Norton University

Reinforced Concrete Design

ACI 318M-14
Lecturer: SIM CHIVORN
M: + 855 93 96 77 77
+ 855 92 77 52 77
E: [email protected]

Year 2020
Chapter 08

Long Column
+ Long Column (Slender Column)

• P-Delta Effects

• Buckling of column

• Slenderness Effects

• Non-sway and Sway Frames

• Moment Magnification
+ P-Delta Effects

• P-Delta Effect

Reduce the axial load capacity of columns

significantly, the columns are referred to

as Slender Column.
+𝑷 − 𝑫𝒆𝒍𝒕𝒂 effects
Axial capacity reduce from A to B
+ P-delta (𝑷 − 𝜹) Effect
• Results from deflection (𝛿) of the axis of the bent column away
from the chord joining the ends of the column.

• The slenderness effects in pin-ended column and in non-sway

frames result from 𝑃 − 𝛿 effects.
+ P-delta (𝑷 − 𝜹) Effect
+ P-delta (𝑷 − 𝜹) Effect
• Results from lateral deflection (Δ) of the beam-column joints
from their original un-deflected locations.

• The slenderness effects in sway frames result from 𝑃 − Δ effects.

+ P-delta (𝑷 − 𝜹) Effect
+ Buckling of Columns

• Buckling of Axially Loaded columns

• Differential equation for elastic curve in columns

+ Buckling of Columns

• Number of half-sin wave (n)

+ Buckling of Columns

• The lowest value of (Pc) (when n=1) is referred to as the Euler

Buckling Load

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝐸 = 2
𝑙

• The effective length factor (k) for column

𝑙 1 𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
𝑘𝑙 = ⇒𝑘= then 𝑃𝑐 =
𝑛 𝑛 𝑘𝑙 2
+ Buckling of Columns

• Frames braced against sway

+ Buckling of Columns

• Frames free to sway laterally

+ Buckling of Columns

• Effective length factor (k) for braced frames

+ Buckling of Columns

• Effective length factor (k) for unbraced frames

+ Buckling of Columns

• Effective length factor (k) is a function of the relative stiffness

(𝜓) of the column and beam at each end of the column.
+ Slenderness Effects

• Slenderness effects shall be neglected if it is satisfied

• Non-sway (braced) frames

• Sway (unbraced) frames

lu : unbraced length of the column.

M1
∶ is positive fo the column is bent in a single
M2

curvature, negative if it is bent in double curvature.

+ Slenderness Effects

• Radius of gyration (r)

𝐼𝑔
𝑟=
𝐴𝑔

• Rectangular compression member, taken as 𝑟 = 0.3ℎ (overall

dimension in the direction of stability.

• Circular compression member, taken as 𝑟 = 0.25𝐷 (diameter of

circle).
+ Non-sway or Sway Frames

• A frame is non-sway if the increase in column-end moments due

to second-order effects (𝑃 − Δ 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡) does not exceed 5% of
the first-order moment, or

• A story in a frame is non-sway if the stability index (𝑄) ≤ 0.05

+ Non-sway or Sway Frames

∑𝑃𝑢 Δ0
𝑄=
𝑉𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑐
∑Pu : the total vertical load in all the column and walls in the story

in question.
𝑉us : the shear in the story in question due to lateral loads,
Δ0 : the first order relative deflection between top and bottom of

That story due to Vus.

lc : the height of the story measured from center to center of the
joints above and below the story.
+ Moment Magnification Procedure: Non-sway

• Non-sway frames (no lateral displacement): a frame can be

considered as “non-sway” if horizontal displacement do not
significantly reduce the vertical capacity if the structure.

• Magnifies factored moment (Mc)

𝑀𝑐 = 𝛿𝑀2

𝑀2 : larger end moment ≥ 𝑀2,𝑚𝑖𝑛

+ Moment Magnification Procedure: Non-sway

• Minimum end moment (𝑀2,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) about each exist separately

𝑀2,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑢 15 + 0.03ℎ

• Moment Magnifier 𝛿

𝐶𝑚
𝛿= ≥ 1.0
𝑃𝑢
1−
0.75𝑃𝑐
+ Moment Magnification Procedure: Non-sway

• Critical Load (𝑃𝑐 )

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃𝑐 =
𝑘𝑙𝑢 2

• Correction factor 𝐶𝑚

𝑀1
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 + 0.4
𝑀2

𝑀1
If 𝑀2,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝑀2 , ⟹ 𝐶𝑚 = 1.00 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀2

𝑀1
> 0 ∶ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒.
𝑀2
+ Moment Magnification Procedure: Non-sway

• Stiffness (EI)

• With reinforcement

• Without reinforcement

• (I) is also permitted to calculate from

+ Moment Magnification Procedure: Non-sway

• Creep Factored 1 + 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠

I for compression members shall be divided by (1 + 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 )

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠

𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 = <1
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠
+ Moment Magnification Procedure: Sway

• End moment M1 and M2 (assume M2 > M1)

⇒ 𝑀𝑐 = 𝑀2
⇒ 𝑀2𝑛𝑠 ≥ 𝑀2,𝑚𝑖𝑛

• Moment magnifier 𝛿𝑠

• If 𝛿𝑠 > 1.5
+ Moment Magnification Procedure: Sway

• Stiffness (EI)

• With Reinforcement

• Without Reinforcement

• Replaced 𝛽𝑑𝑛𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝛽𝑑𝑠

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦

𝛽𝑑𝑠 =
𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
<1
+ Example for Column : Combined axial load and bending

Design a tied column cross section to support Pu = 1550kN, Mu =

150kN.m and Vu = 60kN. The column is in braced frame and has an
unsupported length of 3200mm. Column section is Square.

Solution.

1. Selection the material properties, trail size, and trail

reinforcement ratio.

we take 𝑓𝑐′ = 20𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 420𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜌𝑡 = 0.015 for the first trail value

𝑃𝑢 1550 × 103
𝐴𝑔 ≥ ⇒ 𝐴𝑔 ≥ = 147338𝑚𝑚2
0.40 𝑓𝑐′ + 𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑡 0.40 20 + 420 × 0.015
Solution

𝐴𝑔 ≥ 147338𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑔 = 147338𝑚𝑚2 = 384𝑚𝑚

so we take 𝑏 = 400𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ = 400𝑚𝑚

The moment act on column

𝑀𝑢 150𝑘𝑁.𝑚
𝑒= = = 0.0968𝑚 = 96.8𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑢 1550𝑘𝑁

𝑒
= 0.242
ℎ

𝑀1
For this column is in braced frame assume 𝑘 = 1.0 and = 0.5
𝑀2

𝑘𝑙𝑢 1.0×3200
= = 26.7
𝑟 0.3×400

𝑀1
34 − 12 = 34 − 12 × 0.5 = 28
𝑀2
Solution

Since 26.7 is less than 28.0 , slenderness can be neglected.

2. Select the Reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑡 × 𝐴𝑔 = 0.02 × 400 × 400 = 3200𝑚𝑚2

𝜋𝐷𝐵2 252
we use No.25 𝐴𝑠𝑡,25 = =𝜋 × = 490.87𝑚𝑚2
4 4

𝐴𝑠𝑡 3200
𝑛= = = 6.52 so we take n = 8
𝐴𝑠𝑡,25 490.87
Solution

3. Check shear force

if 𝑉𝑢 > 0.5𝜙𝑉𝑐 the tie must satisfy ACI code for tie column.

𝑁𝑢 1
𝑉𝑐 = 1 + 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
14𝐴𝑔 6

1550×103 20
𝑉𝑐 = 1 + × 400 × 338 = 170.5𝑘𝑁
14×400×400 6

0.5𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 0.5 × 0.75 × 170.5 = 63.7𝑘𝑁

So 𝑉𝑢 = 60𝑘𝑁 < 0.5𝜙𝑉𝑐 = 63.7𝑘𝑁

So tie for column use minimum

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min 16 × 𝐷𝐵, 48 × 𝑑𝑠𝑡 , 𝑏, ℎ

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min 16 × 25,48 × 10,400,400 = 400𝑚𝑚

So stirrup for column is DB10@400.

Example:2

Design a square column to carry 𝐷𝐿 = 1423𝑘𝑁 and 𝐿𝐿 = 845𝑘𝑁 use 𝑓𝑐′ =

28𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 420𝑀𝑃𝑎. Steel percentage 𝜌𝑔 = 3%

Solution

Ultimate load
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 × 1423 + 1.6 × 845 = 3060𝑘𝑁

Required area

𝑃𝑢 3060×103
𝐴𝑔 = =
0.80𝜙 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 1−𝜌𝑔 +𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑔 0.80×0.65 0.85×28 1−0.03 +420×0.03

𝐴𝑔 = 164900𝑚𝑚2 ⇒ 𝑏 = ℎ = 164900 = 406𝑚𝑚

Accept 𝑏 = ℎ = 400𝑚𝑚
Steel area

𝑃𝑢 −0.80𝜙 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 1−𝜌𝑔

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
0.80𝜙𝑓𝑦

3060×103 −0.8×0.65×0.85×28×4002 1−0.03

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 5216.35𝑚𝑚2
0.80×0.65×420

use 8DB30 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 5656𝑚𝑚2

Check the steel ratio

𝐴𝑠𝑡 5656
𝜌𝑔 = = = 0.03535 > 0.03 ok
𝐴𝑔 4002

Stirrup

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min 16𝐷𝐵, 48𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑒 , min 𝑏, ℎ

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min 16 × 30,48 × 10, min 400,400 = 400𝑚𝑚

Tie use DB10@400

Example:3

Design a circular column to carry 𝐷𝐿 = 1423𝑘𝑁 and 𝐿𝐿 = 845𝑘𝑁 use 𝑓𝑐′ =

28𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎. Steel percentage 𝜌𝑔 = 3%

Solution

Ultimate load
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 × 1423 + 1.6 × 845 = 3060𝑘𝑁

Required area

𝑃𝑢 3060×103
𝐴𝑔 = =
0.80𝜙 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 1−𝜌𝑔 +𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑔 0.80×0.75 0.85×28 1−0.03 +420×0.03

4𝐴𝑔 146579.8
𝐴𝑔 = 146579.8𝑚𝑚2 ⇒ 𝐷= = 4× = 432.12𝑚𝑚
𝜋 𝜋

Accept 𝐷 = 450𝑚𝑚
Steel area

𝑃𝑢 −0.80𝜙 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 1−𝜌𝑔 𝜋𝐷2

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑔 = = 159043.13𝑚𝑚2
0.80𝜙𝑓𝑦 4

3060×103 −0.8×0.75×0.85×28×159043.13 1−0.03

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 3570.8257𝑚𝑚2
0.80×0.75×400

use 8DB30 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 5654.87𝑚𝑚2

Check the steel ratio

𝐴𝑠𝑡 5654.87
𝜌𝑔 = = = 0.035 > 0.03 ok
𝐴𝑔 159043.13
Example:4

Design a square column to carry 𝑃𝑢 = 9993.65𝑘𝑁 and moment 𝑀𝑢 =

389.75𝑘𝑁 use 𝑓𝑐′ = 25𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑓𝑦 = 390𝑀𝑃𝑎. Steel percentage 𝜌𝑔 = 2.5%

And 𝑏 = ℎ = 800𝑚𝑚

Solution

Check eccentricity of column

𝑀𝑢 389.75𝑘𝑁.𝑚
𝑒= = = 0.0389𝑚 = 38.90𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝑢 8999.65𝑘𝑁

𝑒 39𝑚𝑚
and = = 0.048 < 0.10 so column is axial loaded column
ℎ 800𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑢 −0.80𝜙 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 1−𝜌𝑔

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =
0.80𝜙𝑓𝑦

8999.65×103 −0.8×0.65×0.85×25×8002 1−0.03

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = = 15452𝑚𝑚2
0.80×0.65×390
use 32DB25 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 15699𝑚𝑚2

Check the steel ratio

𝐴𝑠𝑡 15699
𝜌𝑔 = = = 0.025 ok
𝐴𝑔 8002

Stirrup

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min 16𝐷𝐵, 48𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑒 , min 𝑏, ℎ

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = min 16 × 25,48 × 10, min 800,800 = 400𝑚𝑚

Tie use DB10@400

Example:5
Figure show part of a typical frame in an industrial building below.
1. Calculate column loads from a frame analysis

Service load P

Column CD 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 350𝑘𝑁 & 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 105𝑘𝑁

Column DE 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 220𝑘𝑁 & 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 60𝑘𝑁

Service Moments at tops of columns

Column CD 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 = −80𝑘𝑁 & 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 = −19𝑘𝑁

Column DE 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 57.50𝑘𝑁 & 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 15𝑘𝑁

Service moments at bottoms of columns

Column CD 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 = −28𝑘𝑁 & 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 = −11𝑘𝑁

Column DE 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑 = −43𝑘𝑁 & 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 = −11𝑘𝑁

2. Determine the factored loads

a. Column CD

𝑃𝑢 = 1.2 × 350 + 1.6 × 105 = 588𝑘𝑁

Moment at Top = 1.2 × (−80) + 1.6 × (−19) = −126.40𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Moment at Bot. = 1.2 × (−28) + 1.6 × (−11) = −51.20𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

The factored moment diagram is shown above . By definition (ACI Section

10.0) , 𝑀2 is always positive and 𝑀1 is positive if the column is bent in single
curvature. Because column CD is bent in double curvature. 𝑀1𝑏 is negative.
Thus for slender column design 𝑀2 = +126.4𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 and 𝑀1 = −51.20𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
a. Column DE

𝑃𝑢 = 360𝑘𝑁

Moment at Top = 93.0𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Moment at Bot. = 69.20𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

 Thus 𝑀2 = +93.0𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 and 𝑀1 = +69.20𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 . 𝑀1 is positive, because the
column is in single curvature.

3. Make a preliminary selection of the column size.

for assume 𝜌𝑡 = 0.015

𝑃𝑢 588×103
𝐴𝑔 = ′ =
0.80𝜙 0.85𝑓𝑐 1−𝜌𝑔 +𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑔 0.80×0.65 0.85×20 1−0.015 +420×0.015

𝐴𝑔 = 39180.67𝑚𝑚2 ⇒ 𝑏 = ℎ = 197𝑚𝑚

we take 𝑏 = ℎ = 350𝑚𝑚

4. Check the column slenderness

a. Column CD

𝑙𝑢 = 6000𝑚𝑚 − 610𝑚𝑚 = 5390𝑚𝑚

by using the table 𝑘 = 0.77

𝑟 = 0.3ℎ = 0.3 × 350𝑚𝑚 = 105𝑚𝑚

 𝑘𝑙𝑢 0.77×5390
= = 39.50
𝑟 105

𝑀1 51.20
34 − 12 = 34 − 12 − 126.40 = 38.90
𝑀2

Since 39.50 > 38.90 , column CD is just slender

b. Column DE

𝑙𝑢 = 7300𝑚𝑚 − 610𝑚𝑚 = 6690𝑚𝑚

by using the table 𝑘 = 0.86

𝑟 = 0.3ℎ = 0.3 × 350𝑚𝑚 = 105𝑚𝑚

𝑘𝑙𝑢 0.86×6690
= = 54.80
𝑟 105

𝑀1 69.20
34 − 12 = 34 − 12 = 25.10
𝑀2 93.00

column DE is also slender

5. Check the whether moments are less than minimum

𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 15 + 0.03ℎ = 15 + 0.03 × 350 = 25.5𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑢 × 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 588𝑘𝑁 × 25.5𝑚𝑚 × 10−3 = 15𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

So the actual moment exceed this values, the column shall be designed for the actual
moment.

6. Compute EI

0.40𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔
𝐸𝐼 = 1+𝛽𝑑
𝐸𝑐 = 4700 𝑓𝑐′ = 4700 20 = 21019𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑏ℎ3 3504
𝐼𝑔 = = = 1250.52 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

0.4𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔 = 10513.87 × 109 𝑚𝑚4

a. Column CD
1.2×350
𝛽𝑑 = = 0.714
588

10513.87×109
𝐸𝐼 = = 6134.11 × 109 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚2
1+0.714
 a. Column DE
1.2×220
𝛽𝑑 = 360
= 0.733

10513.87×109
𝐸𝐼 = = 6066.86 × 109 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚2
1+0.733

7. Compute the effective length factored

∑𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑐
𝑙𝑐
Ψ= ∑𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑏 and for given 𝐼𝑐 = 0.75𝐼𝑔 and 𝐼𝑏 = 0.35𝐼𝑔
𝑙𝑏

beam 𝐼𝑔 = 15.07 × 109 𝑚𝑚4 ⇒ 𝐼𝑏 = 0.35 × 15.07 × 109 = 5.27 × 109 𝑚𝑚4

3504
Column 𝐼𝑐 = 0.70 × 12 = 875.36 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

a. Column DE

𝐸𝑐 ×875.36×106 /7300
Ψ𝐸 = = 0.173
𝐸𝑏 ×5.27×109 /7600

𝐸𝑐 ×875.36×106 /5695+𝐸𝑐 ×875.36×106 /7300

Ψ𝐷 = = 0.472
𝐸𝑏 ×5.27×109 /9100
 a. Column CD

Ψ𝐷 = 0.472

Ψ𝐶 = 1.24

8. Compute the magnified moments

𝑀𝑐 = 𝛿𝑛𝑠 𝑀2

𝐶𝑚
𝛿𝑛𝑠 = 1−𝑃
𝑢 /0.75𝑃𝑐

a. column CD

51.2
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 + 0.4 − 126.4 = 0.438

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 ×6134.11×109
𝑃𝑐 = = = 3514.7𝑘𝑁
𝑘𝑙𝑢 2 0.77×5390 2

0.438
𝛿𝑛𝑠 = = 0.564 ≥ 1.0 so we take 𝛿𝑛𝑠 = 1.00
1−588/(0.75×3514.7)

So 𝑀𝑐 = 1.0 × 126.40𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

For Column CD is designed for 𝑃𝑢 = 588𝑘𝑁 & 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑐 = 126.40𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

a. column DE

69.20
𝐶𝑚 = 0.6 + 0.4 93.00
= 0.90

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 𝜋2 ×6066.86×109 ×10−3
𝑃𝑐 = = = 1809𝑘𝑁
𝑘𝑙𝑢 2 0.86×6690 2

0.90
𝛿𝑛𝑠 = 1−360/(0.75×1809) = 1.225 ≥ 1.0 so we take 𝛿𝑛𝑠 = 1.225

So 𝑀𝑐 = 1.225 × 93𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 113.90𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

For Column DE is designed for 𝑃𝑢 = 360𝑘𝑁 & 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑐 = 113.90𝑘𝑁. 𝑚