JIGJIGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF DRYLAND AND AGRICULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

REVIEW ON ASSESSMENT OF COMMUNITY DEPENDENCY ON

FOREST RESOURCES AND THEIR ROLES IN SUSTAINABLE
FOREST MANAGEMENT IN ETHIOPIA.
A SENIOR SEMINAR PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE COURSE SENIOR SEMINAR

NO NAMES ID NO
1 DALMAR HASAN JAMA R/5912/13
2 JAMAL AYALEW HUSSIEN R/1675/13
3 MEKDES AYANA GASHU R/1979/13
4 NASTEHO MACALIN MUSE R/5163/13
5 SELAM AZMARE ANIMUT R/2572/13

ADVISOR: - MR.NAJIB ALI

FEB 2024

JIGJIGA ETHIOPIA

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 APPROVAL SHEET

We are kindly requesting the approval of our advisor Mr. Najib Ali
We are here by declaring that we are students pursuing Bachelor Degree Program of
natural resource management at jigjiga University.

Advisor Name: - Najib ali Signature-----------------------------------

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest appreciation and gratitude to all those
who have contributed to the completion of this seminar paper Without their
support, guidance, and encouragement, this endeavor would not have been
possible.
First and foremost, We extend our heartfelt thanks to our advisor MR NAJIB
ALI, whose unwavering guidance and expertise have been invaluable
throughout this work.
We would like to thank and appreciate the department of NARM for
facilitating and coordinating to finish thus proposal on time.

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Table of Contents
APPROVAL SHEET.............................................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......................................................................................................................................3
List ofAcronyms....................................................................................................................................................5
Definitions..............................................................................................................................................................1
Chapter one Introduction....................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Backgroundtothestudy..................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Research objectives..........................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Specific objectives............................................................................................................................................4
1.3 Research questions...........................................................................................................................................5
1.4 Hypothesis........................................................................................................................................................5
1.5 Conceptual Framework.....................................................................................................................................6
Chapter two LiteratureReview..........................................................................................................................10
2.0 Communities’ role in sustainable forest management....................................................................................10
2.1 Community’s dependence on forest resources and their perception on SFM................................................11
2.2 Factors that influence the participation of the community in SFM................................................................13
2.1 Activitieswhichshouldbecarriedoutbycommunitiestoincreasetheirinvolvementin SFM...........................13
2.3 Sustainable livelihood approach.....................................................................................................................14
Chapter three conclusion...................................................................................................................................16
3.1 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................................16
References............................................................................................................................................................18

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 List ofAcronyms

CBNRM Community-BasedNaturalResourceManagement

CF CommunityForests

DoF DirectorateofForestry

FR ForestResources

GDP GrossDomestic Products

MAWF MinistryofAgriculture,WaterandForestry

NTFP Non-TimberForestProducts

PRA ParticipatoryRural Appraisal

SFM SustainableForest Management

SLA SustainableLivelihoodsApproach

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 Definitions

The keywords used in this study are defined for better understanding of the readers. The terms

such as sustainable forest management, forest resources, community forests, dependency, and

perception.

Sustainable forest management is a process of controlling forests to achieve sustainable

principles by benefiting people and not depleting the resources.

Forest resources refers to natural resources or products from the forest. This includes firewood,

timber, wild fruits, and fodder.

Community forest refers to an area in rural or communal area that is entitled for local people to

obtain rights to forest resources to improve their livelihoods.

Dependencyimpliescommunityrelianceonforestresources.

Perceptionreferstotheopinionsofcommunitiestowardsustainableforestmanagement.

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 Chapter one Introduction

1.1 Background to the study

Forests are the lungs of the earth (Gamfeldt et al., 2013). Forests provide about 5,000

commercially traded products including pharmaceuticals and clothing (Groot, 2019). Seventy

(70%) of world population, are poor people living in rural areas and depend on biodiversity for

survival and wellbeing (World Bank, 2004). However, the increase in the population puts

pressure on forests in terms of wood for fuel, housing, fencing and other resources from the

forests. As a result, deforestation not only forfeits the resources used for human needs, it also

results in desertification and extreme deterioration of the land (Kamwi et al., 2015).

In2005,nearly7.7millionhectaresofEthiopiawascoveredbyforests,butthiswasreducedto7.3 million

hectares in 2010 (Ruppel & Ruppel-Schlichting, 2016). Most Ethiopia’s forests are found in the

north and north-eastern part of the country (Palmer & MacGregor, 2009). Forests in Ethiopia is

characterized as dry, half-open to open woodlands. Kavango has an estimated of 125 trees per

hectare. The rate of deforestation in Ethiopia is increasing annually. According to Food and

Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2016), Ethiopia forest decreases at an average of 0.8% per

annum. This is due to clearing land for agricultural purpose, fuel wood for energy, timber

production, wood carvings, veldfires and logging. Forest management in Ethiopia is outlined in

the Constitution, Article 95(I), which state sustainable use of natural resources for the benefit of

all people. Ethiopia has in place

programmedsuchascommunityforestrythataimsatassistingandauthorizingruralcommunities

tohaverightstomanageforestresources.SustainableForestManagement(SFM)hasbeen

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Introduced to ensure forest activities deliver social, environmental and economic benefits,

balance competing needs, maintain and enhance forest functions now and in the future.

Specifically, SFM has been localized in gazetted community forests, even though the duty of

rural people in SFM is not well defined. Community engagement in conservation takes place

through activities such as tree planting, patrols in the forest, income generation, wildfire

prevention and suppression, and soil conservation (Ouko, 2018).

In Ethiopia, the forestry policy of 1998 was introduced, it aims to reconcile rural development

with biodiversity conservation. Forest Act No. 12 of 2001 was also formulated around the tenets

of sustainable management of forests, and the purpose for which forest resources are managed

and developed. Dependency on forest resources varies depending on the prevailing socio-

economic and environmental factors (Pröpper & Vollan, 2013). Little is known about the

dependency of rural communities on forest resources and their perceptions towards SFM in

Ethiopia (Pröpper & Vollan, 2013). In addition, little is known about the roles ofthe rural

communities as a function of SFM in the Kavango West region, although the region is one of the

most favorable for forests in Ethiopia. Local governance over forest resources is still very poor

and the local community have not received significant decision-making power. The Forest Act

has not given the local people ownership right over forest resources. As a result, the forest is

treated as public or state owned with the consequences of over-exploitation and degradation.

These major issues of forest management are the basis on which this research is based on.

Several studies have been carried out to determine the livelihood diversification activities

pursued by rural communities in Ethiopia (Ban & Coomes, 2004; Ellis & Freeman,

2004).However,thesestudiesarelimitedinscopebecausetheyhavenotlookedatfactors

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Influencing forest dependency, perceptions towards SFM and the roles of communities in SFM.

For instance, Ashley & LaFranchi (1997) carried out assessment of livelihood strategies of rural

households in the Zambezi region and their implications for conservancies and natural resource

management. Hosking et al. (2002) carried out a study on the livelihood’s strategies of

communities in eastern Zambezi to develop plans and proposals for interventions in the rural

environment.

The information on forest dependency, perceptions towards SFM and the roles of the rural

community in SFM is particularly important for the design of effective adoption of sustainable

livelihood strategies and for assisting communities to manage their forests sustainably.Therefore,

this studycontributes byprovidinginsights forthe state and other actors in promoting more

sustainable natural resource usage in Ethiopia and other areaswith a similar set of socio-

economic and environmental conditions.

1.2Research objectives

The main objective of the study was to analyze the communities’ roles in SFM to influence or

increase their responsibility as managers in the Ethiopia

1.2 Specific objectives

(a) To describe the rural community’s role in sustainable forest management inthe Ethiopia

(b) Todescribethecommunity’sdependenceonforestresourcesandtheirperceptiononsustainable

forest management in the Ethiopia

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 (c) To identify factors that influences the participation of the community in sustainable forest

management in Ethiopia.

(d) Toidentifyactivitieswhichshouldbecarriedoutbycommunitiestoincreasetheir involvement in

sustainable forest management.

1.3 Research questions

(a) Whataretherolesandresponsibilitiesoftheruralcommunityinsustainableforest management in

Ethiopia?

(b) HowdoruralcommunitiesofEthiopiadependonforest resources and what are their perceptions

on sustainable forest management?

(c) Whatarethefactorsthatinfluencethecommunity’sparticipationinsustainableforestmanagement

in Ethiopia?

(d) Whichactivitiesshouldbecarriedoutbycommunitiestoincreasetheirinvolvementin sustainable

forest management?

1.4 Hypothesis

Hₒ:RuralcommunitydonotplayroleinsustainableforestmanagementinEthiopia

. Hₒ: Rural communities in Ethiopia do not depend on forest resources.

Hₒ:Socio-economicfactorsdonotinfluencetheparticipationoftheruralcommunityin sustainable forest

management.

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1.5 Conceptual Framework

Tofacilitateunderstandingoftheconceptual frameworkofthestudy(Figure1), itexplainedhow

sustainable forest management can be achieved among the communities. Factors that influence

the community participation in SFM denote that there is deliberate inclusion of community

members in certain management tasks that would benefit the community. Rural communities

need to playaroleon thesustainabilityofforest resources to ensurethecontinuityofbenefits for the

livelihoodof the community (Benkenstein et al., 2014).

Contextual Community
factors factors

Biophysical Forest Sustainable Community Sustainable

attributesoftree Manager’s Forest participation Community
stands roles Management androles livelihoods

Environmenta l Policiesand
factors institutions

Environmental factors: The communityforest is characterized byenvironmental variables such

as physical size of the forest; the plenty and nature of the resources it has. These environmental

variables can be affected by the climatic conditions such as poor rainfall and high temperature.

These decrease the volume and value of forest resources, andreduce community’s benefits.
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Policies and institutions: Common property studies is characterised by three institutions of

communityforest management which have proven how resource management is enhanced. First,

there are two reasons why tenancy security for a certain group is important: it supports the

sustainability by providing rules and management plans; it also provides a legitimate basis that can

be devoted in sustainability of resources. Second, local people should create their own rules that

they understand, able to be handled and enforced. Lastly, both users and officials must be

accountable for penalties and conflict resolution (Ostrom, 1990; McKean, 1992; Dietz et al., 2003)

Contextual factors: Communities and community centres clearly determined by ethic,

technological, demographic and trade related factors such as environment of nation firms, NGOs

and global sponsors. The trade forces, demographic changes, technological changes and nation

strategies are the most variables that regulate the management of forest resources by the

community. If the government is involved in assisting the community, the community would be

successful in forest management (Agrawal, 2001).

Biophysical attributes of tree stand: The forestland is distinguished bythe tangible scattering of

different tree species, which is classified by uncommon to rare, occasional or common to

abundant. The biophysical attributes of tree stand further characterised by canopy density,canopy

diameter, and tree height. This information is vital to forest managers for the estimation of forest

volume (Barnes, 2010).

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Forest managers’ roles: forest managers have roles to manage the designated forest areas by

conservation (to preserve and protect forests). Forest managers have responsibility to carry out

sustainable management by advising members of the community on how to utilise the forest

resource without endanger the ecosystem.Forest users and forest can be identified by their size,

the power of social and human capital such as local skills and experience toward forest

management. Some studies indicate that communities that are small or medium are

interdependent, relatively better-off, have enough technical and institutional potential (Agrawal,

2001).

Sustainable forest management: sustainable forest management emphasizes the kind of

development that ensures it encounters the needs of the current without compromisingthe ability

of upcoming cohorts to succeed their own needs. Sustainable forest management can be

characterized bytheeconomic, cultural, ecological, and social aspects (Benkenstein et al., 2014).

Communities around the forests should understand that their participation in forest management

influence the use of forest resources in a sustainable way.

Community participation and roles: community participation can be characterized by the

interaction of group of people to take care of their forest resource, make decision on how to

utilize the resources in a sustainable manner. The communities’ role is to get involved in the

management activities, so they learn innovation and techniques about forest resource

management from different stakeholders. The local populace should safeguard the resources to

succeedinforestresourcemanagement.Communitiesdependonforestfortheirexistence;

8
therefore, they can be able to identify the factors that influence their participation in sustainable

forest management (Eshun, 2008).

Sustainablecommunitylivelihoods:communityresidingnearforestresourcesdependsonthem for

their livelihoods. Community utilise forest resources at household level such as firewood on

daily basis. Community also generate income through selling of forest products such as

woodcarvings and poles. Communities should be involved in the management activities, guiding

principles and the right to use information that would increase knowledge to manage forest

resourcesin awaythat would improvecommunitylivingstandard(Palmer&MacGregor,2009).

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 Chapter twoLiteratureReview

2.0 Communities’ role in sustainable forest management

The sustainability of forest resources can be regulated by ensuring legal harvesting bycommunity

members (Sserubidde, 2019). Sustainable development and sustainable woodland management

are important concepts that need to be maintained byapplyingthe most satisfactory techniques to

monitor the Ethiopia’s forests. SFM is a practice that supports the forest ecosystems nourishing

with prominence on ecological, social and economic deliberations. (Monsi, 2014) declared that it

is not possible to get forest ecosystems preserved without the economic and social needs of the

local people being consolidated in the safeguarding processes.

Through localization, local people are entitled to manage the forest in proximity. According to

Benkenstein et al. (2014), rural communities have been given the opportunity to reclaim their

rights towards forest resources which were taken away from them during colonial era.

Community forestry can be a success once community members are involved in forest

management (Benkenstein et al., 2014). Communities form up Forest User Groups (FUGs) to

manage their forests. Local forest user groups were given responsibilities to protect the

community forest and the forestry staff play role of supervision (Anup, 2017).

Similarly, (Pröpper & Vollan, 2013) highlights that communities can register CommunityForests

(CF) through the Ethiopian minister of Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry.

Localcommunitiesraiseself-governanceandownershipofforestresourceswithintheir

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registered CF. Rural communities have authority to manage and utilise the forest resources and

natural resource in that certain CF.

According to Matsvange et al. (2016), communities plant exotic trees and take care of them to

benefit from them in various ways. The same author further stated that, some communities use

other alternative sources of energy instead of fuel wood, to conserve the forest.

Communities play role in forest management to make sure that deforestation and forest

degradation are avoided. Therefore, local people get involved in forest protection and

management (Anup, 2017). Policy makers put more effort on forest protection and restoration:by

increasing tree cover for food security and income generation.

2.1 Community’s dependence on forest resources and their perception on SFM

The records showed that, about more than half of the wood supplied was used as for fuel wood

worldwide (Anup, 2017). Conservation forests were mainly degraded by the rural people by

collecting firewood. Rural communities in developing countries prioritise fuel wood, fodder and

non-wood forest products from the forests (Anup, 2017). Similarly, communities in Ethiopia

depend on CFbyacquiringfuel wood,timber, buildingmaterials, medicinal plants, and grazefor

livestock. Through the process of acquiring forest resources; communities significantly generate

income through selling forest products to alleviate poverty (Benkenstein et al., 2014). Most ofthe

harvesters in Ethiopia live in rural areas; earn cash from selling forest resources for their

livelihoods (Benkenstein et al., 2014). According to Pröpper & Vollan (2013), awareness among

rural communities is in shortage in term of ecological aspects and economic value; thus limiting

SFM by community on resources they depend on.

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According to Turpie et al. (2015), forest contributed to economic growth, create employment

opportunities, provide income, provide foreign currency through export, provide clean water,

tourism attraction and buildingmaterials. Value added products such as charcoal, pulp and paper

contributed to Gross Domestic Products (GDP). The economic rate of the woodland wealth is

forcing people to over-utilize the forest through collecting firewood, logging (legal and illegal),

clearing land for agricultural purposes, and hunting which causes veld fire (Monsi, 2014).Forests

benefit communities by control soil erosion, stabilize climate change, and filtrate water. Forests

play important role in carbon cycle and water cycle that benefit the communities. Forest products

in developing countries are recommended to generate revenue. Policymakers should consider

rural communities’ basic needs in the aspects of social, economic and environmental thought of

sustainable forest management (Anup, 2017).

Communities’ perceptions on SFM support significance for the plan of sustainable strategies and

policies to address their assumptions. If communities’ perceptions and notions are known,

biodiversity conservation can be a success. Understanding livelihood threats toward SFM is

crucial for the protection of forest resources. However, the differences in views and hope

between rural communities affect the success of participatory practice. A study by Akyol et al.

(2017) stated that communities have negative perceptions on absence of information sharing

about decision making on SFM. The same study discovered that factors such as gatherings,

information sharing, experiences were essential for understanding communities’ perceptions on

resource management.

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2.2 Factors that influence the participation of the community in SFM

According to Musyoki et al. (2016), factor that influence the participation of the community in

SFM is high level of dependency on forest resources that benefit community members (this

includedirect and indirect benefits). Communityparticipates morewhen thelevel ofdependency on

forest is high. Local farmers who benefited from fodder for their animals through grazing in

community forest and forest resources such as firewood participated more (Htun et al., 2017).

Community who generate income through selling forest products observed participated in SFM.

AstudybyMusyokietal.(2016)revealedthatthemiddleincomeuser grouplikelytoparticipate more

because they have knowledge of the results of deforestation. Male household heads have better

opportunity to participate in SFM than female heads of households. Community with primary

education are more likely to participate in SFM because they are aware of the benefits received

from forest that is properly managed. The wellbeing of community members has influence on

their participation, whereby, well off community with more benefits anticipated from the forest.

Policy makers put more effort on forest protection and restoration by increasing tree cover for

food security and income generation.

2.1 Activitieswhichshouldbecarriedoutbycommunitiestoincreasetheirinvolvementin SFM

Successful forest conservation depends on communities’ participation. Communities can work

together with forestrystakeholders to increase their participation in forest management. Through

education, communities trained about forest activities such as beekeeping. Farmers can generate

incomethroughhoneyselling.Communitiesfamiliarizetheimportanceofprotectingtheforest

fromveldfiresanddeforestation(Matsvangeetal.,2016).AccordingtoWambuguetal.(2017),

13
activities such as tree planting, harvesting of forest resources, fire suppressing and prevention,

decision making and policing increase community participation in SFM.

Communities can be involved in SFM through involving in executive committee. Communities

shouldprepareitsownconstitutionandoperationalplan toguidethemwhenextractingresources from

the forest. Communities should have legitimate rights toward forest management. Communities

should form a forest management body that should not be more than 20 members (Forest Act,

2001). Communities should attend meetings and review forest management plans. Communities

should be involved in inventories, pre-harvest planning, forest protection and monitoring, and

fire management (Katerere et al., 1999).

Communities should define the social arrangements, responsibilities and rights of the group.

Communities should attend trainings in participatory and local monitoring. Communities should

control that forest management operations adhere to laws and regulations. Communities should

choose activities that they prefer in term of proper SFM. Communities should attend meetings

and review forest management plans.

2.3 Sustainable livelihood approach

The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) is an approach which is mostly used to evaluate

the rural livelihoods (Figure 2). The SLA consists of five dissimilar assets which are human

assets, natural assets, financial assets, social assets and physical assets (Kamwi et al., 2015). A

livelihood is evaluated using SLA based on natural resources.

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FIGURE1. 2 Sustainable livelihood approach

Source: Kamwi, 2015

The SLA provides a framework to understand the important factors that affect people’s livelihoods. In
addition, and to elaborate, the SLA was chosen for the present study because it considers people and
their practices, and by concentrating on what people have (livelihood assets); and it offers a salutogenic
(factors that support human well-being) perspective (DFID, 1991). While social economic studies based
merely on earning and expenditure data have been used in developing countries, these are not effectual
measures of livelihoods in countries such as Ethiopia which is ranked among the top in income
inequality (Werner & Odendaal, 2010).

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 Chapter three conclusion

3.1 Conclusion

Thisstudyhighlightedtheruralcommunityrolein SFM,howrural communitydependsonforest

resources and benefit for their livelihood. The study enlightened the community perception on

SFM, communities who are employed influence participation in SFM. The activities(inventories,

pre-harvest planning, forest protection and monitoring, and fire management)should be carried

out by community to increase their participation in SFM.

Rural community significantly play a role in forest conservation by report illegal activities and

preventforestfires.Theindigenousknowledgesystemsignificantlyenhancesforestmanagement and

sustainability which considered as vital approach to mitigate forest degradation. The

communities applied traditional knowledge to manage the forest. Community form joint

management to share knowledge and skills on SFM. The study concluded that age significantly

influence communitydependencyon forest resources. Communityforestrymeets thebasicneeds of

rural communities and creates the opportunity of income generation through selling of forest

products.Forestincome generatedfromsellingwoodcarvings,firewood,poles,planksandthatch grass.

Moreover, forest resources improve the livelihood of communities.Communities utilize forest

resources such as firewood as source of energy on daily basis. Forest products such as poles are

used for constructing community’s homesteads and fences. Timber is harvested for making

furniture. Forest has abundance of wild fruits that are utilized for human consumption and

contribute to food security. According to the study results, pension, forest resources and social

grants are the main sources of income to the local community of the study area. However, males

16
Employment status significantly influence community participation in SFM. The community

members have been involved in SFM because they know their needs from the forest and able to

determine the problems that obstruct forest management and rectify them. More awareness on

forest conservation is relevant to increase community participation in forest management.

Through education, most of the communities can encounter the importance of forest

conservation. This would enhance community understanding to take precaution toward forest.

Communities take control of forest resources within their areas and regard them as their

properties. If communities have responsibilities to take of the forest resources, SFM could be

achieved.

Veld fires occurred in the study area and cause depletion of forest resources such as thatch grass

and wild fruits. Most of the communitydid not receive awareness on veld fire. Illegal harvesting

has been observed in the studyarea byrespondents. The studyreveals that the distance to collect

forest products has increased. This is caused by increase in adjacent agricultural activities,

increase in population, demand for forest resources and forest fires. The more people in a local

area, the more forest will be destroyed to make ways for crop fields. Agricultural land is

significant to local people.

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