6

Chapter
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

NCERT CRUX

Magnetic Flux and Faraday’s

Law of Electromagnetic
Induction

Lenz’s Law
Statement of lenz’s law: The direction of the induced emf is
  always such as to result in opposition to the change producing it.
=
f ∫ B ⋅ dS From Faraday’s second law and Lenz’s law induced emf is
In Uniform magnetic field the above expression can be written given by
as − Ndf
  e=
f= B ⋅ A dt
 The total magnetic flux linked with the coil is the flux If R is the Resistance of the Coil then
linked with each turn multiplied by the number of turns. Induced Current
Thus,
f = BAN cos θ induced emf 1 df
I= = −
Resistance R dt
Where θ is the angle between normal to the plane of the
coil and the direction of the magnetic field. Expression for induced charge
1  df  df
Faraday’s Laws of Electro Magnetic dq =iin dt =−   dt =−
Induction R  dt  R
Df
1. Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a conducting Dq =−
loop or coil changes, an e.m.f is induced in it. R
2. The induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of Change in magnetic flux
Q=
change of magnetic flux through the coil. Resistance
df
e =− N ×
dt Methods of Producing
Here e is the induced emf Induced Emf
N is the number of turns
f is the magnetic flux linked with each turn of the coil. 1. Motional e.m.f
The negative sign indicates that the induced emf 2. Orientational e.m.f
opposes the cause that produces it. 3. E.m.f by time varying magnetic field
 2 CUET 2023-24 PW

Motional EMF 3. Power dissipated in moving the conductor:

 When a conductor moves through a magnetic field so as dW   B2 v 2 l 2
Pagent
= = Fagent. = v
to cut the field lines, an induced emf will exist across its dt R
ends, in accordance with Faraday’s law.
4. Electrical power: Electrical power dissipated through
 The direction of the induced emf and consequent
the resistance.
current can be deduced from Fleming’s right hand rule.
2
 Bvl  B2 v 2 l 2
Fleming’s Right Hand Rule = i 2=
Pthermal R  =R
 R  R
 The right hand is held with the thumb, index finger and
middle finger mutually perpendicular to each other (at EMF Induced in a Rotating Disc
right angles), as shown in the diagram. Consider a disc of radius r rotating in a magnetic field B.
 The thumb is pointed in the direction of the motion of
the conductor relative to the magnetic field.
 The fore finger is pointed in the direction of the
magnetic field.
 Then the middle finger represents the direction of the
induced or generated current within the conductor
(from the terminal with lower electric potential to the
terminal with higher electric potential, as in a voltage
source) \ emf between the centre and the edge of the disc.
r
Bωr 2
= ∫0 Bω xdx =
2

Self Induction

i.e., Nf ∝ I ⇒ Nf = LI
Fleming right hand rule
Where ‘L’ is the constant of proportionality and is known as
coefficient of self induction (or) self inductance.
Explanation of EMF Induced in Rod on the
Basis of Magnetic Force  Energy stored in an inductor: Because of its self
induced back emf, work must be done to increase the
 Motional EMF in Translatory motion:
current through a coil having self inductance (called
inductor) from zero to a value i. This work will be
stored as energy in the magnetic field established in the
coil and is given by
1
U = Li 2
2
Self Inductance of a Solenoid
\L =µ 0 n 2 Al
By Faraday’s law
N N2
Let conductor PQ slides a distance Dx in time Dt, the change since n = , L = µ0 A
in magnetic flux in this time l l
Thus self inductance (L) depends on
Df = BDA = B(lDx) and
Df  Dx  1. The number of turns(N) of the solenoid,
e
= = Bl   = Blv
Dt  Dt  2. The length (l) of the solenoid,
e Bvl 3. The area of cross-section (A) of the solenoid,
1. Induced current iin= = .
R R
4. Nature of material of the core of the solenoid.
2. Magnetic force on the conductor: Conductor PQ
experiences a force opposite to the direction of motion  Energy density in magnetic field

 Bvl  B2 vl 2 U B2

Fm Bi B = ∴ Energy density u= =
= = in l l V 2µ 0
 R  R
Electromagnetic Induction 3

4. Relation between M, L1 and L2: For two magnetically

Mutual Induction
coupled coils M = k L1L 2 ; where k – coefficient of
Whenever the current passing through a coil or circuit coupling or coupling factor which is defined as
changes, the magnetic flux linked with a neighbouring coil
or circuit will also change. Hence an emf will be induced in Magnetic flux linked in secondary
k=

the neighbouring coil or circuit. This phenomenon is called Magnetic flux linked in primary ; 0 ≤ k ≤ 1
‘mutual induction’. P S Air P
P S
1. According to Faraday’s second law emf is induced in
df di gap
secondary e 2 = − N 2 2 ; e 2 = −M 1
dt dt
2. Units and dimensional formula of M: Similar to self-
inductance (L) (A) k = 1
3. Dependence of mutual inductance
S
(i) Number of turns (N1, N2) of both coils P S Air P
P S
(ii) Coefficient of self inductances (L1, L2) of both the
coils gap
(iii) Area of cross-section of coils
(iv) Magnetic permeability of medium between the
coils (μr) or nature of material on which two coils (B) 0 < k < 1
are wound
S
(v) Distance between two coils (As d increases so Air
P S P S P
M decreases)
(vi) Orientation between primary and secondary coil gap
(for 90° orientation no flux relation ⇒ M = 0)
(vii) Coupling factor ‘K’ between primary and secondary
coil (C) k = 0