CHAPTER Understanding Quadrilaterals & 3.1 Introduction io} You know that the paper is a model fora plane surface. When you join anumber of LEA points without lifting a pencil from the paper (and without retracing any portion of the drawing other than single points), you get a plane curve. 3.1.1 Convex and concave polygons A simple closed curve made up of only line segments is called a polygon. A Xa Curves that are polygons Curves that are not polygons Here are some convex polygons and some concave polygons. (Fig 3.1) Convex polygons Concave polygons Fig 3.1 Can you find how these types of polygons differ from one another? Polygons that are convex have no portions oftheir diagonals in their exteriors or any line segment joining any ‘wo different points, inthe interior of the polygon, lies wholly in the interior of it. Is this true with concave polygons? Study the figures given. Then try to describe in your own words what we mean by a convex polygon and what we mean by aconcave polygon. Give tworough sketches of each kind. In our work in this class, we will be dealing with convex polygons only. 3.1.2 Regular and irregular polygons regular polygonis both ‘equiangular’ and ‘equilateral’. For example, a square has sides of equal length and angles of equal measure. Hence itis a regular polygon. A rectangle is, Reprint 2024-2522 Bl Marienarics equiangularbut not equilateral. Isarectangle a regular polygon? Isan equilateral triangle a regularpolygon? Why? O Woo CO OQ > Regular polygons Polygons that are not regular [Note: Use of #4 or /: indicates segments of equal length] Inthe previous classes, have you come across any quadrilateral that is equilateral but not equiangular? Recall the quadrilateral shapes you saw in earlier classes— Rectangle, Square, Rhombus te. Isthere a triangle that is equilateral but not equiangular? MEA EXERCISE 3.1 1. Givenhere are some figures. MYO Ol Y @) Classify each of them on the basis of the following. (a) Simplecurve (b) Simpleclosedcurve (©). Polygon (@)_ Convex polygon (©) Concave polygon 2. Whatisa regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of (@ 3sides (i) Asides Gi) Gsides Reprint 2024-25LUnoeRsTaNoING QuADRILATERALS ll 23 3.2 Sum of the Measures of the Exterior Angles of a Polygon On many occasions a knowledge of exterior angles may throw light on the nature of interior angles and sides. DO THIS Draw a polygon on the floor, using a piece of chalk. (In the figure, a pentagon ABCDE is shown) (Fig 3.2). ‘We want to know the total measure of angles, i.c, mZ1+mZ2.+mZ3 +mZ4+mZ5, Start at A, Walk along ZB. Onreaching B, youneed totum through an angle of mZ1, to walk along. BC When you reach at C, you need to turn through an angle of m2 to walk along GD. You continue to move in this manner, until you return to side AB. You would have in fact made one complete turn. Fig 3.2 Therefore, mZ1+mZ2+mZ3+mZ4+mZ5 =360°. This i true whatever be the number of sides of the polygon. Therefore, the sum of the measures of the external angles of any polygon is 360°. Example 1: Find measure xin Fig 3.3 ow Solution: x +90° + 50°+ 110° = 360° (Why?) x+ 250° = 360° a“ x= 110° eae om Fig 3:3 ‘Take aregular hexagon Fig 3.4. 1, Whatis the sum of the measures of its exterior angles x, 2,p, 4.7? 2, Is x=y=z=p=q=r? Why? 3, Whats the measure of each? @ exteriorangle @ interior angle 4, Repeat this activity forthe cases of @ aregular octagon Gi) aregular 20-gon Fig 3.4 Example 2: Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each exterior angle has a measure of 45°, Solution: Total measure of all exterior angles = 360° Measure of each exterior angle =45° 360 Therefore, he numberof exteriorangles= 5 —-=8 ‘The polygon has 8 sides. Reprint 2024-2524 Bl Marienarics MEA. EXERCISE 3.2 1. Find xin the following figures. @ @) 2, Find the measure of each exterior angle of aregular polygon of @ 9 sides @) 1S sides 3. Howmany sides does aregular polygon have if the measure of an exterior angle is 24°? 4, How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its interior angles is 165°? 5. (a) Isitpossible tohave aregular polygon with measure of each exterior angle as 22°? (b) Caniitbe an interior angle of a regular polygon? Why? 6. (a) Whatis the minimum interior angle possible for a regular polygon? Why? (b) Whatis the maximum exterior angle possible fora regular polygon? 3.3 Kinds of Quadrilaterals Based on the nature of the sides or angles of a quadrilateral, it gets special names. 3.3.1 Trapezium ‘Trapeziumis a quadrilateral with a pair _— sides. CA\ UCI 35 BE ‘These are trapeziums ‘These are not trapeziums Study the above figures and discuss with your friends why some of them are trapeziums while some are not. (Note: The arrow marks indicate parallel lines) Toy: 6) 1, Take identical cut-outs of congruent triangles of sides 3. cm, 4 cm, 5 em. Arrange them as shown (Fig 3.5). Sem Fig 38 Reprint 2024-25[UnoeRstanoinc QuADRILATERALS Ill 25 You get a trapezium. (Check it!) Which are the parallel sides here? Should the non-parallel sides be equal’? ‘You can get two more trapeziums using the same set of triangles. Find them outand. discuss their shapes. 2. Take fourset-squares from your and your friend’s instrument boxes, Use different numbers of them to place side-by-side and obtain different trapeziums. Ifthe non-parallel sides of a trapezium are of equal length, we call itan isosceles trapezium. Did you get anisoceles trapezium in any of your investigations given above? 3.3.2 Kite Kite is a special type of a quadrilateral. The sides with the same markings in each figure are equal. For espe =AD and BC=CD. These are kites These are not kites Study these figures and try to describe what akite is. Observe that @ Akitehas 4 sides (Itis a quadrilateral). (i) There are exactly two distinct consecutive pairs of sides of equal length. (Check whether a square is akite. = ‘Take a thick white sheet. eed Fold the paper once. ae, Draw two line segments of different lengths as shown in Fig 3.6. What do we Cut along the line segments and open up. ae from. ‘You have the shape of a kite (Fig 3.6). ‘Has the kite any line symmetry? Fig 3.6 4 Fold both the diagonals of the kite. Use the set-square to check if they cut at tight angles. Are the diagonals equal in length? Verify (by paper-folding or measurement) if the diagonals bisect each other. By folding an angle of the kite on its opposite, check for angles of equal measure. Bl D ‘Observe the diagonal folds; do they indicate any diagonal being an angle bisector? ‘Share your findings with others and list them. A summary of these results are 4 given elsewhere in the chapter for your reference. Fig 37 Reprint 2024-2526 Bl Maraenarics 3.3.3 Parallelogram parallelogram is a quadrilateral. As the name suggests, it has something to do with parallel lines. \ bo Lf mim OS > a ! oon Cc wise of \x MON <\ AED wim jy LOUMN BC || FE ‘These are parallelograms ‘These are not parallelograms Study these figures and try to describe in your own words what we mean by a parallelogram. Share your observations with your friends, Check whether a rectangle is also a parallelogram. Place one strip horizontally and draw lines along. > its edge as drawn in the figure Fig3.9). Now place the other stip ina slant position over the lines drawn and use this to draw two more lines — > as shown (Fig 3.10). ‘These fourlines enclose a quadrilateral. This is made up of two pairs of parallel lines (Fig3.11). Fig 3.10 Fig 3.11 Reprint 2024-25[UnoeRsTaNoinG QuADRILATERALS Ill 27 Iisa parallelogram. A parallelogram isa quadrilateral whose opposite sides are parallel. 3.3.4 Elements of a parallelogram ‘There are foursides and four angles ina parallelogram, Some of these are Lf ‘equal. There are some terms associated with these elements that you need toremember. Given a parallelogram ABCD (Fig 3.12). ‘AB and DC. are opposite sides. AD and BC form another pair of opposite sides. Zand ZC are a pair of opposite angles; another pair of opposite angles would be Band 2D. AB and BC are adjacent sides. This means, one of the sides starts where the other ends. Are BC and CD adjacent sides too? Try to find two more pairs of adjacent sides. ZAand ZB are adjacent angles. They are at the ends of the same side. ZB and ZC are also adjacent. Identify other pairs of adjacent angles of the parallelogram. DO te) ‘Take cut-outs of two identical parallelograms, say ABCD and A’B'C'D’ (Fig 3.13). [7 : a Bo Fig 3.13 Here AB issameas A’B’ except for the name. Similarly the other corresponding sides are equal too. Place A’B’ over DC. Do they coincide? What can you now say about the lengths ZB and DC? _ Similarly examine the lengths AD and BC , What do you find? ‘You may also arrive at this result by measuring AB and DC Fig 3.12 Property: The opposite sides of a parallelogram are of equal length, TRY THESE ‘Take two identical set squares with angles 30° 60° - 90° and place them adjacently to form a parallelogram as shown. inFig3.14, Does this help youto verily the above property? ‘You can further strengthen this idea _D, ie through a logical argumentalso. Consider parallelogram ABCD (Fig 3.15). Draw 4 B any one diagonal, say AC Fig 3.15 Fig 3.14 Reprint 2024-2528 Bl Marienarics Looking atthe angles, 21222 and 23= 24 (Why?) Since in iangles ABC and ADC, Z1= 22, 23= 24 and AC is common, so, by ASA congruency condition, AABC = ACDA — (HowisASAusedhere?) This gives. AB=DC and BC=AD. Example 3: Find the perimeter of the parallelogram PQRS (Fig 3.16). Solution: Ina parallelogram, the opposite sides have same length. Therefore, PQ=SR=12em and QR=PS=7em Fy R So, Perimeter = PQ + QR +RS + SP a P = 12em+7cem+ 12em+7em=38em em 3.3.5 Angles of a parallelogram Fig 3.16 ‘We studied a property of parallelograms concerning the (opposite) sides. What can we say about the angles? DO THIS Let ABCD be a parallelogram (Fig 3.17). Copy iton tracing sheet, Name this copy as A’B’C'D’, Place A’B‘CD’ on ABCD. Pin them together at the point where the diagonals meet. Rotate the transparent sheet by 180°. The parallelograms still concide; but younow find A’ lying exactly on C and vice-versa; similarly B’ lies on D and vice-versa. Fig 3.17 Does this tell you anything about the measures of the angles A and C? Examine the same for angles B and D. State your findings. Property: The opposite angles of a parallelogram are of equal measure. TRY THESE Take two identical 30°— 60°—90° set-squares and form a parallelogram as before. Does the figure obtained help you to confirm the above property? If AC and BD are the diagonals of the parallelogram, (Fig 3.18) you find that 21=22 and 23=24 (Why?) Reprint 2024-25LUnoeRsTaNoInc QuADRILATERALS Ill 29 ‘Studying A ABC and AADC (Fig 3.19) separately, will help you to see that by ASA. " = ACDA(ow?) Fig 3.19 This shows that 4B and 2D have same measure. In the same way you can get mZA =m LC. Alternatively, 41 = 22 and 23.= 24, we have, mZA= Z1+Z4= 22420 mZC Example 4: In Fig 3.20, BEST is a parallelogram. Find the values x, y and z, Solution: $ is opposite to B 7 So, x = 100° (opposite angles property) y= 100° (measure of angle corresponding to Zx) z= 80° (since 2y, Z2is alinear pair) ‘We now turn our attention to adjacent angles of a parallelogram. In parallelogram ABCD, (Fig 3.21) ZA and ZD are supplementary since DC|| AB and with transversal DA, these two angles are interior opposite. ZAand ZB are also supplementary. Canyou ‘why’ Fig 3.21 say ‘why’? ‘AD || BC and BA isa transversal, making ZA and AB interior opposite. Identify two more pairs of supplementary angles from the figure. Property: The adjacent angles in a parallelogram are supplementary. Example 5: Inaparallelogram RING (Fig 3.22) ifm R= 70”, find all the other angles. Solution: Given mR =70° G N ‘Then mZN = 70° because ZR and ZN are opposite angles of a parallelogram. Since ZR and 1 are supplementary, pt 4 md = 180° —70° = 110° Fig 3.22 Also, mZG = 110° since Gis opposite to A Thus, mZR = mZN = 70° and mA = mZG = 110° Reprint 2024-2530 BE Marienarics EEA THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITEWE After showing mZR = mZN = 70°, can you find mI and mZG by any other method? 3.3.6 Diagonals of a parallelogram ‘The diagonals of a parallelogram, in general, are not of equal length. (Did you check this in yourearlier activity?) However, the diagonals of parallelogram have a property. DO THIS ? Take a cut-out of a parallelogram, say, ex A B ABCD (Fig 3.23). Letits diagonals AC and DB meet atO. Fig 3.23 Find the mid point of AC by a fold, placing C on A. Is the mid-point same as 0? _ _ Does this show that diagonal DB bisects the diagonal AC at the point O? Discuss it with your friends. Repeat the activity o find where the mid pointof DB could ie. Property: The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other (at the point of their intersection, of course!) D, Cc To argue and justify this property is not very \o\ difficult. From Fig 3.24, applying ASA criterion, it is easy to see that nN B AAOB ACOD (How is ASAused here?) Fig 3.24 Thisgives AO=CO and BO=DO Example 6: In Fig 3.25 HELP is a parallelogram. (Lengths are in cms). Given that OE =4 and HL is 5 mote than PE? Find OH. P Solution : If OE=4 then OPalsois4 (Why?) So PE=8, (Why?) Therefore HL=8+5=13 " E 1 Fig 3.25 Hence OH = 7X13 =6.5 (cms) MEA EXERCISE 3.3 1. Given a parallelogram ABCD. Complete each statement along with the definition or property used. @ AD=..... Gi) ZDCB (ii) OC =... Gv) m ZDAB+m ZCDA= Reprint 2024-25UNDERSTANDING QuADRILATERALS I 31 2. Consider the following parallelograms. Find the values of the unknowns.x, yz. ii) ww) @) 3. Canaquadrilateral ABCD be a parallelogram if @ D+ 2B=180° Gi) AB=DC=8cm,AD=4emandBC=4.4 cm? Gi), ZA=70° and 2C= 65°? 4, Draw a rough figure of a quadrilateral that is not a parallelogram but has exactly two opposite angles of equal measure. 5. ‘The measures of two adjacent angles of parallelogram are in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram, 6. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure. Find the 5 measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram. J 7 7. Theadjacent figure HOPE isa parallelogram. Find the angle measures x, yand z. State the properties you use to find them. 8. The following figures GUNS and RUNS are parallelograms. Find. andy. (Lengths are in cm) @ In the above figure both RISK and CLUE are parallelograms. Find the value of x. Reprint 2024-2532 Bl Marenarics 10, Explain how this figure isa trapezium, Which ofits two sides are parallel? (Fig 3.26) x =" D c sj oR Ki Oy, al Ts Fig 3.26 Fig 3.27 ae Po M1. Findm2C in Fig 3.27 if AB|| DC. 12. Find the measure of ZP and ZS if SP || RQ in Fig 3.28. (fyoufindm AR, is there morethan onemethodtofindmP?) pW Fig 3.28 3.4 Some Special Parallelograms 3.4.1 Rhombus We obtain a Rhombus (which, you will see, isa parallelogram) as a special case of kite (which isnot aa parallelogram). Recall the paper-cut kite you made earlier. c c tr Kite-cut Rhombus-cut ‘When you cut along ABC and opened up, you got akite, Here lengths AB and BC were different. Ifyou draw AB =BC, then the kite you obtain s called arhombus. Note thatthe sides of rhombus ar all of same length; this isnot the case with the kite. Athombusis a quadtilateral with sides of equal length, ‘Since the opposite sides of a rhombus have the same length, itis also a parallelogram. So, a rhombus has all the properties of a parallelogram and also that of a kite. Try to listthem out. You can then verify your list with the check list summarised in the book elsewhere. Kite Rhombus Reprint 2024-25LUnoeRsTANoING QuADRILATERALS ll 33 ‘The most useful property of a rhombus is that of its diagonals. Property: The diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors of one another. DO THIS ‘Take a copy of rhombus. By paper-folding verify if the point of intersection is the ‘mid-point of each diagonal. You may also check if they intersect at right angles, using the comer ofa set-square. Here is an outline justifying this property using logical steps. ABCDis a rhombus (Fig 3.29). Therefore itis a parallelogram too. Since diagonals bisect each other, OA=OC and OB = OD. ‘We have to show that mZAOD = mZCOD = 90° A B Itcan be seen that by SSS congruency criterion Fig 3.29 AAOD = AcOoD Since AO=CO (Why Therefore, m ZAOD =m ZCOD ? AD=CD (Why?) Since ZAOD and ZCOD are a linear pair, m ZAOD =m ZCOD = 90° op=0D Example 7: RICKisa rhombus (Fig 3.30). Find x, y, z. Justify your findings. Solution: m " 3 a x= OE OR z = OI (diagonals bisect) = OC (diagonalsbisect) = 13 (allsidesareequal) =5 =12 Fig 3.30 3.4.2 A rectangle ro ] A rectangle is a parallelogram with equal angles (Fig 3.31). What s the full meaning of this definition’ Discuss with your fiends. If the rectangle isto be equiangular, what could be jx x| the measure of each angle? Fig 3.31 ide of the rhombus Let the measure of each angle be x°, ‘Then 4x° = 360° (Why)? Therefore, x? = 90° ‘Thus each angle of arectangle is aright angle. So, arectangle isa parallelogram in which every angle is aright angle. Being a parallelogram, the rectangle has opposite sides of equal length and its diagonals, bisect each other. Reprint 2024-2534. Marienarics Inaparallelogram, the diagonals can be of different lengths. (Check this); but surprisingly the rectangle (being a special case) has diagonals of equal length. Property: The diagonals ofa rectangle are of equal length. 4 Ky » pA ® Fig 3.33 Fig 3.34 This is easy to justify. If ABCD is a rectangle (Fig 3.38), then looking at triangles ABC and ABD separately [(Fig 3.33) and (Fig 3.34) respectively], we have Fig 3.32 AABC = AABD Thisis because AB=AB (Common) BC=AD (Why?) mZA=m ZB=90° (Why?) The congruency follows by SAS criterion. ‘Thus AC=BD and ina rectangle the diagonals, besides being equal in length bisect each other (Why?) Example 8: RENT is a rectangle (Fig 3.35). Its diagonals meet at O. Find x, if OR =2x+4 and OT=3x41 Solution: OT is half of the diagonal TE, qT OR ishalf of the diagonal RN Diagonals are equal here. (Why?) So, their halves are also equal Therefore Brtls2rt4 or x=3 3.4.3 A square RE A square is a rectangle with equal sides. This means a square has all the properties of arectangle with an additional requirement that all the sides have equal length. 4 The square, like the rectangle, has pl rE diagonals of equal length. BELT is a square, BE = EL = LT = TB Inarectangle, there is no requirement 28, ZE, ZL, ZT are right angles. for the diagonals to be perpendicular to BL=ET and BL.LET. one another, (Check this). OB = OL and OE = OT. Reprint 2024-25LUnoeRsTaNoING QuADRILATERALS Ill 35 Ina square the diagonals. @ bisectone another _(square being a parallelogram) Gi) areofequallength (square being arectangle) and ii) are perpendicular to one another. Hence, we get the following property. Property: The diagonals of a square are perpendicular bisectors of each other. pplomy y= st) Ss R ‘Take a square sheet, say PQRS (Fig 3.37). Fold along both the diagonals. Are their mid-points the same? Check if the angle at O is 90° by using a set-square. LN This verifies the property stated above. ? lh ‘We can justify this also by arguing logically: eae ABCD is a square whose diagonals meet at O (Fig 3.37). OA= OC (Since the square isa parallelogram) By SSS congruency condition, we now see that AAOD=ACOD (How?) Therefore, mZAOD = mZCOD ‘These angles being a linear pair, each is right angle. MA, EXERCISE 3.4 1. State whether True or False. (a) Allrectangles are squares (e) Allkites are rhombuses. (b) Allshombuses are parallelograms ® Allzhombusesarekites. ““y (©) Allsquaresarerhombuses and alsorectangles (g) All parallelograms are trapeziums. (@)_Allsquares are not paralletograms. (b) All'squares are trapeziums. 2. Identify all the quadtrilaterals that have. (a) foursides of equal length (b) fourrightangles 3. Explain how asquareis, @ aquadsilacral —@ parallelogram Gi) arhombus.—_—_Gv)_arectangle 4, Name the quadiilaterals whose diagonals. @ bisecteach other (i) are perpendicular bisectors of each other (ii) are equal 5. Explain why arectangle isa convex quadrilateral. * 6. ABCisaright-angled triangle and Ois the mid point of the side opposite tothe right angle. Explain why O is equidistant from A, Band C. (The dovted linesare drawn adaitionally tohelpyou). Reprint 2024-2536 BE Marenarics MA THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE Wi 1. A mason has made a concrete slab. He needs it to be rectangular. In what different ways can he make sure that it is rectangular? 2. A square was defined as a rectangle with all sides equal. Can we define it as thombus with equal angles? Explore this idea. 3. Cana trapezium have all angles equal? Can it have all sides equal? Explain. WHAT HAVE WE DISCUSSED? Quadrilateral Properties Parallelogram: (1) Opposite sides are equal A ee (2). Opposite angles are equal. with each pair of Dpposite si tn (3) Diagonals bisect one another. parallel. Gs R Rhombus: (1) Allthe properties of aparallelogram. A parallelogram with sides 2) Diagonals are perpendicular to each other. of equal length, Q Rectangle: Ny M | (1) Allthe properties of a parallelogram. A parallelogram 2) Each ofthe angles is aright angle. witha right angle. 1, | @) Diagonals are equal. R Square: A rectangle with sides of equal All the properties of a parallelogram, length, Kite: A quadrilateral with exactly two pairs ‘of equal consecutive sides a a @) thombus andarectangle. ‘The diagonals are perpendicular toone another One of the diagonals bisects the other. Inthe figure mZB =mZD but mZA#mZC, Reprint 2024-25