EARTH SCIENCE - Decompression melting also occurs at mantle

plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earth’s high-

pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. When located
FORMATION OF OF MAGMA MAGMA beneath the ocean, these plumes, also known as hot
spots, push magma onto the seafloor. These volcanic
mounds can grow into volcanic islands over millions of
MAGMA years of activity.
- Rocks commonly found on the surface of the
Earth are in solid state. However, rocks also exist in
liquid state at certain locations deep inside Earth. The
molten rocks that are found beneath Earth’s surface are
called magma.

LAVA
- They are less dense than the surrounding solid
rock, and therefore capable of rising the surface. When 2.HEATTRANSFER MELTING
magma emerges at the surface, it is called lava. - Magma can also be created when hot, liquid
rock intrudes into Earth’s cold crust. As the liquid rock
Composition of magma solidifies, it loses its heat to the surrounding crust. Much
like hot fudge being poured over cold ice cream, this
transfer of heat is able to melt the surrounding rock (the
“ice cream”) into magma.
- Transfer of heat often happens at convergent
boundaries, where tectonic plates are crashing together.
- As the denser tectonic plate subducts, or sinks
below, or the less-dense tectonic plate, hot rock from
below can intrude into the cooler plate above. This
process transfers heat and creates magma. Over
millions of years, the magma in this subduction zone can
create a series of active volcanoes known as a volcanic
arc.

Formation of MAGMA 3.FLUX MELTING

- Flux melting occurs when water or carbon
- Magma are formed under certain dioxide are added to rock. These compounds cause the
circumstances in special locations deep in the crust or in rock to melt at lower temperatures. This creates magma
the upper mantle. in places where it originally maintained a solid structure.
Much like heat transfer, flux melting also occurs around
- They are formed when conditions are right to subduction zones.
cause preexisting solid rocks to melt. - In this case, water overlying the subducting
seafloor would lower the melting temperature of the
MAGMA CAN BE GENERATED IN SEVERAL WAYS mantle, generating magma that rises to the surface.
Over millions of years, the magma in this subduction
1.DECOMPRESSION MELTING zone can create a series of active volcanoes known as a
- Decompression melting involves the upward volcanic arc.
movement of Earth's mostly-solid mantle. This hot
material rises to an area of lower pressure through the
process of convection. Areas of lower pressure always
have a lower melting point than areas of high pressure.
This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression,
enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma.
- Often occurs at divergent boundaries, where
tectonic plates separate. The rifting movement causes
the buoyant magma below to rise and fill the space of
lower pressure. The rock then cools into new crust.
 02. Contact Metamorphism
- a type of metamorphism which is a
consequence of an increase in temperature usually
because of a heat source such as an intrusive magma
body or a lava flow.

There are two types of contact metamorphism

Rocks are composed of different minerals, a. Thermal metamorphism

which cause it to melt over a range of temperatures. - occurs when rocks gets in
The melting temperature of the rock is called contact with a heat source like magma.
Eutectic temperature , this is lower than the melting
temperature of its constituent minerals.
When a rock begins to melt, only certain
minerals are melted. This process is called partial
melting . The rock will eventually be melted completely
when the temperature is high enough.

METAMORPHISM
b. Hydrothermal metamorphism
- occurs when rocks comes in
contact with hot chemically reactive
METAMORPHIC ROCKS fluids and then crystallizes. This also
- Are rocks that have undergone metamorphism, occurs in the presence of water at high
or change. It will form when rocks are subjected to temperature and pressure, which affect
intense temperature and pressure or chemically active the resulting mineralogy and rate of
fluids. reaction.
Rocks subjected to these conditions will
undergo physical and chemical change which results in
the formation of new metamorphic rocks which are
commonly formed underneath the earth through
metamorphism.

METAMORPHISM

- Metamorphism is a process of mineral 03. Regional Metamorphism

assemblage and texture variation that results from the - occurs when there is high temperature and
physical-chemical changes of solid rocks, caused by pressure that may extend over large areas.
factors such as crust movement, magma activity, or - results in intense alteration of the mineralogy
thermal fluid change in the earth. and texture of rocks, usually to the point where original
- The process of metamorphism does not melt sedimentary structures are destroyed.
the rocks, but instead, transform them into denser, more - primarily due to tectonic forces associated with
compact rocks. the interaction between lithospheric plates. This occurs
- Metamorphic rocks are often squished, in areas of active subduction and mountain building.
smeared out, or folded. But despite these uncomfortable
conditions, metamorphic rocks do not get hot enough to
melt.

TYPES OF METAMORPHISM

01. Burial Metamorphism

- exists when surface rocks are buried beneath
layers of sediments or lavas where it sinks deeper in the 04. Dynamic Metamorphism
earth’s crust. - the result of very high shear stress, such as
- these rocks are subjected to high pressure and - occurs along fault zones occurs at relatively
temperature which causes their minerals to change low temperatures compared to other types of
chemically that leads to the formation of metamorphic metamorphism, and consists predominantly of the
rocks. physical changes that happen to a rock experiencing
shear stress.
FOLIATION

- In metamorphism, when pressure increase,

there is also an increase in density. Any minerals that
have a long or flat axis will align themselves to equalize
the pressure, a process called foliation.

- Foliation in metamorphic rock is formed by uni-

or bi- directional strain, often under high temperature
and pressure conditions, that allow laminar deformation
along planes of weakness between layers, mineral
grains, and molecular bonds.

The foliation, often sheet-like planes with altered

mineral composition, can often indicate the direction of
increased strain and inform regional stress and plate
tectonic analysis.

- Foliation often occurs parallel to original

bedding, but it may not be ostensibly related to any
other structural direction.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS ARE CLASSIFIED BASED

ON THEIR STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION. THE
TEXTURES CAN BE:

> FOLIATED
- The mineral constituents are oriented in a
parallel or sub parallel arrangement.

> NON FOLIATED

-It appears massive or grainy, and there is no
visible orientation of mineral grains.