TOPİC I
ALGEBRA FULL NOTES
1.1. SEQUENCES SERIES
ÎÎ BASICS: There are two main types of sequence:
ARİTMETHIC: add by d each term. E. G: 1, 4, 7, 10, ...
GEOMETRIC: multiply by r each term. E. G: 2, 6, 18, 54, ...
ÎÎ nth TERM: We can an aritmethic sequence using a general term formula (or nth term formula)
ªª ARİTMETHIC: un = u1 + (n – 1)d
term 1st common
number term difference
E.G.: 20th term of –3, –1, 1, 3, 5, ... ?
All formulas in pink
ANS: u1 = –3, n = 20, d = 2 are given in the
So u20 = –3 + (20 – 1) · 2 = –3 + (19 · 2) = 35 formula book.
ªª GEOMETRIC:
un = u1 · r n – 1
You can find this
term 1st by taking any term
(common ratio)n – 1 →
number term and dividing it by
the previous term
E.G: 6th term of 2, 10, 50 ... ?
10
ANS: u1 = 2, n = 6, r = (or 50 ) = 5
2 10
So u6 = 2 · 56 – 1 = 2 · 55 = 2 · 3125 = 6250
3
E.G: 7th term of 12, –6, 3, – , ... ? [common ratio can be a fraction too]
2
6 1
ANS: u1 = 12, n = 7, r = – =– =5
12 2
1 1 12 3
So u7 = 12 · (– )7 – 1 = 12 · = =
2 64 64 16
1
ÎÎ SUM / SERIES
Sn: Sn means u1 + u2 + u3 + ... + un
n
'Sigma' NOTATİON: uk → the sum of all uk's from 1 on n [u1 + u2 + ... + uk]
k =1
ªª ARİTMETHIC SUM: Sn = n (u1 + un) or Sn = n (2u1 + (n – 1)d)
2 2
E.G.: Find sum of 3 + 7 + 11 + 15 + ... to 20 terms.
ANS: n = 20, u1 = 3, d = 4
20
So, u20 = ((2 · 3) + (20 – 1) · 4) = 10 · (6 + 76) = 820 → using 2nd formula
2
E.G.: Find sum of 5 + 8 + 11 + ... + 101
ANS: n = 32, u1 = 5, un = 101
32
So, u32 = (5 + 101) = 16 · (106) = 1696 → using 1st formula
2
u1(rn – 1) u1(1 – rn)
ªª GEOMETRIC SUM: Sn = or Sn =
r–1 r–1
E.G.: Find sum of 2 + 6 + 18 + 54 + ... to 12 terms.
ANS: u1 = 2, r = 3, n = 12
2(312 – 1)
So, u12 = = 531.440 → using 1st formula
3–1
u1
ªª INFINITE GEOMETRIC SUM: Sn = when –1 < r < 1
1–r
1 1 1 1
E.G.: Show 1 + + + + + ... = 2
2 4 8 16
n
ANS: Could be written 1
( )k – 1
k =1 2
1 1 1
r= , u = 1 so = =2
2 1 1 1
1–
2 2
2
1.2. LOGS / EXPONENTIALS
ÎÎ EXPONENTS: The following rules are NOT in the formula booklet.
am · a n = a m + n E.G.1: 54 · 57 = 511
am = a m + n , a ≠ 0
k2
an E.G.2: = k5
k3
(am)n = am · n
E.G.3: 8 · 2t = 23 · 2t = 2t + 3
(ab)n = an · bn
9 32
E.G.4: = 3t = 32 – 3t
n an 27 t 3
(a) = 1
b bn
4 –2 4–2 16 9
a0 = 1 , a ≠ 0 E.G.5: ( ) = –2 = =
3 3 1 16
a–n = 1n 9
a
ÎÎ RATIONAL EXPONENTS: When powers are written as fractions.
1 1 1
3
a 2 = ña a n = nña Also not in formula E.G.1: 8 3 = ñ8 = 2
→
1 m booklet. 2 2
a 3 = 3ña a n = nòam – – 1
E.G.2: 27 3 = (33) 3 = 3–2 =
9
3 3
E.G.3: 16 4 = (24) 4 = 23 = 8
ÎÎ EXPANSION / FACTORİNG: Combine the rules below, and ones above.
E.G.1: 2x · (2x + 1) = 2x · 2x + 2x = 22x + 2x = 4x + 2x
yy a(b + c) = ab + ac
yy (a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd E.G.2: (3x + 2) (3x + 5) = 32x + 7 · 3x + 10
yy (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
E.G.3: 3n + 2 + 3n = 3n (3n + 1)
yy (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
E.G.4: 4x – 25 = (2x + 5) (2x – 5)
yy (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
E.G.5: 20n = 5 ·n4 = 5n
n n n
4 4
ÎÎ EXPONANTIAL EQUATIONS: Use ax = ak, then x = k
E.G.1: 2x = 8 = 2x = 23 , x = 3
E.G.2: 7x + 1 = 343 = 7x + 1 = 73, x + 1 = 3, x = 2
1
E.G.3: 42x + 1 = 81 – x, (22)2x + 1 = (23)1 – x, 24x + 2 = 23 – 3x, 4x + 2 = 3 – 3x, 7x = 1, x =
7
E.G.4: 3 · 2x + 1 = 24, 3 · 2x + 1 = 3 · 23, x + 1 = 3, x = 2
3
ÎÎ LOGARITHMS
GENERAL RULE → If b = ax then x = Logab ın formula booklet
E.G.: 3x = 81, x = Log381 = 4
FIRST RULES → x = Logaax // x = aLogax
1
EG - 1 : Log50.2 = Log5( 5 ) = Log55-1 = -1
1 1
1
EG - 2 : Log2( 2 ) = Log22 2 = -
9
ÎÎ LAWS
In form book
E.G.1: Log5 + Log3 = Log(3x5) = Log15
LogcA + LogcB = Logc(AB)
47
E.G.2: 2Log7 - 3Log2 = Log47 - Log8 = Log
LogcA - LogcB = Logc ( A ) 8
B
nLogcA = Logc(An) E.G.3: 2Log3 + 3 = Log(32) + Log(103) = Log9 + Log1000 = Log9000
E.G.4: LogA = Logb + 2Logc, LogA = LogB + Logc2 = Log(bc2) : A = bc2
NOTE : ' lnx' means Logex (e is the 'natural exponential = 2.718..)
E.G.5: lne2 = Logee2 = 2 //
E.G.6: e2ln3 = eln9 = eLoge9 = 9
ÎÎ 'TALKING LOGS" (of each side)
We use the fact that ıf x = y, then Logx = Logy
EG - 1 : 2x = 30, Log2x = Log30, xLog2 = Log30 , x = Log30
Log2
ÎÎ CHANGE OF BASE
Ln9
Logca E.G.1: Log29 = ≈ 3.17
RULES → Logba = Ln2
Logcb
Log109
OR : ≈ 3.17
Log29
ÎÎ REAL WORLD Q'S
Q : Investment of $ 5000, 5.2% p.a. interest, how long until $20000?
SoL : Segvence of Un = 5000 . (1.052)n-1 , use 20000 = 5000 . (1.052)n-1
Log4
so(1.052)n-1 = 4, log(1052)n-1 = Log4, n - 1 = ≈ 27.3 yrs
Log1.052
4
ÎÎ BINOMIAL EXPANSION
INVESTIGATION
Expand the following → (a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b) = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a + b)3 = (a + b)(a2 + 2ab + b2) = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
MEANING
Binomial expansion refers to the study and analysis of patterns that are created when (a+b)n is expanded, with
any n valve
COEFFICIENTS
These are the constants that multiply each term of the expansion, marked in red in the above examples. We
will look at four methads for finding them
1 Manual expansion
This is what we did above, but this will start to become a difficult task when we get to (a + b)5, and larger n's
2 Pascal's triangle
1
This triangle is created by simply adding
n=1 1 1
the two numbers immediately above :
n=2 1 2 1
EG - 1 : Expand (a+b)5 : We will use the n = 5 row ⇒ n=3 1 3 3 1
= a5 + 5a4b + 10a3b2 + 10a2b3 + 5ab4 + b5 n=4 1 4 6 4 1
n=5 1 5 10 10 5 1
EG - 2 : Find coefficient for the x2 term in expansion of (x + 3)4 n=6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
Here, a = x b = 3 So we use the 5a2b2 term : 6x2(32) = 54x2
3 Factorial formula
n
We can use the notation b l or nCr to represent these cofficients, where n is the power, and r is the position in the expansion
r
(Starting at 0)
n
Then there is a formula : b l = r! (nn-! r) !
r
5
EG - 1 : c m = 3!5!2! = 120
6.2 = 10 ⇒ You can check this by looking at the relevant section of
3
Pascal's triangle
5
4 GDC use
If this is a paper 2 question, you work out this nCr velve by simply finding the nCr button on your GDC
ÎÎ IB QUESTION SOLVING :
You will most likely be asked to find the coefficient of a specific term in an expanion. The coefficient will usually also be mul
tiplied by the br valve as well
NOTE : There are (n +1) terms in the expansion of (a + b)n
NOTE : The 'Binomial Theorem' sums uf the whole expansion
n n
(a + b)n = an + b l an-1 b + ....... + b l an - r br + ..... bn
1 r
EG - 1 : Write the first three terms of (1 + 2x)11
SOL : 11 11
111 + c m 110 (2x)1 + c m 19 (2x)2 = 1 + (11)(1)(2x) + (55)(1)(4x2)
1 2
= 1 + 22x + 220x2
EG - 2 : Write the fouurth term of (2x + 5)15 :
SOL : 15
c m (2x)12 (5)3 = (455)(4096x12)(125) = 232960000x12
3
EG - 3 (IB) : Consider the expansion (x + 3)10
a) Write down the number of terms in this expansion
SOL : 10 + 1 = 11
b) Find the term containing x3 :
SOL : n = 10 , r = 7 c
10
m x3 37 = (120) x3 (2187) = 262440 x3
7
10
EG - 4 (IB) : The 5th term in the expansion of (a + b)n is given by c m p6 (2g)4 :
4
a) Write down the valve of ın : 10
b) Write down a & b : p & 2g
c) Write down an expression for the 6th term :
SOL : c
10
m p5 (2g)5 = (32g5) = 8064 p5 g5
5
