MED 518: Engineering Graphics
Introduction to Basic Sketching
Techniques
Nizam Mohammed Khan
Lecturer II Mechanical Engineering
Drawing Instruments
1. Drawing board surface for drawing, writing or sketching
2. Tee square guide for drawing horizontal lines
3. Ruler for measurements
4. Set squares 45° set square and 30°, 60° set squares. Used to draw line at a right
angle or other particular angle to a baseline
5. Pencil 2H for straight line work and HB for freehand and writing
6. Pencil compass Small & large compasses for drawing arcs and circles
7. Pencil eraser For erasing pencil marks
8. Protractor instrument for measuring an angle
9. Drawing board for clipping papers to drawing board
clips
10. Drafting tape for taping papers to drawing board
11. Flexible curves for drawing smooth curves
12. French curves for drawing smooth curves
13. Radius for drawing circles of various sizes
template
Types Of Lines
Lines
Standard line types used in technical drawing
Title block
NAME TITLE DATE SCALE
FORM SIGN DRG NO:
17 60 200 60 60 17
Engineering drawings used in industry usually have a lot more
printed information on them.
Abbreviations
Word/phrase Abbreviations Word/phrase Abbreviations
Assembly ASSY Cylinder CYL
Centre line CL or Diameter DIA or
Chamfer CHAM External EXT
Countersink CSINK Figure FIG
Counterbore CBORE Hexagon HEX
Material MATL Internal INT
Maximum MAX Specification SPEC
Minimum MIN Square SQ
Number NO Standard STD
Pitch Circle MAX MATL
Diameter PCD condition MMC
Radius RAD or R Volume VOL
Required REQD Weight WT
Overview
R2.5 15
10
• Types of drawing
:
• artistic
10
• technical
• Illustrations
• rendering
Overview
• Examples of different drawing types
3-D computer model of the interior of an office
A dimensioned technical/mechanical drawing
building
Sketching
• 3 methods of creating technical drawings
• Freehand, mechanical & digital
• Technical sketching is the process of producing a rough preliminary
drawing representing the main features of a product or structure
• Normally done by freehand, generally less finished, less structured/
restricted, & take less time to produce
Sketching
• Technical sketches
• Used extensively in the first stage of design process to visualize or convey
ideas
• An informal tool used by everyone involved in the design & manufacture of
a product
Sketching
• Sketching tool
• Paper, pencils, eraser
• Sketching technique e.g.
• Straight line sketch
• Circle & arc
• Component (proportional sketch)
• Pictorial sketch
• In sketching, proportionality is important.
• Even though it is a freehand sketch, the lines should be relatively sharp
and straight for a good quality sketch.
Mechanical
Sketched
Sketching
• Sketching straight line
Sketching
• Sketching circle
Sketching component
Sketching circle (proportional)
Sketching
• Multi-view and pictorial sketches
Scale
• What does it mean?
• Scale indicates the relative size of the drawing object with the real object
• Scale used should always be stated on drawing – a very important info that
is usually written in the title block.
• 'do not scale' / 'not to scale‘ / NTS – the drawing is not drawn to a certain
scale
• Recommended scale
• 1:1 for full size
• for greater than full size
• 2:1 for twice full size
• 10:1 for ten times full size
• for reduced size
Actual
• 1:2 for half full size size
1:1
• 1:10 for tenth full size
• other common scale
• 1:5, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:500 etc. 2:1 1:2
PICTORIAL PROJECTION
• Pictorial drawings, sketched freehand or made with drawing
instruments, are frequently used by engineers and architects
to convey ideas to their assistants and clients.
• 3 classifications:
• Axonometric [isometric, dimetric, trimetric]
• Oblique projection
• Perspective projection
ISOMETRIC PROJECTION
• Isometric Projection is a method of pictorial representation on
three planes arranged at 120° to each other, easily constructed
by the 60° setsquare.
• Drawing an object in isometric:
• Draw an isometric crate using the overall measurements
• Insert measurements in the crate
• Darken the outline of the drawing
Isometric scale
To construct an isometric scale
1. Draw an angle of 45°.
2. Mark off full measurements, as required, along the 45° line (true length line).
3. Draw a 30° line from the same vertex as 45° angle.
4. Drop 90° from the marked divisions on the 45° line to 30° line.
5. The measurements on the 30° lines are the isometric length.
Circles In Isometric
• Method 1 - Using a compass
1. Draw in the center line and determine points E, F, G and H.
2. Draw in the enclosing square ABCD.
3. Join DF and DH to intersect with BG and BE at J and K.
4. Centre J, radius JF; draw an arc from F to G.
5. Centre K, same radius, draw an arc from E to H.
6. Centre B, radius BE, draw an arc from B to G.
7. Centre D, same radius; draw an arc from F to H.
Oblique Drawing
• In oblique projections the front view is drawn true size, and the receding
surfaces are drawn on an angle to give it a pictorial appearance.
• Cavalier oblique- line of sight makes an angle of 45° with the plane of
projection. The receding axes maybe at an angle and the scale used on this
axis is full size. The scale used on the vertical and horizontal axes is full size.
1
1
1
• Cabinet oblique –the receding axis may be at any angle and the scale used on
this axis should be half full size. The scale used on the vertical and horizontal
axes is full size.
1
Plano metric Drawing
• Plano metric is another form of pictorial drawing which frequently in the
architectural sketches or plans to show arrangements of furniture, equipment
machines and so forth within a building construction.
• In Plano metric drawing, the plan view is drawn to a convenient scale and
then projectors are raised from it at some convenient angle, most probably 60
degrees or 45 degrees.
Perspective drawing
• One Point Perspective
• Two Point Perspective
