleefjsx¿n] pQm ljBfyL{nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs 9ª\un] pkrf/ u/L l;sfOdf clek|]l/t
ug{'k5{ .
!^= efiff lzIf0f / cGo ljifo lzIf0fsf] ljlw k|ljlw, k|s[lt / k|of]hgdf Jofks cGt/
kfOG5 . To;}n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] q'l6 Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lzIf0f lqmofsnfk lhDd]jf/
/xG5 . o;sf nflu bIf cg'ejL, tflnd k|fKt lzIfssf] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .

49
!&= efiff lzIf0fdf cEof; tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf] e"ldsf Hofb} dxŒjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 .
j0f{ljGof; klg efiffleqs} ljifo ePsfn] o; ;DaGwL ;fdfGo cjwf/0ff, cEof; /
k[i7kf]if0fsf] lg/Gt/ cfjZostf kl//xG5 . o;tkm{ l;sf? / lzIfs b'j} ;r]ttfk"j{s
nfUg'k5{ .
!*= ;do ;dodf j0f{ljGof;df x'g] kl/jt{gn] ljBfyL{df låljwf x'g uO{ j0f{ljGof;sf
If]qdf w]/} ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . o;}n] o;sf nflu :ki6 gLltsf] cfjZos 5 .
!(= ;do ;dodf kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g u/]/ kl/jlt{t tyf kl/dflh{t kf7\oqmd cg';f/sf
ljifoj:t'nfO{ lzIf0f ug{] ;Gbe{df ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 lzIfsnfO{ cled'vLs/0f
tflnd lbg'k5{ .
@)= kf7\oqmd kl/jt{g x'Fbf dfWolds tx;Ddsf ;a} sIffdf Ps}rf]l6 kl/jt{g u/L
kl/jlt{t lgodx¿ nfu" ug{' k5{ .
@!= bIf, of]Uo tyf tflnd k|fKt lzIfsn] sIffdf cWoog u/fpFbf ;:j/ jfrg >'ltn]vg,
cg'n]vg, jfbljjfb, k|Zgf]Q/ sIff sfo{ cfsl:ds k/LIff cflb ljleGg lgdf{0ffTds
k|ljlwaf6 /f]rstfsf ;fy lzIf0f ug{ ;S5g\ . To;y{ o;nfO{ ;'wfg{ ;DalGwt ljifo
lzIfssf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kb{5 .
cGTodf eGg'kbf{ of] Pp6f ;fgf] cWoog xf] . o; cWoogdf lglZrt If]qsf ;d:ofdf
s]lGb|t eP/ tL ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu sIff cf7df cWoog ug]{ b'O{cf]6f ;fj{hlgs
ljBfno / b'O{cf]6f lghL ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿n] j0f{ ljGof;sf txsf] v'8\lsnf] kf/ ubf{ j0f{
ljGof;;DaGwL s]–s:tf sdLsdhf]/L ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ / ltgLx¿sf] z}Ifl0fs u'0f:t/
j[l4sf nflu j0f{ ljGof;sf ljleGg If]qdf ;xof]u k|fKt x'g';Sg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .

50
 kl/lzi6

!= tn lbOPsf zLif{sx¿ dWo] s'g} Ps ljifodf !%) zAb g36fO lgaGw n]v .
s_ ufO{ v_ d]/f] ljBfno
@= s'g} Ps zLif{sdf !)) zAb g36fO{ syf n]v .
s_ sfn' / af3 v_ v/fof] / s5'jf
#= x|:j Osf/, O{sf/ ePsf zAb . -%÷% zAb _
– lbofnf], lxdfn, lunf;, lkª, lutf/, l;/s, ls;fg, l;+x
– 38L, gbL, lkkn, 5ftL, ;f/L, 6Lsf, ltlyldlt, jl/kl/, gfgL
$= psf/, pmsf/ ePsf zAb n]v . -!)÷!)_
– k'tnL, pv', d'nf, :ofp, uh'/, af]nfpm, w"k, b'wfn', ?v
– d'/nL, b'uf{k"hf, k"j{b"t, d"lt{, d"nL, pku|x, s's'/, ;k"t
%= z, if, ; k|of]u ePsf] zAb n]v . *÷* zAb
if6sf]0f, cleif]s, ;nfx, ;x/, zª\s/, zf:q, zLif{s,z/L/, lzIf0f, ;kgf, ;xof]u,
;dLIff, z]if, zf]ifs, zf]lift, if8/;, if8u'0f, if8bz{g, if8fgGb, ;Ifd, ;u/, ;wjf .
^= a / j j0f{sf] k|of]u ePsf] zAb n]v . %÷% zAb
asfOgf], jlsn, ao/, abfd, a;, an, ao]nL, al/oft,ljZjf;, ljZj]Zj/, ljZjzflGt,
ljifd, ljifo, ljjfx
&= k~rd j0f{ k|of]u ePsf] zAb n]v . %÷% zAb
uª\uf, rª\uf, /ª\u, kª\lQm, gfª\uf], k~r, k~rfd[t, u'~hg, d~hg, e~Hofª\u, d08k,
u08uL, u'08f, e08f/, rfd'08f, wGbf, efGbfO, emGsf], em08f, bGsg', kmGsf], eGb},
rDrf, uD5f, pDsg', u|Gy, vDaf, 9\jfDd
*= 5, If, UoF,1, C / l/ j0f{ k|f]u ePsf zAb n]v . -%÷% zAb_
5ftf, 5xf/L, 5fof, 5]j/, 5nkmn, IfqL, If0f, /fIf;, lzIfs, leIff, UofF;, UofFd,
Uof;s]6, lj1fg, k|1fg, lj1fkg, cf1f, l/jg, l/df, l/dlemd, l/n, Clif, Clifk~rdL,
Crf, C0f
(= xnGt / chGt k|of]u ePsf zAb n]v .

51
 x'G5g, k9\5g, dxfg\, eljiot\, >Ldfg\, bofjfg, ljb\jfg, ;dfh, ;/sf/, b]z, pksf/,
dflg;, lstfa, ljgf]b, leq
!)= lz/laGb' / rGb|laGb' nfu]sf zAb n]v . -!)÷!) zAb_
s+z, x+z, cfFk, ;fFrf], cfFvf, bz}F, ;+jfb, ;+;b\, cfFrn, j+z, ;+:sf/, cfF6, /fFuf],
;+:s[t, xfF;, ;+/If0f, sfFrf], lkF8fn'
!!= tnsf jfSox¿nfO{ kbof]u / kbljof]u u/ .
s_ d}n] cfh 3/df w]/} sfd ug'{ 5 .
v_ efOsf nflu ltdLn] s] u¥of} <
u_ xl/ sf] 3/ dfly r/f] a;]sf] 5 .
3_ ;Ltf sf] >L dfg\ a]nfot af6 cfpg' eof] .
ª_ xfdL kf]v/f ;Dd hfG5f} .
r_ g]kfnLx¿sf] hGd e"ld g]kfn g} xf] .
5_ dx]zsf] 3/dfly sfu a;]sf] 5 .
h_ ;Ltf, To;eGbfcl3 kf]v/f uPsL lyO{ .
em_ /f]zgsf] 3/ b]lv leq uLtfsf] 3/ /x]sf] 5 .
`_ d gf/fo0fu9 b]lv kf]v/f ;Dd uPF .
!@= P÷o ;DaGwL q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f
PsLs/0f, oGq, eoklg, n]vfP, Psl;ª\u], P]lR5s, vf]lnPsf, nf]slk|o, ozf]w/f, Pp6f
.
!#= zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg ug{] qmddf gd'gf 5gf]6 :j¿k lnOPsf ljBfno / ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
qm=;+= ljBfno ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof
!= kf]n/:6f/ df=lj=, uf}/Lu~h !)
@= :6]k afO :6]k O{= :s'n, z/bk'/ !)
#= e[s'6L cf=df=lj=, gf/fo0fu9 !)
$= z/bk'/ df=lj=, uf}/Lu~h !)
%= s[i0fk'/ df=lj=, s[i0fk'/ !)
^= k|]dj:tL p=df=lj=, s[i0fk'/ !)

52
 ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;"rL

clwsf/L, x]dfª\u/fh -@)^)_, g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f, t];|f] ;+:s/0f, sf7df8f}+ M s'~hg k|sfzg
.
 -@)^%_, ;fdflhs / k|fof]lus efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M /Tgk':ts e08f/ .
cfrfo{, ;"o{/fh -@)^*_, lrtjg lhNnf dª\unk'/ uf=lj=;= cGtu{tsf sIff cf7df
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{] j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6x¿sf] cWoog,
ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, lq=lj=, afns'df/L sn]h .
vgfn, sljtf -@)^%_, df]/ª lhNnfsf sIff cf7df cWoog/t yf¿efifL ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{]
j0f{ljGof; ;DaGwL q'l6x¿sf] cWoog, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/
zf]wkq, lq=lj=, ;'s'gf ax'd'vL SofDk;, df]/ª .
lqkf7L, huGgfy -@)#%_, kßsGof SofDk;sf 5fqfx¿sf] g]kfnL Jofs/0f ;DaGwL q'l6x¿sf]
ljZn]if0f, ck|sflzt n3' cg';Gwfg, lq=lj=, dfgljsL tyf
;fdflhs zf:q cWoog ;+:yfg l8gsf] sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ . .
9sfn, zflGtk|;fb -@)^$_, k|fof]lus efiff lj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M z'esfdgf k|sfzg .
9'ª\ufgf, t'n;Lk|;fb -@)^&_, k|of]lus efiff lj1fgsf k|d'v cfofd, sf7df8f}+ M h'lk6/
k|sfzs tyf ljt/s k|f=ln= .
9'ª\u]n, ef]h/fh / b'uf{k|;fb bfxfn -@)^*_, k|fof]lus efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M Pd=s]=
klAn;;{ P08 l8li6«Ao'6;{ .
kf]v/]n afns[i0f / cGo -;Dkf_ -@)$)_, g]kfnL a[xt zAbsf]z, sf7df8f} M g]kfn k|1f
k|lti7fg .
e08f/L, kf/;dl0f -@)%*_, k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf] s]xL kIf, sf7df8f}+ M sf7df8f}+ a's ;]G6/
.
e08f/L, kf/;dl0f, /fdgfy cf]emf / 8f]n/fh cof{n -@)^*_, eflifs cg';Gwfg ljlw,
sf7df8f}+ M lkgfsn klAns]zg
k|f=ln= .
d/x¶f, lzj/fd -@)^@_, yf¿ efifL ljBfyL{x¿n] ug{] j0f{ljGof;ut q'l6sf] ljZn]if0f,
ck|sflzt zf]wkq, dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk;, sf7df8f}+ .

53
ld>, lzjs'df/ -@)^#_, sIff % k'/f u/]sf ;tf/efifL ljBfyL{x¿n] g]kfnL efiff l;sfOdf
ug{] q'l6x¿sf] cWoog, ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, lq=lj=,
g]kfnL efiff lzIff s]Gb|Lo ljefu, sLlt{k'/ .
nD;fn, /fdrGb| -@)$!_, cfjf;Lo / ;fwf/0f ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{sf] g]kfnL jfSo
u7g ;DaGwL t'ngfTds cWoog, ck|sflzt zf]wkq, lq=lj=,
g]kfnL efiff lzIff s]Gb|Lo ljefu, sLlt{k'/ .
nD;fn, /fdrGb|, jf;'b]j uf}td / u0f]z/fh clwsf/L -@)^&_, k|fof]lus efifflj1fg,
sf7df8f}+ M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg
.
l/dfn, l8NnL/fd -@)%$_, g]kfnL lzIf0f, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
zdf{, df]xg/fh -@)%*_, zAb/rgf / j0f{ljGof;, sf7df8f}+ M sf7df8f}+ a's ;]G6/ .
>]i7, s[i0fs'df/L -@)^%_, sIff cf7df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] j0f{ljGof; Ifdtfsf] cWoog,
ck|sflzt :gftsf]Q/ zf]wkq, lq=lj=, g]kfnL efiff lzIff s]Gb|Lo
ljefu, sLlt{k'/ .

54
 JolQmj[Q

gfd M /fh]z 9sfn

hGdldlt M @)#)÷)*÷)@
lktfsf] gfd M b]jLnfn 9sfn
cfdfsf] gfd M xl/snf 9sfn
kTgLsf] gfd M k'ikf 9sfn
7]ufgf M e/tk'/–&, s[i0fk'/, lrtjg
lnË M k'?if
wd{ M lxGb"
/fli6«otf M g]kfnL
;Dks{ g+= M (*$%)**#^@
k];f M lzIfs
sfo{/t ;+:yf M :6]k afO :6]k Oª\ln; :s'n, e/tk'/, lrtjg

lzIff
tx lzIf0f ;+:yf ;fn pQL0f{ >]0fL
P;=Pn=;L= >L gf/fo0fL ljBfdlGb/ p=df=lj=, @)$&÷)$* bf];|f]
lzjgu/, lrtjg
cfO{=P8= >L jL/]Gb| ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)$*–@)%) bf];|f]
e/tk'/, lrtjg
la=P= >L ;Ktu08sL ax'd'vL SofDk;, @)%!–@)%# bf];|f]
e/tk'/, lrtjg
Pd=P8= >L afns'df/L sn]h, @)^%–@)^& bf];|f]
gf/fo0fu9, lrtjg

55