CHEM1003

Week 5 - workshop
Paul J. Low
[email protected]
1. Which of the following compound(s) exhibit only London Dispersion Forces? Which compound(s) exhibit
hydrogen-bonding forces? Considering only compounds without hydrogen bonding interactions, which
compounds have a dipole-dipole intermolecular force?
1. Which of the following compound(s) exhibit only London Dispersion Forces? Which compound(s) exhibit hydrogen-
bonding forces? Considering only compounds without hydrogen bonding interactions, which compounds have a
dipole-dipole intermolecular force?

b) CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide):

o London Dispersion Forces (LDFs) only.

o Explanation: CO₂ is a nonpolar molecule, so it experiences LDFs. It lacks hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole
interactions.
1. Which of the following compound(s) exhibit only London Dispersion Forces? Which compound(s) exhibit
hydrogen-bonding forces? Considering only compounds without hydrogen bonding interactions, which
compounds have a dipole-dipole intermolecular force?

f) XeF₄ (Xenon Tetrafluoride):

o London Dispersion Forces (LDFs) only.

o Explanation: XeF₄ is a symmetric nonpolar molecule, so it experiences LDFs. It does not exhibit hydrogen
bonding or dipole-dipole interactions.
1. Which of the following compound(s) exhibit only London Dispersion Forces? Which compound(s) exhibit
hydrogen-bonding forces? Considering only compounds without hydrogen bonding interactions, which
compounds have a dipole-dipole intermolecular force?

c) CH₃CH₂OH (Ethanol):

▪ Hydrogen Bonding (due to the OH group).

▪ Dipole-Dipole Interactions (between the polar C-O bond and the polar C-H bonds).

o Explanation: Ethanol has both hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions.

1. Which of the following compound(s) exhibit only London Dispersion Forces? Which compound(s) exhibit
hydrogen-bonding forces? Considering only compounds without hydrogen bonding interactions, which
compounds have a dipole-dipole intermolecular force?

d) HF (Hydrogen Fluoride):

o Hydrogen Bonding and Dipole-Dipole Interactions.

o Explanation: HF is a polar molecule with a strong hydrogen bond between the hydrogen and fluorine atoms.
1. Which of the following compound(s) exhibit only London Dispersion Forces? Which compound(s) exhibit
hydrogen-bonding forces? Considering only compounds without hydrogen bonding interactions, which
compounds have a dipole-dipole intermolecular force?

a) SF₄ (Sulfur Tetrafluoride):

o Dipole-Dipole Interactions (due to the polar S-F bonds) and London Dispersion Forces (LDFs).
o Explanation: SF₄ is a polar molecule because of the asymmetric arrangement of the fluorine atoms
around the central sulfur atom. As a result, it exhibits both dipole-dipole interactions and LDFs.
1. Which of the following compound(s) exhibit only London Dispersion Forces? Which compound(s) exhibit
hydrogen-bonding forces? Considering only compounds without hydrogen bonding interactions, which
compounds have a dipole-dipole intermolecular force?

e ) ICl₅ (Iodine Pentafluoride):

o Dipole-Dipole Interactions (due to the polar I-Cl bonds).

o Explanation: ICl₅ is a polar molecule because of the asymmetric arrangement of the chlorine atoms around
the central iodine atom. As a result, it exhibits both dipole-dipole interactions and LDFs.
1. Which of the following compound(s) exhibit only London Dispersion Forces? Which compound(s) exhibit
hydrogen-bonding forces? Considering only compounds without hydrogen bonding interactions, which
compounds have a dipole-dipole intermolecular force?

Answer:
(b) and (f) only exhibit London dispersion forces;

(c) and (d) exhibit hydrogen bonding interactions;

(a) and (e) have dipole-dipole forces (but not hydrogen bonding)
2. Identify the most important/strongest type of force (ionic, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole or London
Dispersion Forces) among atoms or molecules present in the solids of each of the following compounds.

CF3(CF2CF2)nCF3 CO2 NaI NH4Cl MgCl2

CF₃(CF₂CF₂)ₙCF₃: London Dispersion Forces

• Non-polar molecule, no permanent dipole

CO₂: London Dispersion Forces

• Linear, symmetrical molecule, no permanent dipole

NaI: Ionic Forces

• Ionic compound, strong electrostatic attraction

NH₄Cl: Ionic Forces

• Ionic compound, strong electrostatic attraction

MgCl₂: Ionic Forces

• Ionic compound, strong electrostatic attraction
3. Rank the following compounds from lowest to highest boiling point.

CH3CH2CH2Cl CH3CH2Cl CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl CH3Cl

CH3CH2Cl
Generally, as the size of the molecule increases (more carbon atoms), the London Dispersion Forces become
stronger, leading to higher boiling points. Larger molecules have a greater polarizability, which enhances the
London Dispersion Forces.

• Lowest boiling point: CH₃Cl (Methyl chloride)

• Smallest molecule, weakest intermolecular forces (London Dispersion Forces)

• CH₃CH₂Cl (Ethyl chloride)

• Slightly larger molecule, stronger London Dispersion Forces

• CH₃CH₂CH₂Cl (1-Chloropropane)

• Larger molecule, stronger London Dispersion Forces

• Highest boiling point: CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Cl (1-Chlorobutane)

• Largest molecule, strongest London Dispersion Forces

4. Rank the following compounds from lowest to highest melting point.
CH4 MgO H2 O H2S

• Lowest melting point: CH₄ (Methane)

• Non-polar, only weak London Dispersion Forces

• H₂S (Hydrogen Sulfide)

• Polar molecule, dipole-dipole forces

• H₂O (Water)
• Polar molecule, strong hydrogen bonding

• Highest melting point: MgO (Magnesium Oxide)

• Ionic compound, strong ionic bonding
5. Which of the following substances has the highest boiling point?
a. CH3OCH3 b. CH3OH c. CH4 d. CH3CH3 e. CH3CH2OH

When comparing intermolecular forces:

• Consider molecule size (London Dispersion Forces)
• Check for dipoles or hydrogen bonding
Ethanol and methanol can both form hydrogen bonds and have dipoles, but ethanol is a bigger molecule with
stronger London Dispersion Forces, leading to the higher boiling point.

a. CH₃OCH₃ (Dimethyl ether or acetone) e. CH₃CH₂OH (Ethanol)

• Non-polar, only weak London Dispersion Forces • Polar, hydrogen bonding present
b. CH₃OH (Methanol) • Highest boiling point: CH₃CH₂OH (Ethanol)
• Polar, hydrogen bonding present • Presence of O-H bond allows hydrogen bonding,
strongest intermolecular force
c. CH₄ (Methane) • Larger molecule than methanol, stronger London
• Non-polar, only weak London Dispersion Forces
Dispersion Forces
d. CH₃CH₃ (Ethane)
• Non-polar, only weak London Dispersion Forces
6. Which of the following substances will strong hydrogen bonds form between the molecules? (You may select more
than one)
a. HCOOH (formic acid) b. CH3CN c. CCl4 d. SiH4 e. CH3OH

Substances that form strong hydrogen bonds:

• HCOOH (Formic acid)
• CH₃OH (Methanol)
• Strong hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to highly electronegative atoms like N, O,
or F, creating a partial positive charge on H and a partial negative charge on the electronegative atom.
a. HCOOH (Formic acid)
• Contains O-H bond, can form hydrogen bonds
b. CH₃CN (Acetonitrile)
• No hydrogen atoms bonded to highly electronegative atoms, cannot form hydrogen bonds
c. CCl₄ (Carbon tetrachloride)
• Non-polar molecule, cannot form hydrogen bonds
d. SiH₄ (Silane)
• No highly electronegative atoms, cannot form strong hydrogen bonds
e. CH₃OH (Methanol)
• Contains O-H bond, can form hydrogen bonds
 7. For which of the following compounds is hydrogen bonding the strongest?
a. Butane b. Propanol c. Methoxyethane d. Ethanoic Acid

Strongest Hydrogen Bonding: Ethanoic Acid a. Butane (CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃)

(CH₃COOH) • Non-polar, only weak London
Carboxylic acid groups form strong, extensive Dispersion Forces, no hydrogen bonding
hydrogen bonding b. Propanol (CH₃CH₂CH₂OH)
O-H bond is highly polarized due to • Alcohol, can form moderate hydrogen
electronegative oxygen bonds through O-H bond
Hydrogen bonding strength follows the trend: c. Methoxyethane (CH₃OCH₂CH₃)
Carboxylic acids > Alcohols > Ethers, non-polar • Ether, no hydrogen bonding possible
compounds
d. Ethanoic Acid (CH₃COOH)
• Carboxylic acid, can form strong
hydrogen bonds through O-H bond
8. What type(s) of intermolecular forces must be overcome when liquid hexane (CH 3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3) vaporizes?
• a. London dispersion forces
• b. Dipole-dipole forces
• c. Hydrogen bonds
• d. Covalent bonds

To vaporize liquid hexane: London dispersion forces must be overcome

Weak attractive forces arising from temporary dipoles

a. London dispersion forces

• Only force present, must be overcome for vaporization
b. Dipole-dipole forces
• Hexane is non-polar, no dipole-dipole forces
c. Hydrogen bonds
• Hexane cannot form hydrogen bonds
d. Covalent bonds
• Intramolecular, not intermolecular forces
9. Explain why pentane and hexane are miscible in each other, but immiscible in water.

Miscibility of Pentane and Hexane

• Pentane and Hexane:
• Non-polar hydrocarbons
• Only weak London dispersion forces
• "Like dissolves like" → miscible in each other

• Water:
• Polar molecule
• Strong hydrogen bonding
• If Pentane and Hexane are mixed with water the energy required to break H-bonds not compensated
• Therefore, Pentane and Hexane are immiscible in water
10. Why are ethanol and water miscible in each other?

Ethanol (CH₃CH₂OH) and Water (H₂O) are polar

• Can form hydrogen bonds with each other
• Energy released from new H-bonds compensates for breaking old ones
• Increase in entropy favours mixing
11. Explain why 1-propanol is miscible in both heptane and water.

In Heptane:
• Non-polar hydrocarbon chain interacts via London forces

In Water:
• Polar O-H group forms hydrogen bonds
• Dual nature allows miscibility in both solvents
12. Predict whether bromine (Br2) would be more soluble in polar or non-polar solvents. Explain your answer.

Bromine consists of two identical atoms bonded together by a nonpolar covalent bond (Br-Br). This bond is formed by
the sharing of electrons equally between the two bromine atoms.
As a result, the overall molecule is nonpolar because the electronegativity of bromine is identical to bromine (!) and
there is no significant charge separation. Therefore, bromine is non-polar.
"Like dissolves like" → soluble in non-polar solvents
More soluble in non-polar solvents (hexane, heptane) than polar solvents (water, ethanol)
13. Classify each of the following as either a physical change or a chemical change:
a) Boiling water to make pasta
b) Rusting of an iron nail
c) Melting ice cream
d) Burning a candle
Explain your reasoning for each classification.

a) Boiling water to make pasta - Physical change. The chemical composition of water (H2O) remains the same; only the
physical state changes from liquid to gas.

b) Rusting of an iron nail - Chemical change. Iron (Fe) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form a new substance, iron oxide (Fe2O3).

c) Melting ice cream - Physical change. The chemical composition of the ice cream remains the same; only the physical
state changes from solid to liquid.

d) Burning a candle - Chemical change. The candle wax (hydrocarbons) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form new substances,
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
14. Balance the following chemical equations:
a) _ Fe(s) + _ O2(g) → _ Fe2O3(s)
b) _ NH3(g) + _ O2(g) → _ NO(g) + _ H2O(g)
c) _ Al(s) + _ H2SO4(aq) → _ Al2(SO4)3(aq) + _ H2(g)
14. Balance the following chemical equations:
a) _ Fe(s) + _ O2(g) → _ Fe2O3(s)
b) _ NH3(g) + _ O2(g) → _ NO(g) + _ H2O(g)
c) _ Al(s) + _ H2SO4(aq) → _ Al2(SO4)3(aq) + _ H2(g)

Step 1: Balance the iron (Fe) atoms On the reactant side, we have 1 iron atom from Fe. On the product side, we have 2
iron atoms from Fe₂O₃. To balance the iron atoms, we need to place a coefficient of 2 before Fe on the reactant side.
The balanced equation becomes:
2Fe(s) + _O₂(g) → Fe₂O₃(s)

Step 2: Balance the oxygen (O) atoms On the reactant side, we have an unknown number of oxygen atoms. On the
product side, we have 3 oxygen atoms from Fe₂O₃. To balance the oxygen atoms, we need to place a coefficient of 3
before O₂ and 2 before Fe₂O₃. The balanced equation becomes:
2Fe(s) + 3O₂(g) → 2Fe₂O₃(s)

However, now Fe on the left is out of balance, so we change the coefficient from 2 to 4 .
The final balanced equation is:
4Fe(s) + 3O₂(g) → 2Fe₂O₃(s)
14. Balance the following chemical equations:
a) _ Fe(s) + _ O2(g) → _ Fe2O3(s)
b) _ NH3(g) + _ O2(g) → _ NO(g) + _ H2O(g)
c) _ Al(s) + _ H2SO4(aq) → _ Al2(SO4)3(aq) + _ H2(g)

Step 1: Balance the nitrogen atoms. There is 1 N atom on the left side and 1 N atom on the right side, so
nitrogen is already balanced.

Step 2: Balance the hydrogen atoms. There are 3 H atoms on the left side and 2 H atoms on the right side.
To balance hydrogen, multiply H₂O by 3/2.
NH₃(g) + O₂(g) → NO(g) + 3/2 H₂O(g)

Step 3: Balance the oxygen atoms. There are 2 O atoms on the left side and 2.5 O atoms on the right side (1
from NO and 1.5 from 3/2 H₂O). To balance oxygen, multiply O₂ by 5/4.
NH₃(g) + 5/4 O₂(g) → NO(g) + 3/2 H₂O(g)

Step 4: Multiply the equation by 4 to eliminate fractions.

4 NH₃(g) + 5 O₂(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H₂O(g)
14. Balance the following chemical equations:
a) _ Fe(s) + _ O2(g) → _ Fe2O3(s)
b) _ NH3(g) + _ O2(g) → _ NO(g) + _ H2O(g)
c) _ Al(s) + _ H2SO4(aq) → _ Al2(SO4)3(aq) + _ H2(g)

• Step 1: Balance the aluminum (Al) atoms: On the reactant side, we have 1 aluminum atom from Al. On the product
side, we have 2 aluminum atoms from Al₂(SO₄)₃. To balance the aluminum atoms, we need to place a coefficient of 2
before Al on the reactant side. The balanced equation becomes:
2Al(s) + _H₂SO₄(aq) → Al₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + _H₂(g)
• Step 2: Balance the sulfur (S) atoms On the reactant side, we have 1 sulfur atom from H₂SO₄. On the product side,
we have 3 sulfur atoms from Al₂(SO₄)₃. To balance the sulfur atoms, we need to place a coefficient of 3 before H₂SO₄.
The balanced equation becomes:
2Al(s) + 3H₂SO₄(aq) → Al₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + _H₂(g)
• Step 3: Balance the hydrogen (H) atoms On the reactant side, we have 6 hydrogen atoms from 3H₂SO₄. On the
product side, we have an unknown number of hydrogen atoms from the coefficient of H₂. To balance the hydrogen
atoms, we need to place a coefficient of 3 before H₂. The balanced equation becomes:
2Al(s) + 3H₂SO₄(aq) → Al₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 3H₂(g)
• Step 4: Balance the oxygen (O) atoms On the reactant side, we have 12 oxygen atoms from 3H₂SO₄. On the product
side, we have 12 oxygen atoms from Al₂(SO₄)₃. The oxygen atoms are already balanced.
The final balanced equation is:
2Al(s) + 3H₂SO₄(aq) → Al₂(SO₄)₃(aq) + 3H₂(g)
15. Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds:

a) Glucose: C6H12O6

b) Ammonium chloride: NH4Cl

c) Calcium phosphate: Ca3(PO4)2

Show your working and include units in your answers.

15. Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds:

a) Glucose: C6H12O6

b) Ammonium chloride: NH4Cl

c) Calcium phosphate: Ca3(PO4)2

Show your working and include units in your answers.

a) Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

• The molar mass of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) can be calculated as follows:

o Carbon (C): 6 atoms × 12.01 g/mol = 72.06 g/mol

o Hydrogen (H): 12 atoms × 1.01 g/mol = 12.12 g/mol

o Oxygen (O): 6 atoms × 16.00 g/mol = 96.00 g/mol

• Total molar mass of glucose = 72.06 g/mol + 12.12 g/mol + 96.00 g/mol = 180.18 g/mol (rounded to two d.p.).
15. Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds:

a) Glucose: C6H12O6

b) Ammonium chloride: NH4Cl

c) Calcium phosphate: Ca3(PO4)2

Show your working and include units in your answers.

b) Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl)

• The molar mass of ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) can be calculated as follows:

o Nitrogen (N): 1 atom × 14.01 g/mol = 14.01 g/mol

o Hydrogen (H): 4 atoms × 1.01 g/mol = 4.04 g/mol

o Chlorine (Cl): 1 atom × 35.45 g/mol = 35.45 g/mol

• Total molar mass of ammonium chloride = 14.01 g/mol + 4.04 g/mol + 35.45 g/mol = 53.50 g/mol (rounded to
two decimal places).
15. Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds:

a) Glucose: C6H12O6

b) Ammonium chloride: NH4Cl

c) Calcium phosphate: Ca3(PO4)2

Show your working and include units in your answers.

c) Calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂)

• The molar mass of calcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) can be calculated as follows:

o Calcium (Ca): 3 atoms × 40.08 g/mol = 120.24 g/mol

o Phosphorus (P): 2 atoms × 30.97 g/mol = 61.94 g/mol

o Oxygen (O): 8 atoms × 16.00 g/mol = 128.00 g/mol

• Total molar mass of calcium phosphate = 120.24 g/mol + 61.94 g/mol + 128.00 g/mol = 310.18 g/mol (rounded to
two decimal places).