ADVANCE GIS (RSG-297)

Semester - II
-: Submitted By :-
Name :- PRAKASH JANA
Roll No : VU/PG/100/23/34/02-IS-0031
Reg.No. : 1350683 of 2020-21
USIN : 2311112S29039
Academic Session : 2023-25

DEPARTMENT OF REMOTE SENSING & GIS

 Page No.
1. VECTOR DATA EXPORT --------------------------------

2. VECTOR EDITING ----------------------------------------

3. MANAGING ATTRIBUTE TABLE -------------------

4. THEMATIC MAP -----------------------------------------

5. CHARTS & DIAGRAM GENERALIZATION -----

6. SELECT & QUERY IN VECTOR LAYERS ---------

7. NETWORK ANALYSIS ----------------------------------

8. BUFFER -----------------------------------------------------

9. MULTIPLE RING BUFFER ----------------------------

10.THIESSEN POLYGONS ---------------------------------

11.ISOPLETH MAP ------------------------------------------

 VECTOR DATA EXPORT
What is Vector Data?
Vector data is a type of data used to represent geographic objects that contain location and attribute
information in Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
▪ Vector data represents spatial data using geometric shapes or vectors, such as points, lines, and
polygons. Each of these geometric shapes is stored along with its location coordinates and other attribute
information.
▪ GIS applications can perform various tasks such as creating maps, navigation applications, location,
object identification, and environmental analysis using vector data.

What is Vector Data Export ?

Vector export refers to the process of saving or converting vector-based geospatial data (such as points,
lines, and polygons) from a GIS software into an external file format.

Export Formats:
When exporting vector data, you can choose from various formats:
▪ Shapefile (SHP): A widely used format for storing vector data with attributes.
▪ Geo JSON: A lightweight format based on JavaScript Object Notation (JSON).
▪ KML (Keyhole Markup Language): Used for visualizing geographic data in Google Earth.
▪ GML (Geography Markup Language): An XML-based format for geographic data exchange.
▪ DXF (Drawing Exchange Format): Commonly used for CAD data exchange.

Export Settings:
When exporting, consider settings such as:
▪ Coordinate System (CRS): Ensure the exported data aligns with the desired spatial reference.
▪ Attributes: Choose which attribute fields to include.
▪ Geometry Type: Specify whether to export points, lines, or polygons.

Use Cases:
Vector export is essential for:
▪ Sharing data with colleagues or stakeholders.
▪ Creating maps for presentations or reports.
▪ Integrating GIS data into other software (e.g., graphic design tools).

Step in ArcMap: At first open the ArcMap → add data → go to selection → select by attribute →
select polygon → tap ok → export data → this layer’s source data → put the output name → ok.
 VECTOR EDITING

What Is Vector Editing?

Vector editing involves modifying or updating vector-based geospatial data.
It allows you to create, modify, or delete vector features (such as points, lines, or polygons) within a GIS
dataset.

Common Vector Editing Tasks:

▪ Creating New Features:
Add new points, lines, or polygons to represent additional geographic features.
▪ Modifying Existing Features:
Adjust the shape, position, or attributes of existing features. For example, move a road segment, change
the boundary of a land parcel, or update the population attribute of a city.
▪ Deleting Features:
Remove unwanted or incorrect features from the dataset.

Use Cases:
Vector editing is essential for:
▪ Map Production: Creating accurate and up-to-date maps.
▪ Data Maintenance: Keeping GIS datasets current.
▪ Customization: Tailoring maps to specific needs (e.g., adjusting administrative boundaries).
▪ Quality Control: Ensuring data accuracy and consistency.

Step in ArcMap: At first open the ArcMap → add data → go to editor tools → start editing → edit
vertex → then vertex edit to correct vertex → then save edit → stop edit.
OUTPUT
 MANAGING ATTRIBUTE TABLE
What is Attribute table?
An Attribute table is a database or tabular file that contains information about a set of geographic
features, usually organised so that each row represents a feature and each column represents one
attribute of the feature.

▪ An attribute table is essentially a database or tabular file associated with a vector layer (such as points,
lines, or polygons).
▪ Each row in the table corresponds to a specific feature (e.g., a city, a road segment, or a land parcel).
▪ Each column in the table represents an attribute associated with that feature.

Attributes type:
Attributes describe the characteristics of geographic features. They can be:
▪ Quantitative: Numeric values (e.g., population, area, temperature).
▪ Qualitative: Descriptive information (e.g., name, type, category).

Step in ArcMap: At first open the ArcMap → add data → open attribute table → right click on
data → join and relate → choose the field → chose the data → ok .

OR : At first open the ArcMap → add data → open attribute table → table option → add field →
name (area)→ type (double) → ok → right click on area → calculate geometry → coordinate system
→ ok.
 THEMATIC MAPS
What is thematic map?

A thematic map is a type of map that portrays the geographic pattern of a particular subject matter (theme) in
a specific geographic area. These maps go beyond simply showing the location of physical features (such as
rivers, roads, and buildings) and focus on visualizing selected properties or attributes associated with those
features.

Step in ArcMap: At first open the ArcMap → add data → right click on the data → go to layer properties
→ symbology → categories → field value → classify (different classes) → apply → ok → go to map layout
view → insert → then go to North arrow → next Legend → scale bar → get a map title → projected system
→ source → put the Lat long → save → right click on the data → data → export → export in different format
( AIX, EMF, EPS, PDF, SVG, SVGZ, BMP, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, TGA, GIF) → ok.
THEMATIC MAP
 Legend
Population Density
(In Sq. Km.)
 CHARTS & DIAGRAM GENERALIZATION

Concept: When dealing with charts and diagrams (such as graphs, flowcharts, or network diagrams)
in the context of map generalization:

Selecting Appropriate Symbols: Cartographers choose symbols that emphasize defining

characteristics of features.
Omitting Features: In dense regions, some features may be omitted or slightly displaced to resolve
ambiguity.
Example: Imagine simplifying a complex transportation network diagram for a city map-selecting
key routes, omitting minor streets, and ensuring clarity.

Step in ArcMap: At first open the ArcMap → add data → right click on the data → go to layer
properties → Symbology → charts → select charts (pie, Bar/ Coolum, stacked) → go to field selection
→ choose color symbol → apply → ok.
(Person)
 SELECT & QUERY IN VECTOR LAYERS

Select vector layers: Selecting involves identifying specific features (points, lines, or polygons)
within a vector layer based on certain criteria. You can select features manually or through spatial
relationships.

Query in vector layers: Querying refers to defining a subset of features using a SQL-like
WHERE clause. The result of the query can be displayed or saved as a new vector layer..

Step in ArcMap: At first open the ArcMap → add data → go to selection → select by attribute →
select attribute type → apply → ok.
 NETWORK ANALYSIS

Introduction :

Network analysis in GIS involves analyzing the connectivity and flow within a network of
interconnected features, such as roads, utilities, or transportation systems. This type of analysis helps
in solving complex routing, allocation, and accessibility problems by examining how different network
elements interact.

Network Analysis :

Network analysis uses algorithms to evaluate the shortest or most efficient paths through a network,
considering factors like distance, travel time, and specific constraints. It supports various applications,
including transportation planning, logistics, and emergency response.

Importance :

Using network analysis in GIS is essential for:

• Route Optimization: Identifying the most efficient paths for travel or delivery.
• Resource Allocation: Optimizing the distribution of resources within a network.
• Accessibility Analysis: Assessing the accessibility of different locations within a network.

Applications:

• Urban Planning: Optimizing public transportation routes and infrastructure development.

• Logistics: Planning delivery routes and managing fleet operations.
• Emergency Response: Determining the fastest routes for emergency services.

Steps for Finding the Shortest Route Using Network Analysis Tool :

Open ArcMap and load the network dataset (e.g., road network) ➔ Add the Network Analyst toolbar
from the Customize menu ➔ Click the Network Analyst dropdown and select New Route ➔ Add stops
by clicking the Create Network Location Tool and placing points on the map or by loading stops from a
layer ➔ Click the Solve button to calculate the shortest route ➔ The route will be displayed on the
map, highlighting the shortest path between the stops → Export the route and directions if needed by
right-clicking the route layer and choosing Data, then Export Data.
NETWORK ANALYSIS

OUTPUT
 BUFFER

Introduction :

Buffer analysis in GIS involves creating zones around geographic features at specified distances. These
buffer zones help in identifying areas of influence and are used for various spatial analyses and
decision-making processes.

Buffer Analysis :

Buffer analysis generates polygonal zones around points, lines, or polygons, representing areas within
a specified distance from these features. This technique helps in understanding the spatial relationships
and impact zones around geographic features.

Importance :

• Impact Assessment: Determining areas affected by certain features or events.

• Proximity Analysis: Identifying features within a certain distance from a point of interest.
• Planning and Management: Assisting in land use planning, environmental management,
and infrastructure development.

Applications :

• Environmental Management: Creating buffers around water bodies to monitor pollution

impact zones.
• Urban Planning: Defining zones around infrastructure for safety and regulatory purposes.
• Public Health: Identifying areas within a certain distance of healthcare facilities for service
delivery analysis.

Steps for Creating a Buffer Using Buffer :

Open ArcMap and load the dataset you want to buffer ➔ Select the layer to buffer in the Table of
Contents ➔ Go to the Geoprocessing menu and select Buffer ➔ In the Buffer dialog box, choose the input
layer and specify the distance for the buffer ➔ Set other parameters as needed, such as buffer type
(e.g., round, flat) and dissolve options to merge overlapping buffers ➔ Choose the output location to
save the buffer result ➔ Click OK to run the buffer analysis ➔ The buffer zones will be displayed on
the map as a new layer ➔ Use the buffer layer for further analysis, such as overlaying with other spatial
data to identify intersecting features.
 MULTIPLE RING BUFFER

Introduction:
A multiring buffer is a series of concentric buffers created around a point, line, or polygon feature in a
GIS (Geographic Information System). Each buffer ring represents a different distance from the
feature, allowing for the analysis of spatial patterns and the effects at various distances. This is
particularly useful for environmental impact studies, urban planning, and other spatial analyses.
Steps:

Select the layer to buffer in the Table of Contents ➔ Go to the Geoprocessing menu and select Arc
Toolbox ➔ In Arc Toolbox, navigate to Analysis Tools ➔ Proximity and select Multiple Ring Buffer
➔ In the Multiple Ring Buffer dialog box, choose the input layer and specify the distances for the
rings (e.g., 100, 200, 300 meters) ➔ Set other parameters as needed, such as the unit of measurement
and the dissolve options to merge overlapping buffers within each ring ➔ Choose the output location
to save the multi-ring buffer result ➔ Click OK .
 THIESSEN POLYGONS

Introduction:
Thiessen Polygon Analysis divides the study area into polygons by drawing lines that are equidistant
between neigh boring points. These polygons are created based on the principle that every location
within a polygon is closer to its associated point than to any other point in the dataset.

Applications:

• Determining service areas for retail stores based on customer locations.

• Analyzing watershed boundaries and drainage basins.
• Assessing wildlife habitat ranges and resource distribution.

Steps for Creating Thiessen Polygons:

Open ArcMap and load the point dataset you want to analyze ➔ Go to the Geoprocessing menu and
select Arc Toolbox ➔ In Arc Toolbox, navigate to Data Management Tools ➔ Features and select
Create Thiessen Polygons ➔ In the Create Thiessen Polygons dialog box, choose the input point
layer ➔ Choose the output location and name for the Thiessen polygon layer ➔ Click OK to run the
analysis
 ISOPLETH MAP

Introduction

Isopleth maps, also known as contour maps, display lines connecting points of equal value across a
geographic area. These lines represent spatial variations in a particular phenomenon, such as elevation,
temperature, or population density.

Isopleth Map

Creating an isopleth map involves interpolating values between measured points to generate
continuous surfaces, which are then used to draw contour lines. Spatial interpolation techniques, such
as kriging, are commonly used to estimate values at unsampled locations based on nearby measured
data points.

Importance

• Spatial Analysis: Visualizing spatial patterns and variations in data.

• Resource Management: Assessing gradients and distributions of natural or man-made
phenomena.
• Decision Making: Supporting informed decisions in fields such as urban planning,
environmental management, and public health.

Applications:

• Geology: Mapping elevation contours to identify terrain features.

• Meteorology: Visualizing temperature or precipitation gradients across a region.
• Demographics: Analyzing population density and distribution patterns.

Steps:
At fast open DEM points → Arc toolbox → Raster interpolation → Topo to raster → Input
DEM points → Field (Raster value) → Type (Point Elevation)→ Output → Ok .
→ Arc Toolbox → Raster Surface → Contour → Input raster (Topo to raster output) → output name
→ Interval → Ok