CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Forests are crucial for biodiversity conservation, carbon sequestration, and ecosystem stability
(FAO, 2020). Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is a globally recognized approach to
ensuring forests continue to provide economic, environmental, and social benefits for present and
future generations (World Bank, 2019). In Nigeria, forest administration plays a key role in
implementing policies, enforcing regulations, and promoting conservation strategies (Nwoboshi,
2021).

However, in Ohimini Local Government of Benue State, deforestation, illegal logging, and poor
enforcement of forest laws pose significant threats to sustainability (Ogunwusi & Jolaoso, 2019).
Weak institutional frameworks, lack of community participation, and insufficient funding have
further worsened forest degradation in the region (Ekong, 2020).

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is a critical approach that ensures forests continue to
provide these benefits while meeting present and future needs. It involves conservation
strategies, controlled harvesting, reforestation, and the enforcement of policies to prevent
deforestation and degradation (World Bank, 2019). In Nigeria, forests account for about 9.9% of
the total land area, but deforestation rates remain alarmingly high due to illegal logging,
agricultural expansion, and weak enforcement of forestry laws (Global Forest Watch, 2021).
Benue State, located in Nigeria’s North-Central region, has witnessed significant forest loss over
the past few decades. Ohimini Local Government Area (LGA), a predominantly agrarian
community, is experiencing rapid deforestation due to increasing demand for agricultural land,
fuelwood, and timber products (Audu, 2018). This deforestation threatens biodiversity, depletes
natural resources, and contributes to environmental issues such as soil erosion and
desertification.

Forest administration in Nigeria is tasked with the formulation and implementation of policies to
regulate forest use and promote conservation. Agencies such as the Federal Ministry of
Environment, National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency
(NESREA), and State Forestry Departments play vital roles in forest governance (Adeyoju,
2020). However, in Ohimini LGA, the effectiveness of forest administration remains a concern
due to inadequate funding, poor policy implementation, and low community participation
(Ogunwusi & Jolaoso, 2019). Many residents rely on forest resources for livelihood, making it
crucial to strike a balance between conservation and economic development.
The National Forestry Policy of Nigeria (2006) and the Benue State Forestry Laws were
established to guide sustainable forest management and conservation efforts (Federal
Government of Nigeria, 2006). However, their implementation in Ohimini LGA has faced
several challenges, including weak enforcement, lack of awareness, and resistance from local
communities (Ekong, 2020). Without effective forest administration, deforestation will continue
to threaten food security, climate stability, and biodiversity in the region.

This study evaluates the role of forest administration in promoting sustainable forest
management in Ohimini Local Government, Benue State. It assesses the effectiveness of
policies, examines the challenges facing forest administration, and explores strategies for
improving conservation efforts. The findings of this research will be valuable for policymakers,
environmentalists, and local stakeholders seeking to enhance forest governance and ensure
sustainable use of forest resources.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.2.1 AIMS:

To evaluate the role of forest administration in promoting sustainable forest management in

Ohimini Local Government.

1.2.2 OBJECTIVES:

1. To examine the responsibilities of forest administration in Ohimini.

2. To assess the effectiveness of policies and regulations on forest management.

3. To identify challenges affecting sustainable forest management.

4. To suggest strategies for improving forest administration and conservation efforts.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Despite existing forestry laws and institutions, Nigeria has one of the highest deforestation rates
in the world, losing about 3.7% of its forest cover annually (Global Forest Watch, 2021). In
Ohimini, large-scale deforestation has led to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and declining
agricultural productivity (Audu, 2018). Although forest administration agencies are responsible
for regulating forest activities, enforcing policies, and promoting sustainable practices, illegal
logging and encroachments continue unchecked (Adeyoju, 2020).
This raises concerns about the effectiveness of forest administration in ensuring sustainable
forest management in Ohimini. The study seeks to evaluate the efficiency of existing policies,
identify challenges, and propose solutions to enhance forest administration in the area.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the roles of forest administration in promoting sustainable forest management in
Ohimini?

2. How effective are the policies and regulations governing forest management in Ohimini?

3. What challenges hinder sustainable forest management in the area?

4. What strategies can improve forest administration and conservation efforts?

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study focuses on the role of forest administration in sustainable forest management in
Ohimini Local Government, Benue State. It examines government policies, enforcement
mechanisms, and challenges faced by forest administrators. However, limitations may include:

1. Data Accessibility – Some government records on forest management may be restricted

(Audu, 2018).

2. Official Reluctance – Forest officials and policymakers may hesitate to disclose information
on enforcement lapses (Adeyoju, 2020).

3. Time Constraints – The study’s timeframe may limit extensive field research and long-term
impact assessment (Global Forest Watch, 2021).

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant for policymakers, environmentalists, and local communities. It will:

Provide insights into the effectiveness of forest administration in Ohimini (Ogunwusi, 2019).

Highlight challenges and recommend solutions for better forest management (Ekong, 2020).

Serve as a reference for future research on sustainable forestry in Nigeria (Nwoboshi, 2021).

By analyzing the role of forest administration, this research will contribute to the broader
discussion on sustainable natural resource management and environmental conservation in
Nigeria.
 CHAPTER TWO

LITRATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT (SFM)

2.1.1 DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is a globally recognized approach designed to maintain

and enhance the ecological, economic, and social benefits derived from forests while ensuring
their long-term health and productivity (FAO, 2020). It seeks to balance the need for forest
resources with environmental conservation and societal well-being.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2020), SFM is defined as "the
stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in a way and at a rate that maintains their
biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, and vitality, while meeting present and future
needs." This definition emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that integrates ecological
preservation, economic sustainability, and social development.

IMPORTANCE OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

SFM is crucial in addressing global environmental challenges, including deforestation,

biodiversity loss, and climate change. The following points highlight the importance of SFM:

Climate Change Mitigation and Carbon Sequestration

Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the
atmosphere, which helps in mitigating climate change (IPCC, 2021). Deforestation and forest
degradation account for nearly 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions, making sustainable
forest practices essential for reducing carbon footprints (WWF, 2021)

Biodiversity Conservation

Forests provide habitat to about 80% of terrestrial species, making them crucial for global
biodiversity (WWF, 2020). Sustainable management ensures the protection of endangered
species and the preservation of ecological balance.
Water and Soil Conservation

Forests regulate the hydrological cycle by capturing and storing rainwater, reducing the risk of
floods and droughts (Nwoboshi, 2021). Forest cover helps prevent soil erosion, improving soil
fertility and sustaining agricultural productivity.

Economic and Livelihood Benefits

More than 1.6 billion people worldwide depend on forests for food, medicine, and shelter (FAO,
2019). SFM promotes sustainable timber harvesting, ensuring a continuous supply of wood
products while preventing resource depletion (Audu, 2018).

Sustainability of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)

Many rural communities rely on non-timber forest products like medicinal plants, honey, fruits,
and nuts for subsistence and economic activities (Ekong, 2020). Sustainable practices ensure the
availability of these resources for future generations.

Cultural and Recreational Values

Many indigenous communities have deep cultural and spiritual connections to forests, and SFM
helps preserve these traditional values (UNEP, 2021). Forests also provide recreational and
tourism opportunities, contributing to local economies (World Bank, 2019).In regions like
Ohimini Local Government in Benue State, sustainable forest management is vital for preventing
rapid deforestation, conserving biodiversity, and ensuring continued access to forest resources
for the local population.

2.1.2 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

SFM is guided by fundamental principles that ensure forests remain ecologically viable,
economically productive, and socially beneficial. These principles are essential for both global
and local efforts in forest conservation.

Forest Conservation and Protection

This principle emphasizes preserving forests by minimizing deforestation, illegal logging, and
land-use changes. Strategies include:
Forest reserves: Designating protected areas to conserve biodiversity (FAO, 2020).

Strict anti-logging policies: Enforcing regulations against excessive or illegal timber extraction
(WWF, 2021).

Wildlife protection laws: Preventing habitat destruction and poaching of endangered species
(Ekong, 2020).

Sustainable Resource Utilization

Forests should be utilized in a way that ensures long-term sustainability. This involves:

Controlled timber harvesting: Implementing selective logging techniques rather than clear-
cutting (Ogunwusi & Jolaoso, 2019).

Agroforestry systems: Integrating trees with agricultural production to enhance productivity

while maintaining forest cover (NEST, 2021).

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs): Encouraging the harvesting of alternative products like
medicinal plants, fruits, and resins instead of overexploiting timber (Adeyoju, 2020).

Local Community Participation

Local communities are the primary users of forest resources, making their participation critical to
successful conservation efforts. This principal advocates for:

Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM): Involving local people in forest governance

and decision-making (FAO, 2019). Traditional knowledge integration: Recognizing and
incorporating indigenous knowledge in conservation strategies (Ekong, 2020).

Livelihood alternatives: Providing sustainable income sources, such as beekeeping or

ecotourism, to reduce reliance on forest exploitation (Audu, 2018).
Legal and Policy Frameworks for Sustainable Management

Strong governance structures and policies are required to enforce sustainable practices. This
principle involves:

National and regional forestry laws: Developing and enforcing laws that regulate forest activities
(Federal Government of Nigeria, 2006).

International treaties: Complying with agreements such as the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
(UNEP, 2021). Effective monitoring and evaluation: Using modern technologies like satellite
imagery and drones to track forest changes (World Bank, 2019).

Reforestation and Afforestation

Replanting trees in deforested areas and increasing forest cover is crucial for restoring degraded
ecosystems. Methods include:

Tree planting campaigns: Governments and NGOs encouraging afforestation projects (WWF,
2019).

Forest landscape restoration (FLR): Large-scale efforts to recover degraded forests and improve
ecosystem services (FAO, 2020).

Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation

Forests are key players in addressing climate change, and SFM incorporates strategies to mitigate
and adapt to environmental changes. These include:

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+): A global initiative
that incentivizes sustainable forestry (World Bank, 2019).

Carbon credit programs: Allowing governments and organizations to trade carbon credits by
protecting forests (UNEP, 2021).

Economic Viability and Incentives for Sustainable Practices

SFM must be economically feasible to encourage widespread adoption. Strategies for economic
sustainability include:

Forest certification programs: Certification schemes like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
ensure timber is sourced from sustainable forests (FAO, 2020).

Eco-friendly businesses: Supporting industries that depend on forests without causing harm, such
as sustainable furniture production and paper recycling (Ogunwusi & Jolaoso, 2019). Payment
for Ecosystem Services (PES): Governments or private organizations compensating communities
for maintaining forest ecosystems (NEST, 2021).

2.2 ROLE OF FOREST ADMINISTRATION IN SUSTAINABLE FOREST

MANAGEMENT

Forest administration plays a crucial role in ensuring sustainable forest management (SFM) by
establishing legal frameworks, enforcing environmental policies, regulating forest resources, and
promoting conservation programs. Effective forest governance is necessary to balance the
growing demand for forest resources with the need for conservation and long-term sustainability.

In Nigeria, forest administration is carried out at multiple levels, including federal, state, and
local governments, each with specific responsibilities. The effectiveness of these institutions
directly impacts the success of sustainable forest management, particularly in local government
areas such as Ohimini Local Government in Benue State.

2.2.1 FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL LEVELS OF FOREST ADMINISTRATION

Forest administration in Nigeria is decentralized, involving different levels of government to

ensure efficient regulation and management of forest resources.

Federal Level: National Forestry Administration

At the national level, forest administration is overseen by the Federal Ministry of Environment
(FME) and related agencies. Their primary roles include:
  Formulating national forestry policies to guide sustainable management practices.
 Implementing international agreements on forest conservation, such as the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on
Biological Diversity (CBD).
 Monitoring and regulating timber exports to prevent illegal logging.
 Coordinating national afforestation and reforestation programs such as the National
Afforestation Programme (NAP).
 Developing forest research and education initiatives through institutions like the Forestry
Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN).

One of the key agencies under the federal government is the National Environmental
Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), which enforces environmental
laws related to deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity conservation. Despite these efforts,
challenges such as weak law enforcement, limited funding, and corruption hinder the
effective administration of forests at the federal level (Ogunwusi & Jolaoso, 2019).

State Level: Benue State Forestry Administration

Each state in Nigeria, including Benue State, has a forestry department responsible for
implementing federal policies and managing forest resources within state boundaries. The Benue
State Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, through its Forestry Department, is
responsible for:

 Managing state-owned forest reserves and protecting natural forests from illegal
exploitation.
 Issuing permits for logging and forest product collection, ensuring compliance with
sustainable practices.
 Collaborating with private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to
promote conservation efforts.
 Providing extension services and training programs for farmers and communities engaged
in agroforestry.
Despite these responsibilities, state-level forest administration faces significant obstacles such as
lack of manpower, outdated policies, and political interference (Audu, 2018).

Local Level: Forest Administration in Ohimini LGA

At the local level, forest administration is managed by the Ohimini Local Government Council,
which works closely with traditional rulers and community leaders to enforce forestry
regulations. The local government plays a role in:

 Implementing state and national forestry laws at the grassroots level.

 Organizing community-based conservation programs to encourage local participation in
afforestation and reforestation.
 Monitoring illegal forest activities such as unauthorized logging and bush burning.
 Providing alternative livelihood programs to reduce dependence on forest resources.

Local governments often lack sufficient funding, technical expertise, and enforcement capacity,
making it difficult to prevent illegal logging and deforestation in Ohimini LGA (Ekong, 2020).

2.2.2 FUNCTIONS OF FOREST ADMINISTRATION

Effective forest administration involves a wide range of functions aimed at ensuring sustainable
forest management. These functions include policy formulation, law enforcement, conservation
programs, and community engagement.

Policy Formulation and Implementation

Forest policies serve as a legal framework for the sustainable management of forest resources.
The National Forestry Policy (2006) in Nigeria emphasizes:

 The protection of forest reserves from unsustainable logging and land-use change.
 The promotion of afforestation and reforestation programs to combat desertification and
forest degradation.
 The enhancement of community participation in forest management through local
governance structures.
  The regulation of commercial forestry activities to ensure compliance with sustainable
practices.

Despite the existence of forestry policies, weak enforcement and lack of political will often
hinder their effectiveness at the grassroots level (Adeyoju, 2020).

Forest Monitoring and Regulation

One of the critical roles of forest administration is the monitoring of forest activities to prevent
illegal logging, encroachment, and environmental degradation. Effective monitoring strategies
include:

 Surveillance patrols by forest rangers to detect unauthorized activities.

 Use of satellite imagery and drone technology for real-time monitoring of forest changes
(Global Forest Watch, 2021).
 Establishment of forest checkpoints to regulate the transportation of timber and other
forest products.

In Ohimini LGA, weak enforcement mechanisms and the influence of powerful logging cartels
contribute to widespread deforestation and forest degradation (Ogunwusi & Jolaoso, 2019).

Afforestation and Reforestation Programs

To combat deforestation, forest administrators initiate tree planting and restoration programs. In
Nigeria, key initiatives include:

 The Great Green Wall (GGW) project, aimed at combating desertification in the northern
states.
 The Benue State Afforestation Project (BSAP), which seeks to restore degraded lands in
Benue State, including Ohimini LGA.
 Community tree-planting programs, encouraging local residents to plant trees for
economic and environmental benefits.

However, the success of these programs is often limited by poor funding, lack of community
participation, and inconsistent government policies (Ekong, 2020)
Public Awareness and Environmental Education

Forest administration also involves educating the public about the importance of conservation
and sustainable forest use. Key strategies include:

 Environmental campaigns in schools and local communities to promote tree planting and
responsible land use.
 Training workshops for farmers and loggers on sustainable harvesting techniques.
 Use of media and social platforms to raise awareness about deforestation and climate
change.

Studies show that increased awareness and education can significantly improve conservation
efforts in local communities (FAO, 2020).

Collaboration with Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International Bodies

Forest administration involves partnerships with local and international organizations to enhance
sustainable forest management. In Nigeria, organizations such as:

 World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) support conservation projects.

 United Nations REDD+ Program provides financial incentives to countries that reduce
deforestation.
 Local NGOs such as the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF) work on biodiversity
conservation and environmental advocacy.

In Ohimini LGA, strengthening these collaborations could improve resource availability for
conservation efforts (Audu, 2018).

2.2.3 CHALLENGES OF FOREST ADMINISTRATION IN OHIMINI LGA

Despite the efforts of forest administrators at various levels, several challenges hinder effective
forest management in Ohimini LGA, including:

Illegal Logging and Weak Law Enforcement – The absence of stringent penalties and the
complicity of some officials allow illegal timber exploitation to thrive.
Inadequate Funding – Insufficient government funding limits the ability of local forest
administrators to carry out their duties effectively.

Corruption and Political Interference – Corrupt practices and political influence weaken
enforcement mechanisms.

Lack of Community Involvement – Many local communities are unaware of conservation

policies and feel excluded from decision-making.

Climate Change and Natural Disasters – Rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and
wildfires further threaten forests.

Addressing these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder approach, involving government

agencies, local communities, NGOs, and international organizations.

2.3 CHALLENGES FACING FOREST ADMINISTRATION IN PROMOTING

SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Effective forest administration is crucial for ensuring sustainable forest management (SFM).
However, several challenges hinder its successful implementation, particularly in Ohimini Local
Government Area (LGA), Benue State. These challenges range from weak governance structures
to environmental threats and socioeconomic pressures. Addressing these issues is essential for
achieving long-term sustainability in forest conservation and resource utilization.

2.3.1 WEAK LAW ENFORCEMENT AND ILLEGAL LOGGING

One of the most significant challenges facing forest administration is the weak enforcement of
forestry laws and regulations. Despite the existence of legal frameworks, illegal logging remains
rampant in many parts of Nigeria, including Ohimini LGA.
Factors Contributing to Weak Law Enforcement:

Lack of Manpower: There are not enough forest rangers and enforcement officers to monitor
forest activities effectively.

Corruption: Some government officials and law enforcement agents accept bribes from illegal
loggers, allowing them to operate without consequences (Ogunwusi & Jolaoso, 2019).

Inadequate Monitoring Technology: The absence of satellite tracking, drones, and GIS
systems makes it difficult to detect and prevent illegal activities in remote forest areas.

Community Resistance: Some local communities depend on illegal logging for their livelihoods
and resist enforcement efforts.

Judicial System Delays: Even when illegal loggers are arrested, weak judicial processes lead to
delays or lenient penalties, failing to deter future offenses.

Impact of Illegal Logging:

Deforestation and Loss of Biodiversity: Unregulated logging destroys wildlife habitats,

threatening plant and animal species.

Soil Erosion and Degradation: The removal of trees exposes the soil to erosion, reducing
agricultural productivity.

Climate Change Acceleration: Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide.
Deforestation releases stored carbon, contributing to climate change (IPCC, 2021).

2.3.2 INADEQUATE FUNDING AND POOR RESOURCE ALLOCATION

Financial constraints pose a major challenge to effective forest administration. Sustainable forest
management requires significant investment in personnel, infrastructure, and technology, but
these resources are often lacking.
Reasons for Poor Funding:

Low Budget Allocation: The forestry sector receives limited funding compared to other sectors
like agriculture, health, and security.

Mismanagement of Funds: Corruption and misallocation of government resources weaken

conservation efforts (Adeyoju, 2020).

Lack of Private Sector Investment: Many private companies prioritize profits over
conservation, limiting funding for sustainable initiatives.

Insufficient International Support: Donor agencies and international organizations provide

some funding, but bureaucratic bottlenecks often delay projects.

Consequences of Inadequate Funding:

Lack of Equipment and Facilities: Forest administrators lack basic tools such as vehicles,
communication devices, and protective gear.

Poor Salaries and Motivation: Low wages lead to low morale among forestry officers,
reducing their effectiveness.

Limited Public Awareness Campaigns: Without funds, there are fewer outreach programs to
educate communities about sustainable forest management.

To address these challenges, alternative funding sources such as public-private partnerships

(PPP), carbon credit programs, and eco-tourism initiatives should be explored.

2.3.3 CONFLICTING LAND USE POLICIES AND DEFORESTATION

Another major challenge is the conflict between forestry and other land-use policies, such as
agriculture, urban expansion, and mining. These conflicts arise due to the growing demand for
land for development purposes.
Factors Contributing to Land Use Conflicts:

Agricultural Expansion: Many farmers clear forests for crop cultivation, leading to
deforestation and biodiversity loss (FAO, 2020).

Urbanization and Infrastructure Development: Population growth in Ohimini LGA increases

demand for housing, roads, and commercial buildings, often at the expense of forests.

Mining and Industrial Activities: Unregulated extraction of minerals and timber contributes to
land degradation.

Weak Land Tenure Systems: Many forests lack clear ownership, leading to disputes over land
use.

Consequences of Poor Land-Use Planning:

Deforestation and Habitat Destruction: Uncontrolled expansion leads to loss of primary

forests and ecosystems.

Food and Water Scarcity: Deforestation reduces water retention in soil, affecting agriculture
and freshwater availability.

Land Degradation and Desertification: Continuous deforestation leads to soil infertility and
increased desertification.

To mitigate land-use conflicts, forest administration should:

 Implement zoning policies to designate protected forest areas.

 Promote agroforestry practices that integrate tree planting with farming.
 Strengthen land tenure rights to prevent unauthorized land conversion.

2.3.4 LOW COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND AWARENESS

Sustainable forest management requires the active involvement of local communities, but in
many cases, they are excluded from decision-making processes.
Factors Contributing to Low Community Participation:

Lack of Awareness: Many people in rural areas do not fully understand the importance of
forests and conservation.

Economic Dependency on Forests: Many communities rely on logging, charcoal production,

and hunting for income, making them resistant to conservation efforts.

Weak Community Engagement Strategies: Government agencies often fail to incorporate

traditional knowledge and local stakeholders in forest management plans.

Limited Incentives: There are few financial or social benefits for communities that participate in
conservation programs.

Strategies to Improve Community Engagement:

Environmental Education Programs: Schools, churches, and community meetings should be

used to promote awareness.

Alternative Livelihood Programs: Offering sustainable jobs like beekeeping, ecotourism, and
handicrafts can reduce reliance on deforestation.

Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM): Local communities should be given rights

and responsibilities over forest resources.

Incentives and Compensation Schemes: Governments can provide grants or payments for
ecosystem services to encourage conservation.

Successful forest management requires a bottom-up approach, where indigenous knowledge and
local customs are incorporated into official policies.

2.3.5 CLIMATE CHANGE AND NATURAL DISASTERS

Climate change poses a major threat to sustainable forest management. Rising temperatures,
erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events negatively impact forests and their ecosystems.
Effects of Climate Change on Forests:

Increased Forest Fires: Higher temperatures and dry conditions increase the risk of wildfires,
destroying vast forest areas (IPCC, 2021).

Reduced Tree Growth and Regeneration: Droughts and changing rainfall patterns affect tree
survival and biodiversity.

Spread of Pests and Diseases: Warmer climates allow invasive species and pests to thrive,
weakening tree populations.

Loss of Carbon Sequestration Capacity: Deforestation combined with climate change reduces
the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂), worsening global warming.

Adaptive Strategies for Forest Management:

Afforestation and Reforestation Programs: Large-scale tree planting can help restore degraded
forests.

Forest Fire Management Systems: Implementing firebreaks, early warning systems, and
controlled burning can prevent wildfires.

Drought-Resistant Tree Species: Using genetically modified or native species adapted to

extreme weather conditions.

Carbon Credit and REDD+ Programs: Encouraging international climate agreements that
fund forest conservation projects.

The fight against climate change requires global cooperation, with local forest administrators
playing a key role in adaptation and mitigation strategies.

2.4 STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is essential for maintaining ecological balance,

conserving biodiversity, and supporting local livelihoods. In Ohimini Local Government Area
(LGA), Benue State, implementing effective forest management strategies requires government
intervention, community participation, technological advancements, and policy reforms. This
section explores key strategies that can enhance sustainable forest management in Ohimini LGA.

2.4.1 STRENGTHENING POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS

A strong legal framework is the foundation for sustainable forest management. Governments at
the federal, state, and local levels must ensure that policies are well-defined, enforced, and
regularly updated.

Key Strategies for Strengthening Forest Laws and Policies:

1. Review and Update Forest Policies: The National Forest Policy (2006) needs revision to
align with modern environmental challenges, climate change, and technological advancements
(Ogunwusi & Jolaoso, 2019).

2. Enforce Anti-Deforestation Laws: Strict penalties should be imposed on illegal loggers,

while forest rangers should be adequately empowered to implement laws.

3. Integrate Local and Traditional Knowledge: Many indigenous communities in Ohimini

LGA have traditional conservation practices that can be integrated into modern policies.

4. Decentralization of Forest Governance: Shifting Forest management responsibilities to local

governments and community-based organizations can enhance accountability and efficiency.

5. Promote International Agreements Compliance: Nigeria should strengthen its commitment

to global treaties like the United Nations REDD+ Program and Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD) to access funding and technical assistance.

A well-defined legal framework ensures that forest conservation efforts are consistent, fair, and
adaptable to changing environmental and socioeconomic conditions.

2.4.2 ENHANCING LAW ENFORCEMENT AND FOREST PROTECTION

One of the biggest challenges to sustainable forest management is weak law enforcement, which
allows illegal activities such as logging, poaching, and land encroachment. To counter this, forest
administration must adopt stronger enforcement mechanisms.
Strategies for Strengthening Forest Law Enforcement:

1. Increase Forest Rangers and Patrols: Deploying more trained rangers in Ohimini LGA to
monitor illegal activities and enforce conservation laws.

2. Use of Technology for Monitoring: Implementing satellite imagery, drones, and GPS
tracking to detect illegal deforestation and encroachment in real time.

3. Establish Forest Checkpoints: Monitoring timber transportation routes to prevent illegal

logging activities.

4. Engage Local Communities as Forest Watchdogs: Encouraging local people to report

illegal activities and rewarding informants who expose environmental crimes.

5. Stronger Judicial Action: Fast-tracking cases of illegal logging in courts and imposing heavy
fines or imprisonment to deter offenders.

By adopting a zero-tolerance approach to illegal activities, forest management authorities can

reduce deforestation, protect biodiversity, and sustain ecosystem services.

2.4.3 COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT (CBFM)

Sustainable forest management cannot succeed without the active participation of local
communities. Since many people in Ohimini LGA depend on forests for their livelihoods, it is
crucial to involve them in conservation efforts.

Strategies for Community Involvement:

1. Formation of Community Forest Committees (CFCs): These committees can oversee local
afforestation projects, enforce conservation rules, and resolve forest-related conflicts.

2. Training and Capacity Building: Educating community members on sustainable farming,

agroforestry, and alternative livelihoods (Audu, 2018).

3. Economic Incentives for Conservation: Providing financial support to farmers and hunters
who adopt sustainable practices, such as beekeeping, non-timber forest product harvesting, and
eco-tourism.
4. Traditional Conservation Practices: Incorporating cultural beliefs and customs that
promote forest conservation, such as sacred groves and community tree-planting festivals.

5. Revenue Sharing from Forest Products: Allowing local communities to benefit from forest
resources legally and sustainably through regulated timber sales or government funding
programs.

Empowering communities to co-manage forests with government agencies fosters a sense of

responsibility and increases compliance with conservation rules.

2.4.4 Promoting Agroforestry and Sustainable Land Use

Agroforestry is a critical approach that integrates trees, crops, and livestock on the same land to
improve soil health, biodiversity, and farmers' livelihoods.

Agroforestry Strategies for Sustainable Forest Management:

1. Tree Planting on Farms: Encouraging farmers to plant trees alongside crops to reduce
deforestation pressure.

2. Use of Fast-Growing Tree Species: Planting species that grow quickly for fuelwood and
timber, reducing the demand for natural forests.

3. Soil Conservation Practices: Implementing terracing, mulching, and cover cropping to

prevent soil erosion in forested areas.

4. Silvopasture (Grazing and Trees): Encouraging herders to use controlled grazing systems
that prevent overgrazing and desertification.

5. Rehabilitation of Degraded Lands: Restoring deforested areas through afforestation and

reforestation programs.

By integrating sustainable agricultural techniques, agroforestry helps protect forests while

improving rural incomes.

2.4.5 AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION PROGRAMS

To restore degraded forests in Ohimini LGA, large-scale afforestation and reforestation
initiatives must be implemented.

Recommended Strategies:

1. National Tree-Planting Campaigns: Government-led programs encouraging schools,

churches, and community groups to plant trees annually.

2. Establishment of Forest Reserves: Expanding protected areas and creating buffer zones to
prevent land encroachment.

3. Adoption of Drought-Resistant Tree Species: Planting native trees that can withstand harsh
climatic conditions in Benue State.

4. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Partnering with private companies, NGOs, and donor
agencies to fund reforestation efforts.

5. Reforestation with Economic Trees: Planting fruit trees, medicinal plants, and bamboo to
provide income for local communities while promoting forest regeneration.

Sustained tree-planting programs reduce deforestation, combat desertification, and enhance

carbon sequestration.

2.4.6 ENCOURAGING ECOTOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE FOREST-BASED

ENTERPRISES

Ecotourism and sustainable forest enterprises provide an alternative economic model that
benefits both conservation and local livelihoods.

Strategies for Promoting Ecotourism:

1. Developing Protected Nature Parks: Establishing eco-parks where tourists can explore
wildlife and natural landscapes.
2. Supporting Community-Led Ecotourism Ventures: Training local guides, offering cultural
experiences, and promoting eco-friendly accommodations.

3. Marketing Unique Forest Products: Encouraging the sale of organic honey, herbal
medicines, and handicrafts from forest resources.

4. Wildlife Conservation Projects: Protecting endangered species and promoting responsible

wildlife tourism.

5. Incentives for Sustainable Forest Enterprises: Providing low-interest loans and grants to
individuals involved in sustainable forest-based businesses.

By investing in ecotourism and green enterprises, Ohimini LGA can generate income while
preserving its forests.

2.4.7 CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGIES

Forests play a vital role in mitigating climate change, but they are also vulnerable to its effects.
Adaptive strategies are essential to ensure long-term sustainability.

Key Climate Adaptation Strategies:

1. Forest Fire Management: Implementing early warning systems, controlled burning, and
firebreaks to prevent wildfires.

2. Sustainable Water Management: Conserving water resources through rainwater harvesting

and watershed protection.

3. Carbon Sequestration Projects: Participating in international carbon credit programs such as

REDD+ to finance conservation efforts.

4. Research and Development: Investing in studies on climate-resistant tree species and

ecosystem restoration.
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the research methodology used to evaluate the role of forest administration
in promoting sustainable forest management in Ohimini Local Government Area (LGA), Benue
State. It outlines the research design, study area, population, sampling techniques, data collection
methods, and analysis procedures. The methodology ensures that data collection and analysis are
systematic, reliable, and valid for achieving the study’s objectives.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

A descriptive survey research design was adopted for this study. This design is suitable because
it enables the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data, providing an in-depth
understanding of the role of forest administration in sustainable forest management. The survey
design allows for structured questionnaires, interviews, and observations to be used in data
collection.

The study combined both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was gathered
through field surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions, while secondary data was
obtained from relevant literature, government reports, and policy documents.

3.3 STUDY AREA

The study was conducted in Ohimini Local Government Area (LGA) of Benue State, Nigeria.

3.3.1 LOCATION AND GEOGRAPHY

Ohimini LGA is located in the southern part of Benue State, sharing boundaries with Otukpo
LGA to the north and Okpokwu LGA to the west. The region lies within the Guinea savanna
ecological zone, characterized by grasslands interspersed with forests and agricultural farmlands.
The major vegetation types include semi-deciduous forests and scattered woodlands, which are
critical for biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods.
3.3.2 CLIMATE AND WEATHER CONDITIONS

Ohimini LGA experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The rainy season
lasts from April to October, while the dry season extends from November to March. The mean
annual rainfall ranges between 1,200mm and 1,500mm, supporting diverse plant and animal
species. However, climate change and deforestation have contributed to increased environmental
challenges such as soil erosion and desertification.

3.3.3 SOCIOECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

The local economy is primarily agrarian, with the majority of residents engaged in subsistence
farming, hunting, and small-scale logging. Key agricultural products include yam, cassava,
maize, and rice. Additionally, timber harvesting, charcoal production, and non-timber forest
products (NTFPs) contribute to household incomes. However, illegal logging, weak forest
governance, and unsustainable land use practices threaten the ecological balance of the region.

3.4 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The study population includes forest administrators, local government officials, community
members, farmers, timber merchants, and environmental NGOs in Ohimini LGA. These groups
were selected because they have direct involvement in forest resource management and
conservation efforts.

The estimated population of Ohimini LGA is about 150,000 people (National Population
Commission, 2022). However, for this study, a target population of approximately 500
individuals was considered, including key stakeholders in forestry management.

3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND SAMPLE SIZE

A combination of purposive and random sampling techniques was used to ensure a

representative sample.

3.5.1 Sampling Technique

Purposive Sampling: This technique was used to select forest officers, policymakers, and
environmental experts who possess specialized knowledge about forest administration.
Simple Random Sampling: This method was used to select community members, farmers, and
timber merchants, ensuring fair representation across different groups.

3.5.2 Sample Size

The sample size was determined using Yamane’s formula (1967) for a finite population:

N
n=
1+ N (e 2)

Where:

n = Sample size

N = Population size (500)

e = Margin of error (0.05)

500 500
n= 2 =
1+ 500(0.05 ) 1+ 500(0.0025)

500 500
n= = = 222 respondents
1+ 1.25 2.22

Thus, the study used a sample size of 222 respondents, distributed among various stakeholders.

3.6 DATA COLLECTION METHODS

3.6.1 Primary Data Collection

Primary data was collected through the following methods:

Questionnaires: A structured questionnaire was designed to gather information from community

members, forest officers, and other stakeholders. It contained both open-ended and close-ended
questions covering aspects of forest administration, sustainable forest practices, and
environmental challenges.

Interviews: Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with government officials, forest
officers, and community leaders to gain deeper insights into the effectiveness of forest policies.
Focus Group Discussions (FGDs): FGDs were held with local farmers, timber merchants, and
environmental activists to assess community perspectives on sustainable forest management.

Field Observations: Direct field visits were made to observe deforestation activities, afforestation
projects, and conservation practices in selected forested areas.

3.6.2 SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION

Secondary data was obtained from:

Government reports (e.g., National Forest Policy, Benue State Forestry Department Reports)

Academic journals, books, and previous research studies

Environmental organization publications (e.g., FAO, UNEP, REDD+ reports)

3.7 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

Validity: The research instruments were validated through expert review by forestry specialists
and environmental scholars. A pilot study involving 20 respondents was conducted to refine the
questionnaire and interview guides.

Reliability: The internal consistency of the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha
coefficient, ensuring that the instrument produced stable and consistent results over repeated
trials. A reliability coefficient of 0.75 or higher was considered acceptable.

3.8 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

To ensure ethical compliance, the following measures were taken:

Informed Consent: All respondents were informed about the study’s purpose, and their
voluntary participation was sought.

Confidentiality: Respondents' personal information was kept confidential, and responses were
anonymized.

Non-maleficence: The study ensured that participants were not exposed to any harm or risk.
Approval from Authorities: Necessary approvals were obtained from relevant government
bodies and local community leaders before conducting the research.

3.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Some challenges encountered during the research include:

Limited accessibility to remote forest areas, affecting field observations.

Reluctance of some government officials to provide information due to bureaucratic restrictions.

Time constraints and financial limitations, which restricted the sample size and scope of field
visits.

Variability in respondents’ knowledge of forest policies, requiring additional explanations during

interviews.

Despite these challenges, efforts were made to minimize their impact through multiple data
sources and stakeholder engagement.
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the results of the data collected from respondents regarding the role of
forest administration in promoting sustainable forest management in Ohimini Local Government
Area (LGA), Benue State. The data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical
methods. The results are presented in tables, charts, and graphs to facilitate easy interpretation.
The chapter is structured into four main sections:

 Demographic characteristics of respondents

 Knowledge and perception of forest administration
 Role of forest administration in sustainable forest management
 Challenges and recommendations for improvement

4.2 DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

Table 4.1 presents the demographic characteristics of the respondents, including gender, age,
education level, occupation, and length of residence in Ohimini LGA.
Table 4.1: Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

Frequency Percentage
Variable Categories
(N=222) (%)
Gender Male 145 65.3
Female 77 34.7
Age Group 18 - 25 years 32 14.4
26 - 35 years 58 26.1
36 - 45 years 74 33.3
46 - 55 years 41 18.5
56 years and above 17 7.7
Educational Level No Formal Education 25 11.3
Primary Education 48 21.6
Secondary Education 85 38.3
Tertiary Education 64 28.8
Occupation Farmer 92 41.4
Government Official 36 16.2
Forest Officer 30 13.5
Timber Merchant 41 18.5
Researcher/Academic 23 10.4
Length of Residence Less than 5 years 18 8.1
5 – 10 years 39 17.6
11 – 20 years 85 38.3
More than 20 years 80 36.0

Key Findings from Demographic Data

 Majority (65.3%) of the respondents were male, reflecting male dominance in forestry-
related activities in the area.
 The most represented age group was 36 - 45 years (33.3%), followed by 26 - 35 years
(26.1%).
 38.3% had secondary education, while 28.8% had tertiary education, indicating a
moderate level of literacy.
 Farmers (41.4%) formed the largest occupation group, followed by timber merchants
(18.5%).
 Most respondents (74.3%) had lived in Ohimini LGA for more than 10 years, showing
that they had substantial knowledge of forest administration trends.
Table 4.2: Awareness of Government Policies on Forest Management

Percentage
Response Frequency
(%)
Yes 140 63.1
No 82 36.9

 63.1% of respondents were aware of forest management policies, while 36.9% had no
knowledge of such policies.
 Among those aware, many cited logging regulations and conservation programs but
indicated poor enforcement.

Table 4.3: Effectiveness of Forest Administration in Sustainable Forest

Management

Percentage
Response Frequency
(%)
Very Effective 21 9.5
Effective 42 18.9
Neutral 54 24.3
Ineffective 68 30.6
Very Ineffective 37 16.7

 Only 28.4% of respondents believed forest administration was effective, while 47.3%
rated it as ineffective or very ineffective.

4.4 ROLE OF FOREST ADMINISTRATION IN SUSTAINABLE FOREST

MANAGEMENT

Table 4.4: Forest Management Activities Observed in Ohimini LGA

 Percentage
Activity Frequency
(%)
Afforestation Programs 57 25.7
Community-Based Conservation 49 22.1
Logging Regulations 85 38.3
Wildlife Protection 31 14.0
None 42 18.9

 38.3% of respondents observed logging regulations, but many complained of corruption

and illegal logging activities.
 25.7% mentioned afforestation programs, although they were poorly implemented.
 18.9% claimed they had observed no major forest management activities, sug
 guesting weak government intervention.

4.5 CHALLENGES TO SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

Table 4.5: Major Challenges Facing Forest Administration

Percentage
Challenge Frequency
(%)
Illegal Logging 109 49.1
Poor Policy Implementation 72 32.4
Weak Law Enforcement 88 39.6
Lack of Community Involvement 64 28.8
Inadequate Funding 93 41.9

 Illegal logging (49.1%) and weak law enforcement (39.6%) were the most reported
challenges.
 Inadequate funding (41.9%) was a critical barrier to effective forest conservation efforts.

4.6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING FOREST ADMINISTRATION

Table 4.6: Suggested Strategies for Improving Forest Management

 Percentage
Strategy Frequency
(%)
Stronger Law Enforcement 112 50.5
Increased Government Funding 97 43.7
Community Participation 89 40.1
Afforestation & Reforestation 78 35.1
Alternative Livelihood Programs 61 27.5

 50.5% of respondents advocated for stricter law enforcement against illegal logging.
 43.7% suggested increased government funding, and 40.1% recommended community
participation in forest conservation efforts.
 CHAPTER FIVE:

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter summarizes the study’s findings, presents conclusions, and offers recommendations
for improving forest administration and sustainable forest management in Ohimini Local
Government Area (LGA), Benue State.

5.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

 Awareness of forest management policies was moderate (63.1%), but implementation

was weak.
 Forest administration was rated ineffective by 47.3% of respondents, mainly due to poor
enforcement and corruption.
 Illegal logging (49.1%) and weak law enforcement (39.6%) were the biggest challenges
to sustainable forest management.
 Stronger law enforcement (50.5%), increased funding (43.7%), and community
involvement (40.1%) were the most suggested solutions.

5.3 CONCLUSION

The study concluded that forest administration in Ohimini LGA is weak and ineffective,
allowing illegal logging and poor forest management practices to persist. Strengthening law
enforcement, increasing funding, and involving local communities are critical steps needed for
sustainable forest management.

5.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Stronger Law Enforcement – Government should impose stricter penalties for illegal
logging and improve monitoring.
 2. Community Involvement – Local residents should be engaged in conservation programs
and decision-making.
3. Increased Funding – More financial resources should be allocated to forestry programs
and alternative livelihoods.
4. Afforestation and Reforestation – Tree planting programs should be expanded to
restore degraded forests.
5. Policy Implementation and Monitoring – Regular evaluations should be conducted to
ensure effective forest management.

5.5 SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

 The impact of illegal logging on biodiversity and local livelihoods.

 The role of indigenous knowledge in forest conservation.
 The effectiveness of alternative livelihoods in reducing deforestation.