Lm*n 0 I80

/S+ Zn
|80°Lincar Pairs
I80" + 180" + 180°
4t3t 20+0
+n
Zm 180" +360°
Z4+2S + Z6+ 180 =180° +360"
Z4+ 25 t 26 = 360 Remember

the exterior
The sum of
360"
sum
ofthe
exterior angles of atriangle is 360". angles of a polygon is
he

Fsample:
Find the number of sides of aregular polygon whose each exterior angle is 30".

silution:
1otal measure of allexterior angles is 360.

Number of exterior angles =Total measure of all angles 360 = 12

Measure of eaclh angle 30°
The polygon has 12 sides.

Work Exercise
quadrilateral. and a pentagon and draw ii.
Drava
dlldiagonals. Name the diagonals.
triangle.
1 AABC is an equilateral 80°
A

70

iii.
3 100°

C
105° 130°
2 Fig. 10.15
Fig. 10.16
i Find 1+22+ 3.
i. Is Z1=22=23 true? 4. Find the value of yin the following.
i.
i. Find the measures of21, l and3. 65
3 Find the value of xin the following. 35°

120°
75°

70°

Understand1ng Shape5
 IV.
ZC+ ZD = 180°
ii. ZA+LB = 180
V.
75

110°
B
115°
Fig. 10.18
Fig. 10.17
Findthe measures of ZA,
S.
Draw aquadrilateralIPQRS and mark 2 points
Mand Nin its
in the exterior.
interior and 2; points Xand Y 7.
Find the number of sides of a
whose each exterior angle has
ZB,regul/Candar
a
6.
In the quadrilateral ABCD, it is given that of45°. measure
ZB = ZC 8. How many sides does aregular r
ii.
ZA= ZD ifeach of its interior angles is l6s°)
(Hint: Interior and exterior
polygon.
ZA +ZD= 120° angles
linear pair) sformma
SPECIAL QUADRILATERALS
Trapezium
Aquadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel is called a trapezium.
A
B
P
M

D
C
In a
Remember
trapeium,
parallel sides need thnee:
R equal in length
Fig. 10.19
ABCD is a trapezium where AB||
CD.
PQRS is atrapezium where PS |QR.
Parallel sides are denoted by
MNOP is a trapezium where MN|| arrows.
PO.
If the non-parallel sides of
atrapezium are equal then
it is called an isosceles
trapezium.

Beware!!
G In a trapezium the ang
W
are not enual urlre
 2.
The are equal.
So,
°Pposite angles of aparallelogram
E= /G and F-H
3. The diagonals of a parallelogrami bisect each other.
So, EO = 0G Fig 10.26
and HO = OF supplementary:
4. The are
consecutive pair of angles in a parallelogram

From the figure, in parallelogram EEFGH, Remember

ZE+H 180° E Every parallelogram is
E+ZF 180°
trapezium but every a
not a parallelogram Irape
ZF+ G 180°
2. The diagonals of a
2G+ H 180° G need not be equal inoarale
Fig 10.27 Tengn
Work Exercise 2
1. 4. Findthe perimeter of a parallelogrann
In Fig. l0.28, ABCD is a kite A ifAB = 8.2 cm and BC = 4.7 Cm.
and AC is a diagonal. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram
Is A ABC= AADC?
B are in the ratio 4 :5. Find their
Show that ZB= ZD. D
lengthsif the perimeter is 90 cm.
6. In parallelogram ABCD, AC and BD: are
two diagonals. If AB3=7.5cm, he
Fig. 10.28 AC=7cm and BD =9 cm, find the BC=42cm,
2. Fig. 10.29 shows a trapezium MNOP with i. CD ii. AD ii. AO measure
OC V. BO Vi.
MN || OP. Find the measures of the angles M iy. OD.
A
and Ngiventhat P= 60 and 0=75
(Hint: MN ||| OPand ON and PM are
transversals.)
N
Fig. 10.31
7. In parallelogram. MNOP, MN is apart ofling
P
60° 75 M N

Fig. 10.29 1

3. PQRS is a parallelogram and Zland 2are

twoexterior angles. Show that
i. Z1=Z2
ii. Z1=22= 23= L4 Fig. 10.32 3
P

i. Find the measure ofZ1+ Z2.

ii. Find the measure of Z2 +Z3.
S Fig. 10.30 R

160 Understand1ng Shapes

 Work Exercise
ABCD given that /D 65". 4. PQRS is arectangle and PR and QS are the
/indthe nmeasures of ZA, ZB and 2C.
AROS by
1POQa
A diagonals. Showthat AI AROQ by
SSS test. show that APOS z
Also,
SAS test.
p
C
Fig. 10 39

ln
PQRS, PR and QS are
theparallelogram
dagonals.Aline segment MN is drawn:
parallel to PS: and QR. Fig, 10.42
thatitis M
S. In the rectangle ABCD, AC and BD are
diagonals. IfAO =2y+ 3 and DO =3y + 1,
find the value of y. B

2y+3 O
N R 3y+ 1
Fig. 10.40
D
Show that AMOQA NOS. Fig. 10.43
1.

&MO =N0? Why? 0. The perimeter of arectangle is 140 cm. If the

Inthe
rhombus. ABCD, AC and BD are the sides areinthe ratio 3:4, find the lengths of
diagonals. IfAC= 12 cm and BD =16 cm, the four sides and the two diagonals.
hindthe length ofthe:side of therhombus. 7. PQRS is asquare and QTR is a triangle
B whose two angles viz /TQR and TRQ
are each 60., If QT=RT=7 cm, find the
perimeter of PQRS.

60
T
D C
Fig. 10,41 60°
7 cm

R
Fig. 1044
Case Study Critical Thinking
The angles ofa quadrilateral are in the ratio 3:5:7:9.
Ifmeasure of angles b (3r),(5x), (7*) and (9*) then the value of xis
a. 20 b. 15 C. 25 d. 10
The measure ofall angles are 7x
45°, 70°, 105, 140° b. 40°, 80°, 105°, 135° B5x
45°, 75°, 110°, 130° 45,75°, 10S", 135°
The'sum of the least and greatest angle is 9x
175° 180° C. 170° d. 185°
3x
N The sum of the exterior angles of aquadrilateral is always.
a 180° b. 260° 360° 380°
 Metati Maths

Stop AWhile
fte hoce Questions
parallel is called a
Aquadnlateraliwith only one par of opposite sides
rapeziunm thombus d. square
1 Nralelogam
Iwith all sides. angles and diagonals equal is a
quadrlateral
A
b. rectangle C rhombus d. trapezium
fach extenor angle of arectangle is
d. None of these
C. 120°
1:2:3:4So. thesmallest angle is
The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio
b. 18 E36 d. 27°
40°

fach exterior angle of aregular polygon is 30, so the polygon has

b. S sides 12sides d. 6sides
10sides
So the measure of each of the
The sum of two opposite angles of a parallelogram is 150°,
other two angles is
b. 80° 105° d. None of these
$5

Fllin the blanks.

L If allfour angles of aquadrilateral are equal it could bea
Or a

If all four sides of a quadrilateral are equal it could be a or a

Ifopposite sides of aquadrilateral are parallel and equalit could be a

or a

N If the diagonals ofa quadrlateral are perpendicular to each other it could be a

or a

Understandng Shapes165
 3.
Shown below are diagonals of quadrilaterals.

d.
b. C

Pick out the pair which

you feel represents the diagonals of (i) Square (i)
(i) Rhombus (iv) Kite (v) Parallelogram. Rectange
Think and Solve
Say Yes/No
I. A triangle has atleast three acute angles.
2. Every trapezium is a
parallelogram. NO
3. Diagonals of a parallelogram are always equal.
4. Every rhombus is aparallelogram.
Y
5. Diagonals of rectangle need not be perpendicular to each other.
Crossword
Look at the clues and complete the crossword.
Across
1. Only one pairof opposite sides
are parallel.
2. It is the regular quadrilateral.
3. Both pairs of opposite sides are
parallel. All sides are not equal
and diagonals are not equal.
Down
4. Botth pairs of opposite sides are
parallel. All sides are not equal
but diagonals are equal.
5. Both pairs of adjacent sides are
equal and one pair of opposite angles is rqual