Earth Science

Quarter 2 – Week 2
Module 2 - Changes in Mineral
Components and Texture of
Rocks
 Target

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the lessons on Earth Science. In order for you to do that, this module
will discuss about the endogenic process that occur on Earth.
Magma is extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth’s
surface. Earth has a layered structure that consists of the inner core, outer
core, mantle, and crust. Much of the planet’s mantle consists of magma. This
magma can push through holes or cracks in the crust, causing
a volcanic eruption. When magma flows or erupts onto Earth’s surface, it is called
lava.
Metamorphism is the change that takes place within a body of rock because
of it being subjected to conditions that are different from those in which it is
formed. It is from the Greek word “meta” means change and “morphe” means form.

In your previous lesson, you are done with how rocks undergo weathering
and why the Earth’s interior is hot.

This learning material will provide you with information and activities that
will help you understand what happens after magma is formed and the changes in
mineral components and texture of rocks due to changes in pressure and
temperature.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe what happens after magma is formed (S11ES-IIc-25)
2. describe the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks due to
changes in pressure and temperature (metamorphism) (S11ES-IIc-d-26)

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer the pretest
on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.
 Pretest

Multiple Choice. Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer then write
your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth’s surface.
A. Metamorphic
B. Igneous
C. Sedimentary
D. Magma

2. At shallower level, magma may no longer rise because __________.

A. Its density its almost the same as the of the country rock
B. Mineral grain boundaries and cracks in the surrounding rock
C. Magma can be ejected to the Earth’s surface or rise at shallower levels
underneath
D. Magma rises and solidifies within the shallower levels

3. In continuous branch, it contains only plagioclase feldspar, with composition

changing from _____.
A. Calcium-rich to sodium rich as temperature drops
B. Calcium-rich to sodium rich as temperature high
C. Sodium rich to calcium rich as temperature drops
D. Sodium rich to calcium rich as temperature high

4. What will happen if the minerals are separated from magma?

A. The remaining magma is more silicic than the original magma
B. The remaining magma is less silicic than the original magma
C. An intermediate magma will crystallize into diorite or andesite
D. The residual melt would be richer that in silicon
5. It is the denser minerals crystallize first and settle down while the lighter
mineral crystallizes at the latter stage.
A. Partial melting
B. Crystal fractionation
C. Crystal setting
D. Mafic magma

6. Which of the following statements BEST describes metamorphosis?

A. Change in rock formation
B. Process of rock formation
C. Process which involves changes
D. Change that takes place within body of rock once expose to different
conditions

7. Which of the following led to the formation of deformed rocks with foliation?
A. Volume of air entering the rocks
B. Temperature and rising of magma
C. Temperature and volume of minerals
D. Pressure and recrystallization of minerals

8. What happened to the temperature and pressure if the rocks are buried down
deep?
A. It increases
B. It decreases
C. It remains constant
D. It is intermittently degrading

9. Which of the following is a distinct projecting textural feature of regional of

metamorphic rocks?
A. Ripples
B. Bedding
C. Foliation
D. Non-foliation
10. Which of the following is the main factor of regional metamorphism?
A. Air
B. Fire
C. Pressure
D. Temperature

11. Which of the following words is NOT associated with metamorphism?

A. heat
B. mantle
C. pressure
D. weathering

12. What is the effect of heat and pressure in rocks as there is an increase
in depth?

A. foliation surfaces shine

B. low-grade metamorphism
C. grain size becomes coarse
D. increase in mineral alignment

13. What is the main factor that affects regional metamorphism?

A. heat
B. fluid
C. water
D. pressure

14. Which of the following rock sample contains fine texture?

A. gneiss
B. hornfels
C. quartzite
D. metaconglomerate
15. What rock is the result of the metamorphism of sandstones?
A. slate
B. schist
C. marble
D. phyllite
 Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activity. Have fun and good
luck!

Let Us Try! Let Us Explore!

I. Concept of Density
What we need:
• Coin
• A piece of rock
• A piece of Styrofoam
• A pail of water or a glass of water

What to do:
1. Put a coin, a piece of rock, and a piece of Styrofoam on a pail of water or on
a glass of water.
2. Observe what happens to these materials.

Guide Question:
Which materials sink and which one’s float? Explain your observation.
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II. VISCOCITY
What we need:
• Pan
• Honey
• Oil
• Water

What to do:
1. Using a pan, put the liquid on the pan
2. Observe the flow of the liquids

Guide Question:
How the different liquids flow (e.g. very fast, fast, slow, etc.) on the pan?
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 Discover

Read Me! Understand Me!

I. WHAT HAPPENS AFTER MAGMA IS FORMED?

After magma is formed, it leaves the confines of the upper mantle and
crust in two major ways: as an intrusion or as an extrusion. An intrusion can
form structures such as dikes and xenoliths. An extrusion could contain lava and
volcanic rock.

Volcanism or Plutonism is
the process usually happens after
magma is formed. Magma tries to escape
from the source through the openings in
volcanoes or existing cracks on the
ground. Magma comes out with extreme
heat and pressure and may cause
destructive explosions. As soon as
magma reaches the surface of earth, it is
now called lava.
Figure 1. Two processes as magma rises: a.
Magma can intrude into a
Ejected out to the surface through
low-density area of another geologic
volcanoes; b. Solidifies within the shallower
formation, such as a sedimentary
levels
rock structure. When it cools to solid
rock, this intrusion is often called a pluton. A pluton is an intrusion of magma that
wells up from below the surface.
Plutons can contain dikes and xenoliths. A magmatic dike is only a
large slab of magmatic substance that has intruded into additional rock body.
A xenolith is a piece of rock confined in another type of rock. Many xenoliths are
crystals broken from inside the Earth and implanted in magma while the magma
was cooling.
The most common way for magma to escape, or extrude, to Earth’s
surface is through lava. Lava eruptions can be “fire fountains” of liquid rock or
thick, slow-moving rivers of molten material. Lava cools to form volcanic rock as
well as volcanic glass.
Magma can also extrude into Earth’s atmosphere as part of a forceful
volcanic eruption. This magma hardens in the air to form volcanic rock
called tephra. In the atmosphere, tephra is more often known as volcanic ash. As
it falls to Earth, tephra includes rocks such as pumice.

Table 1. Magma Generating Process

MAGMA GENERATING PROCESS EXAMPLE AREAS of OCCURRENCE

Increase in temperature Hot spots

Decrease in pressure Spreading margins

Addition of volatiles Subduction zones

Magma Generating Process

 Table 2. Factors That Affect Magma Characteristics

MAGMA SOLIDIFIED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION TEMPERATURE VISCOSIT GAS

TYPE ROCK Y CONTE
NT

Basaltic Basalt 45-55 silicon dioxide 1000-1200 C Low low

%, high in iron,
magnesium, calcium,
potassium, sodium

Andesitic Andesite 55-65 silicon dioxide 800-1000 C Intermed Interm

%, intermediate in iron, iate ediate
magnesium, calcium,
sodium, potassium

Rhyolitic Rhyolite 65-72 silicon dioxide 650-800 C High High

%, low in iron,
magnesium, calcium,
high in potassium,
sodium

II. WHAT CHARACTERISTICS AFFECT THE WAY MAGMA RISES UP

A. Density Contrast
At Deeper Levels,
Magma passes through mineral grain boundaries and cracks in the
surrounding rock. When ample mass and buoyancy is achieved, the overlying
surrounding rock is pressed aside as the magma rises. Depending on nearby
pressure and other factors, the magma can be expelled to the Earth’s surface
or rise at the shallower level’s below.
At Shallower Levels,
Magma may no longer rise because its density is almost the same as
that of the country rock. The magma starts to amass and slowly hardens.
 Figure 2. The magma chamber and rising magma
B. VISCOSITY
It is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. Magma with low viscosity
flow more effortlessly than that with high viscosity. Temperature, silica
content and volatile content determine the viscosity of magma.
III. THE BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES
Norman L. Bowen explained why certain minerals tend to occur
together while others are almost never associated with one another. In
the early 1900s, he heated rock material until it melted. He allowed the
molten material to cool down and observed the minerals that formed in
the rocks. He repeated this process with progressively lower temperatures
and the results he got led him to the now called Bowen’s reaction
series. Up to this day, the series is still accepted as the idealized
progression of minerals produced by cooling magma. Based upon his
work, one can infer from the minerals present in a rock the conditions
(temperature and pressure) under which the rock had formed.

Figure 3. Bowen’s Reaction Series

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=bowen%27s+reaction+series&sxsrf=ALeKk03PkFGxKyY-L4EhLxRtXMc94B-
jnA:1603376359763&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjoofWyssjsAhXZBIgKHTWnD6IQ_AUoAXoECBYQAw&biw=1920&bih=969#imgrc=6YZEwhAmT_fzlM&imgdii=NcX1KKzc9GCZUM
 • Certain minerals are stable at higher melting temperature and crystallize
before those stable at lower temperatures
• Crystallization in the continuous and discontinuous branches takes place at
the same time
• Continuous branch: contains only plagioclase feldspar, with composition
changing from calcium-rich to sodium rich as temperature drops.
• Discontinuous branch:
1. Describes how ferromagnesian minerals in the magma are transformed
as temperature changes.
2. The early formed crystals, olivine in this case, reacts with the remaining
melt as the magma cools down, and recrystallizes into pyroxene.
3. Further cooling will transform pyroxene into amphibole. If all of the iron
and magnesium in the melt is used up before all of the pyroxene
recrystallizes to amphibole, then the ferromagnesian minerals in the solid
rock would be amphibole and pyroxene and would not contain olivine or
biotite.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS DERIVED from the BOWEN’S REACTION SERIES:

• A mafic magma will crystallize into pyroxene (with or without olivine) and
calcium-rich plagioclase – that is, basalt or gabbro – if the early formed
crystals are not removed from the remaining magma. Similarly, am
intermediate magma will crystallize into diorite or andesite, if early formed
minerals are not removed.
• If minerals are separate from magma, the remaining magma is more silicic
than the original magma.
• When rocks are heated in high temperatures, minerals will melt in reverse
order, going up the series in the Bowen’s reaction series diagram. Quartz
and potassium feldspar would melt first. If the temperature is raised further,
biotite and sodium-rich plagioclase would contribute to melt. Any minerals
higher in the series would remain solid unless the temperature raised
further.
DIFFERENT PROCESSES by WHICH the COMPOSITION of MAGMA MAY
CHANGE (magmatic differentiation)
• Magmatic differentiation is the process of creating one or more secondary
magmas from single parent
1. Crystal Fractionation – a chemical process by which the composition of a
liquid, such as magma changes due to crystallization. There are several
mechanisms for crystallization. One that is directly related to the Bowen’s
reaction series is crystal settling.
CRYSTAL SETTLING – denser minerals crystallize first and settle down while
the lighter minerals crystallize at the latter stages. Bowen’s reaction series
shows that denser mineral such as olivine and Ca-rich plagioclase form first,
leaving the magma more silicic.
2. Partial melting – as described in Bowen’s reaction series, quartz, and
muscovite are basically formed under low temperature conditions, making
them the first ones to melt from the parent rock once exposed in higher
temperature and/or pressure partial melting of an ultramafic rock in the
mantle produces a basaltic magma.
• Oxygen/silicon-rich rock-forming minerals have lower melting points that
iron/magnesium-rich minerals.
• Each stage of partial melting produces rocks enriched in oxygen/ silicon
(and depleted in iron/magnesium)
3. Magma mixing – this may occur when two different magma rises, with the
more buoyant mass overtakes the more slowly rising body. Convective flow
then mixes the two magmas, generating a single, intermediate (between the
two parent magmas) magma
4. Assimilation/ contamination of magma by crustal rocks – a reaction that
occurs when the crust is mixed up with the rising magma.as magma rises to
the surface, the surrounding rocks which it comes in contact with may get
dissolved (due to the heat) and get mixed with the magma. This scenario
produces change in the chemical composition of the magma unless the
material being added has the same chemical composition as the magma
Activity 1:
Checking for Fluid Viscosity

This is an experiment that you can do at home to help you understand the
properties of magma. It will only take about 15 minutes, and all you need is half a
cup of water and a few tablespoons of flour.

If you have ever made gravy, white sauce, or roux, you will know how this
works. Place about 1/2 cup (125 mL) of water in a saucepan over medium heat. Add
2 teaspoons (10 mL) of white flour (this represents silica) and stir while the mixture
comes close to boiling. It should thicken like gravy because the gluten in the flour
becomes polymerized into chains during this process.

Now you are going to add more “silica” to see how this changes the viscosity
of your magma. Take another 4 teaspoons (20
mL)of flour and mix it thoroughly with about 4
teaspoons (20 mL) of water in a cup and then
add all of that mixture to the rest of the water
and flour in the saucepan. Stir while bringing it
back up to nearly boiling temperature, and then
allow it to cool. This mixture should slowly
become much thicker — something like porridge — because there is more gluten
and more chains have been formed (see the photo).

This is analogous to magma, of course. As we will, magmas have quite

variable contents of silica and therefore have widely varying viscosities
(“thicknesses”) during cooling.

Questions
1. What have you observed?
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2. What is the similarity of the product that you have come up with and
the concept of the viscosity of magma?
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 Explore

THE CHANGES IN MINERAL COMPONENTS AND TEXTURE OF ROCKS DUE TO

CHANGES IN PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE (METAMORPHISM)

The word “Metamorphism” comes from the Greek: meta = after, morph =
form, so metamorphism literally translates to “the after form”. It is a word that is
most associated to change and transformation. In geology, it refers to the alterations
in mineral assemblage and texture as an outcome from subjecting a rock to
pressures and temperatures different from those under which the rock originally
formed.
The novel rock that has experienced metamorphism is called the protolith.
Protolith can be any type of rock and sometimes the changes in texture and
mineralogy are so intense that is difficult to differentiate what the protolith was
originally.
Metamorphism occurs at extreme temperatures and pressures higher than
200 ˚C and 300 Mpa (Mega Pascals). Rocks can be subjected to these higher
temperatures and pressures as they come to be submerged deeper in the Earth.
Such event usually takes place because of tectonic processes such as continental
collisions or subduction.
During metamorphism, the protolith goes through changes in texture of the
rock and the mineral composition of the rock. These changes take place typically in
the solid state and are produced by changes in physical or chemical conditions,
which in turn can be initiated by such things as burial, tectonic stress, heating by
magma or interactions with fluids
I. Factors that Control Metamorphism
1. Temperature increases as it goes deeper in the Earth along the Geothermal
Gradient. Thus, higher temperature can occur by burial of rock. It can also
increase due to igneous intrusion.

2. Pressure increases with depth of burial,

thus, both pressure and temperature will
vary with depth in the Earth. Pressure is
defined as a force acting equally from all
directions. It is a type of stress, called
hydrostatic stress, or uniform stress. If the
stress is not equal from all directions, then
the stress is called a differential stress.

Figure 4. Differential stress

There are two kinds of differential stress.

a. Normal stress causes objects to be compressed in the direction of
maximum principal stress and extended in the direction of minimal stress.
If differential stress is present during metamorphism, it can have a
profound effect on the texture of the rock.
b. Shear stress causes objects to be smeared out in the direction of applied
stress.

Differential stress if acting on a rock can have a profound effect on the

appearance or texture of the rock. Rounded grains can become flattened in
the direction of maximum stress. Minerals that crystallize or grow in the
differential stress field can have a preferred orientation. This is especially true
of the sheet silicate minerals (the micas: biotite and muscovite, chlorite, talc,
and serpentine).
3. Fluid Phase - Any present open space amongst mineral grains in a rock can
possibly contain a fluid. This fluid is mostly water, but it may also contain
dissolved ions. The fluid phase is significant because chemical reactions that
involve altering a solid mineral into a new solid mineral can be prominently
 speeded up by having dissolved ions carried by the fluid. If chemical
alteration of the rock takes place due to these fluids, the process is called
metasomatism.

4. Time matters because the nature of metamorphism is a long, slow process.

During metamorphism, several processes are at work. Recrystallization
causes alterations in minerals size and shape. Chemical reactions occur
between the minerals to develop new sets of minerals that are more stable
at the pressure and temperature of the environment, and new minerals
form as due to polymorphic phase transformations. Polymorphs are
compounds with the same chemical formula, but different crystal
structures.

II. Types of Metamorphism

1. Contact Metamorphism/ Thermal metamorphism) occurs nearby igneous
intrusions and comes from high temperatures related with the igneous
intrusion. Since only a small area neighboring the intrusion is heated by the
magma, metamorphism is limited to a zone surrounding the intrusion, called
a metamorphic aureole.
2. Burial Metamorphism happens when rocks are buried to several hundred
meters deep where the temperatures are greater than 300oC. New minerals
may grow, but the rock might not appear to be physically metamorphosed.
The main minerals produced are the Zeolites. Burial metamorphism overlaps,
to some extent, with diagenesis, and grades into regional metamorphism as
temperature and pressure increase.
3. Dynamic Metamorphism is due to mechanical distortion, as to when two
bodies of rockslide past one another along a fault zone. Heat is produced by
the friction of sliding along the zone, and the rocks will be likely to be crushed
and pulverized. It is not very common and is limited to a narrow zone where
the sliding occurs. The rock that is produced is called a mylonite.
4. Regional Metamorphism takes place over huge areas that were exposed to
high degrees of distortion under differential stress. Thus, it usually produces
metamorphic rocks that are strongly foliated, such as slates, schists, and
gneisses. The differential stress is produced by tectonic forces that generate
compression of the rocks. It happens as such as when two continental masses
 strike with one another. Regionally metamorphosed rocks are produced in the
cores of mountain ranges or in eroded mountain ranges.

III. Metamorphic Rock Types

1. Foliated – Examples are slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss, granulite, and
migmatites. These have a planar foliation caused by the preferred orientation
or alignment of minerals and formed under differential stress. They have a
significant amount of sheet silicate (platy minerals and are classified by
composition, grain size, and foliation type.
2. Non-foliated rocks lack a planar fabric. Examples are amphibolites, hornfels,
quartzites, marble. Absence of foliation possible for several reasons: Rock not
subjected to differential stress, dominance of equant minerals (like quartz,
feldspar, and garnet) and absence of platy minerals (sheet silicates).

Table 2. Scheme of Metamorphic Rock Identification

 METAMORPHIC ROCK ACTIVITIES
I. Objective:
Students will understand that metamorphic rocks are sedimentary
igneous, or other metamorphic rocks that have been changed by heat and
pressure.

II. Background Information:

Metamorphic rocks have been changed by heat and pressure around
igneous intrusions in the deeper parts of mountains systems. Heat and
pressure make the rocks soft (but not melted) so they actually bend and flex!
Uplift and erosion of the crust have combined to expose them on the surface.
Here are two activities to help you better understand metamorphic rocks.

ACTIVITY 1:
A. Materials:
1. plasticine or modeling clay
2. large brick

B. Procedure
1. This one is really fun! Place frozen balls of
plasticine on a table.
2. Set a large brick on top of them.
3. Record what happens as they warm to room
temperature.
4. How does this relate to metamorphic rock?

ACTIVITY 2:
A. Materials:
• small jar
• 6 pieces of bubble gum
• oven
• smaller jar filled with nuts and bolts (to be used as a weight)
• pot holder
 B. Procedure
NOTE: Be careful!! The jar will be hot and burning bubble gum smells icky!
1. Fill the jar ½ full of bubble gum (unwrapped of course).
2. Place it in cold oven.
3. Put the weight inside the first jar on top of the gum.
4. Heat the oven gradually to about 170 degrees C (350 degrees F).
5. After about ½ hour at 350 degrees, push the weight down gently.
6. Note how the gum deformed. If you did this activity carefully, the gum would
not melt, and you will end up with "metamorphosed bubble gum
conglomerate."

Questions
1. What have you observed?
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2. Why has the items changed from their original shape or form?
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3. Have you gone through a similar incident of being exposed to stress? Relay
your experience and the changes it has done to you.
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 Deepen

REFLECTION
How do you see the similarities and differences of human and rocks?
Give at least three of each and discuss using examples. You may include
your own experiences.
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Activity Rubric

Category 4 3 2 1
Content Written Written Written Response lacks
response response response any
addresses essay addresses essay addresses essay comprehension
question very acceptably question of the essay
satisfactorily. question very acceptably. question.
satisfactorily.
Clarity Response Response Response lacks Response is
indicates depth indicates focus or unfocused,
and complexity simplistic or demonstrates illogical or
of thought in repetitive confused or incoherent.
answering the thoughts in conflicting
essay question. answering the thinking.
essay question.
Organization Response is well Response is Response is Response is
& organized and organized and fairly organized disorganized
Development developed with developed with and developed, and
of Ideas appropriate general presenting underdeveloped,
support to make supporting generalizations providing little
meaning clear. ideas provided without or no relevant
(reasons/genera adequate support.
l examples). support. .
Grammar, Response is free Response has 3 Response has 4- Response has 6
Usage, and from any errors. or less errors. 5 errors. or more errors.
Mechanics
200 words YES NO
Activity 1. Concept Map
Directions. Complete the concept map about Magmatism. Choose your answers on
the box below.

igneous rocks volcano pressure

lava silicon volatile
magma subduction zone temperature
mid-ocean ridge asthenosphere heat transfer
oxygen convergent boundary melting
partial melting decompression flux melting