GOKHALE EDUCATION SOCIETY

SIR DR.M.S.GOSAVI POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Project Report on
“COMPARATIVE STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION
TECHNIQUES”
Submitted to partial fulfillment of requirement of the award of DIPLOMA
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted to

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

MUMBAI

Submitted by

Prasad .P. Ahire 2218000005

Prathmesh .S .Shejwal 23612590026

Sonalika .D. Mohite 23612590021

Suraj .R. Kagade 23612590025

Guided by
Prof . S.P.Wakchaure

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 Gokhale Education Society’s
Sir Dr.M.S.Gosavi Polytechnic Institute,
Nashik Road, Nashik

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certified that the project report entitled “COMPARATIVE
STUDY ON SOIL STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES” Was
successfully completed by Student of fifth semester Diploma in (Civil
Engineering).

Prasad .P. Ahire ( 2218000005)

Prathmesh .S .Shejwal 23612590026

Sonalika .D. Mohite 23612590021

Suraj .R. Kagade 23612590025

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in ( Civil Engineering ) of
Gokhale Education Society’s Sir Dr.M.S.Gosavi Polytechnic Institute Nashik work carried out
during a period for the academic year 2024-25 as per curriculum .

Name of Guide Name of HOD

(Prof.S.P.Wakchaure) (Prof.L.K.Waghulde)

External Examiner Principal

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and the successful completion of any task would be incomplete without the mention
of people who made it possible because “Success is the abstract of hard work & Perseverance, but
steadfast of all is encouragement guidance”. So we acknowledge all those Whose guidance and
encouragement served as a beacon light & crowned my efforts with success.

I have immense pleasure in expressing thanks to the Principal Dr. S.P. Deshpande for Providing all
the facilities for the successful completion of the project

I would like to express thanks to our HOD Prof L.K. Waghulde Department of civil Engineering
who has guided me throughout thr complrtion of the project . with due respect , I thank to guide Prof
S.P.Wakchaure Department of Civil for his motivating support, Keen intrest which kept my spirit
alive all through .

I take this opportunity to acknowledge the guidelines and suggestions given by lecturers Because of
which we could complete the project.

Finally I would like to thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff and all my friends Who have
rendered their support in the completion of this seminar.

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 ABSTRACT

Soil stabilization is a crucial aspect in civil engineering to enhance the properties of soil and make it
suitable for construction purposes. Various soil stabilization techniques are available, each with its
own advantages and limitations. This project aims to conduct a comparative study on different soil
stabilization techniques to evaluate their effectiveness and suitability for specific applications.

This report includes the evaluation of soil properties like compaction test and all lab test. The soil
sample was collected from Vihitgaon (Deolali) and addition to that different percentages of ,cement
(0%,3%,6%,12% and 15%) and stone dust (10%,20%,30% and 40%) was added to find the variation
in it’s original strength.

Keyword :-- Stone Dust , Cement , Soil Stabilization

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 List of Content

Sr . No Title Page No
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Geotechnical Engineering 3
1.3 Geotechnical Investigation 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Research Gap 7
2.2 Objective 7
3 METHODS 8
3.1 Types of Soil Stabilization 8
3.1.1 Cement Stabilization 9
3.1.2 Stone Dust 11
3.1.3 Chemical Stabilization 12
3.1.5 Lime Stabilization 12
3.1.6 Polymers and Polymer Emulsions 13
3.1.7 Bitumen or Asphalt Emulsion Stabilization 15
3.1.8 Fly Ash Stabilization 17
3.1.9 Chemical Grouting 19
4 CASE STUDY 22
4.1 Experimental Analysis 22
4.2 Objective 22
4.3 Methodology 22
4.3.1 Selection of Soil Samples 23

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 4.3.2 Experimental Design 23
4.3.3 Application of Stabilization Techniques 23
4.3.4 Laboratory Testing 23
4.4 Results 23
4.5 Experimental Investigation 23
4.6 Properties of Undisturbed Soil 24

4.7 Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with Additives 24

4.8 Atterberg Limit tests on soil mixed with Additive 25

5 Advantages and Application 26
6 Discussion and Conclusion 29
7 Future Scope 30
8 References 31
9 Photo Gallery 33

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 List of Figure
Sr . NO Title Page No

1 Soil Stabilization

1.2 Boston's Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban environment

1.3 Precast concrete retaining wall

1.4 A typical cross-section of a slope used in two-dimensional analyses.

3 Soil Stabilization Method

3.1 Cement Stabilization

3.2 Manufacturing of stone dust

3.3 chemical soil Stabilization

3.4 Bitumen or Asphalt Emulsion Stabilization

3.5 Fly-ash Stabilization

3.6 Chemical Grouting

3.7 Steps in Chemical Grouting

4.3.1 Location Map of Vihitgaon Deolali

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 LIST OF TABLE

SR. NO TITLE PAGE NO

4.1 Properties of Undistrubed Soil 36

4.2 Grain Size Analysis results for different percentages 36

of Cement
4.3 Grain Size Analysis results for different percentages 37
of Cement

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 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General :

Soil stabilization is a set of techniques employed in civil engineering to enhance the

engineering properties of soil, making it more suitable for construction purposes. The
natural characteristics of soil can vary widely, and in many cases, they may not meet the
requirements for constructing structures such as roads, buildings, or foundations. Soil
stabilization aims to improve key soil properties like strength, durability, and load-
bearing capacity, thereby ensuring the stability and longevity of constructed
infrastructures.

Several methods of soil stabilization exist, and they can be broadly categorized into
chemical, mechanical, and biological techniques. Chemical stabilization involves the
addition of various additives such as lime, cement, or other chemicals to alter the soil's
properties. Mechanical stabilization utilizes physical methods like compaction or
reinforcement to improve soil strength. Biological stabilization involves the use of
vegetation to stabilize soil and prevent erosion.

Fig.1Soil
Stabilization (Ref by Mintek Team)

The choice of soil stabilization method depends on factors such as soil type, project
requirements, environmental considerations, and cost-effectiveness. By effectively
stabilizing the soil, engineers can overcome challenges posed by poor soil conditions and
of modern civil engineering, contributing to the development of sustainable and
resilience infrastructure.

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The stabilization process refers to the mixing of two or more different soils or to the mixing of a soil
with another geo material or with chemicals that can amend its geotechnical properties as per the
project requirements. The major reasons for doing soil stabilization are as follows.
• Enhancement of the strength and hence bearing capacity, as well as some of the other engineering
properties, of soils.
• Dust control for a good working environment.
• Waterproofing for conservation of natural or manmade structures.
• To promote the use of waste geo materials in constructions.
Soil stabilization is a very common process for almost all the road projects. Broadly, all types of soil
stabilization can be classified into two groups, i.e. mechanical stabilization and chemical stabilization.
In mechanical stabilization, the grading of a soil is changed by mixing it with other types of soils of
different grades. By doing so, a compacted soil mass can be achieved. On the other hand, chemical
stabilization is associated with the modification of soil properties by the addition of chemically active
materials. In soil stabilization, it is very important to understand the material properties involved in
the mixture and the outcome after mixing. Moreover, it is important to find out how the material is
going to perform after stabilization. At the same time, the effects of the process on the nearby structures
and surrounding conditions need to be evaluated. Accordingly, decisions can be taken on the selection
of materials and the corresponding doses. In addition to the selection of materials and the doses, there
are many other factors governing the effectiveness of this method e.g. mixing and spreading, selection
of roller, compaction layer thickness, compaction effort, sequence of operation, curing, environmental
and climatic conditions, etc.

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1.2. Geotechnical Engineering
Geotechnical engineering, also known as geotechnics, is the branch of civil engineering concerned
with the engineering behaviour of earth materials. It uses the principles of soil mechanics and rock
mechanics to solve its engineering problems. It also relies on knowledge of geology, hydrology,
geophysics, and other related sciences. Geotechnical engineering has applications in military
engineering, mining engineering, petroleum engineering, coastal engineering, and offshore
construction. The fields of geotechnical engineering and engineering geology have overlapping
knowledge areas. However, while geotechnical engineering is a specialty of civil engineering,
engineering geology is a specialty of geology.

Fig.1.2. Boston's Big Dig presented geotechnical challenges in an urban

environment(Ref.Wikimedia)
Humans have historically used soil as a material for flood control, irrigation purposes, burial sites,
building foundations, and construction materials for buildings. Dykes, dams, and canals dating back
to at least 2000 BCE—found in parts of ancient Egypt, ancient Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent, and
the early settlements of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa in the Indus valley provide evidence for early
activities linked to irrigation and flood control. As cities expanded, structures were erected and
supported by formalized foundations. The ancient Greeks notably constructed pad footings and strip-
and-raft foundations. Until the 18th century, however, no theoretical basis for soil design had be
developed, and the discipline was more of an art than a science, relying on experience.

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Several foundation-related engineering problems, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, prompted
scientists to begin taking a more scientific-based approach to examining the subsurface. The earliest
advances occurred in the development of earth pressure theories for the construction of retaining walls.

Fig.1.3. Precast concrete retaining wall (Ref.Wikimedia)

Henri Gautier, a French royal engineer, recognized the "natural slope" of different soils in 1717, an idea
later known as the soil's angle of repose. Around the same time, a rudimentary soil classification system
was also developed based on a material's unit weight, which is no longer considered a good indication
of soil type.

Fig.1.4. A typical cross-section of a slope used in two-dimensional analyses.

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1.3. Geotechnical Investigation

The application of the principles of mechanics to soils was documented as early as 1773 when
Charles Coulomb, a physicist and engineer, developed improved methods to determine the earth
pressures against military ramparts.

Coulomb observed that, at failure, a distinct slip plane would form behind a sliding retaining
wall and suggested that the maximum shear stress on the slip plane, for design purposes, was the sum
of the soil cohesion, and friction , where is the normal stress on the slip plane and is the friction angle
of the soil. By combining Coulomb's theory with Christian Otto Mohr's 2D stress state, the theory
became known as Mohr Coulomb theory. Although it is now recognized that precise determination of
cohesion is impossible because is not a fundamental soil property, the Mohr-Coulomb theory is still
used in practice today.

In the 19th century, Henry Darcy developed what is now known as Darcy's Law, describing
the flow of fluids in a porous media. Joseph Boussinesq, a mathematician and physicist, developed
theories of stress distribution in elastic solids that proved useful for estimating stresses at depth in the
ground. William Rankine, an engineer and physicist, developed an alternative to Coulomb's earth
pressure theory. Albert Atterberg developed the clay consistency indices that are still used today for
soil classification. In 1885, Osborne Reynolds recognized that shearing causes volumetric dilation of
dense materials and contraction of loose granular materials.

Modern geotechnical engineering is said to have begun in 1925 with the publication of
Erdbaumechanik by Karl von Terzaghi, a mechanical engineer and geologist. Considered by many to
be the father of modern soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Terzaghi developed the principle
of effective stress, and demonstrated that the shear strength of soil is controlled by effective stress.
Terzaghi also developed the framework for theories of bearing capacity of foundations, and the theory
for prediction of the rate of settlement of clay layers due to consolidation. Afterwards, Maurice Biot
fully developed the three dimensional soil consolidation theory, extending the one-dimensional model
previously developed by Terzaghi to more general hypotheses and introducing the set of basic equations
of Poroelasticity.

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 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Tangri and Tangri (2018) studied the present problem , such as foundation in soft soil is not suitable
for construction purpose. This creates lots of problem to civil engineer during the execution. To make
the problematic soil suitable for engineering projects is known as ground improvement. So for the
purpose of ground improvment we use numerous types of admixtures like cement, lime, blast furnace
slag, rice husk ash, fly ash etc.

J Bala Krishna (2017) studied the efficacy of sodium based alkaline activators and class F fly ash as an
additive in improving the engineering characteristics of expansive Black cotton soils. Sodium
hydroxide concentrations of 10, 12.5 and 15 molal along with 1 Molar solution of sodium silicate were
used as activators. The activator to ash ratios was kept between 1 and 2.5 and ash percentages of 20,
30 and 40 %, relatively to the total solids. The effectiveness of this binder is tested by conducting the
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) at curing periods of 3,7 and 28 days and is compared with
that of a common fly ash based binder, also the most effective mixtures were analyzed for mineralogy
with XRD. Suitability of alkaline activated fly ash mix as a grouting material is also ascertained by
studying the rheological properties of the grout such as, setting time, density and viscosity and is
compared with that of common cement grouts. Results shows that the fluidity of the grouts correlate
very well with UCS, with an increase in the former resulting in a decrease in the latter. In this work a
new idea of stabilizing the expansive soil using alkali activated fly ash was discussed. The chemical
sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were used as a chemical activator for the fly ash. The method of
sample preparation, proportion of chemical additive, curing of sample and changes in basic
geotechnical properties of expansive soil.

Rasool and Kapoor (2017) Studied on the utilization of industrial waste materials in the improvement
of problematic soils is a cost efficient and also envrionmental friendly method in the sense that it helps
in reducing disposal problems caused by the various industrial wastes.

The main objective of the present study is to improve various engineering properties of the soil by
using waste material Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) as an alternative to lime or
cement, so as to make it capable of taking more loads from the foundation structures. This paper
includes the evaluation of soil properties like unconfined compressive strength test and California
bearing ratio test. The soil sample was collected from Lalru and addition to that, different percentages
of GGBS (0%, 6%, 12 %, 18 % and 24%). was added to find the variation in its original strength. Based
on these results CBR test was performed with the GGBS percentages (0%, 6%, 12 %, 18 % and 24%).
From these results, it was found that optimum GGBS (18%) gives the maximum increment in the CBR
value-compared with all the other combinations. The study has been conducted to assess the potential
of GGBS for stabilization of the same nature of soil. Use of slag as an admixture for improving
engineering properties of the soils is an economical solution to use the locally available poor soil.
Thakare and Chauhan (2016) studied on the geotechnical Engineering properties of soft clayey soil
deposits such as black cotton soil may need to be improved by stabilization to make such soils suitable
for construction of road pavements. Stabilization of such soils has been traditionally relied on treatment
with lime, cement and waste materials such as fly ash. Micro silica is waste material obtained from
electric arc furnaces. This paper presents the results of stabilization of local black cotton soil with lime,
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fly ash and micro silica. Series of laboratory tests have been conducted with varying percentage of
these stabilizers, added individually and in combinations, to determine their optimum percentages.
From the results, it is observed that CBR value, for both soaked and unsoaked conditions, increases
substantially by addition of 5% micro silica along with3% fly ash and 3% lime. The pavement designed
with these improved values of Indicated a marked reduction in its thickness leading to economy in the
construction of road pavements on or using soft clayey soils.

Stabilization of black cotton soil with lime, fly ash, lime and their combinations shows significant
improvement in the unconfined compressive strength of soil to the extent of 3.8 times that of
unstabilized soil. Optimum percentages of micro silica, lime and fly

ash for stabilizing black cotton soil are found to be 5%, 3% and 3% respectively. Black cotton soil
stabilized with lime, fly ash, micro silica and their combinations shows noticeable improvement in
soaked CBR of soil up to extent of 6.5 times of unstabilized soil. Black cotton soil stabilized with lime,
fly ash, micro silica and their combinations shows noticeable improvement in unsoaked CBR of soil
up to extent of 1.8 times of unstabilized soil.

Dayalan (2016) studied on the minimize the amount of waste to be disposed to the environment causing
environmental pollution. In this present study, different amount of fly ash and GGBS are added
separately i.e. 5, 10, 15 and 20% by dry weight of soil are used to study the stabilization of soil. The
performance of stabilized soil are evaluated using physical and strength performance tests like specific
gravity, atterberg limits, standard proctor test and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test at optimum
moisture content. From the results, it was found that optimum value of fly ash is 15% and GGBS is
20% for stabilization of given soil based on CBR value determined.

The study has been conducted to assess the potential of fly ash and GGBS for stabilization of the same
nature of soil. It is observed that with the increases of fly ash and GGBS percentage, optimum moisture
content goes on decreasing while maximum dry density goes on increasing, hence compact ability of
soil increases and making the soil more dense and hard.

Abdelzaher E. A. Mostafa et al (2016) studied the many investigations have been carried out on clay
sub grade soil; using several types of stabilizers. Due to the increase in traffic loads and the importance
of sub grade layer in strengthen the pavement section to prevent the earlier damage. In this study the
first step (based on the designed experimental program) samples were prepared with and without any
additives; the used additives were lime (L), silica fume (SF), and nano silica (NS). The tried percentages
of lime were 2, 4, 6 and 8% and 5, 10 and 15% for SF, while 1, 2 and 3% used for NS. The second step
was to examine the physical and mechanical properties of the prepared mixes using modified proctor
test, Atterberg limits test, free swelling (FS%) test, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Finally, direct shear (DS) test was carried out on the optimum
mixes from the second step. All mixes were tested after two curing periods 7 and 28 days using UCS
and FS%. The results indicated that the optimum moisture content (OMC) increased, while the
maximum dry density (MDD) dramatically decreased for all used additives and plasticity index (P.I)
decreased.
The FS% decreased, and the maximum reduction in FS% was occurred at the two combinations (8% L
+ 15% SF) and (8%L+3%NS). The UCS increased by adding both SF and NS activated by lime to the
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test soil , and the optimum percentages of the two combinations were occurred at 6%L+10%SF and
6%L+3%NS for traditional and nano materials additives respectively. So, control samples and the two
optimum combinations have been prepared for CBR and DS tests. The DS test was carried out at dry
and submerged conditions, while CBR test was carried out at soaked condition. The results indicated
that the maximum value of CBR occurred at 8% L + 10% SF, while DS results indicated that adding
6L+10SF and 6L+3NS, the soil parameters (cohesion and internal friction angle) have been improved.

Sharma and Sivapullaiah (2016) studied on the potential of using a binder for stabilization of expansive
soils that consists of a mixture of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is evaluated
in this study. The joint use of these two materials to form a binder provides new opportunities to
enhance pozzolanic activities that may reduce the swell potential and increase the unconfined
compressive strength of expansive clays. The influence of different percentages of binder on the
Atterberg limits, compaction characteristics and unconfined compressive strength of an artificially-
mixed soil were examined. The addition of binder was shown to bring about a significant improvement
in these soil properties. It was found that the liquid limit and plasticity index of the expansive soil
decreased considerably with the addition of binder, while the strength improved. Adding a small
amount of lime (one percent) further improved the soil properties by enhancing the pozzolanic
reactivity of the binder. Based on the results of the unconfined compressive strength tests, the addition
of 20% binder is recommended as optimum content. In addition, the mineralogical and morphological
studies of soil specimen stabilized with optimum binder content suggested the formation of hydrated
particles and cementitious compounds as a result of the reaction between the clay and the binder. Test
results indicate that the use of GGBS mixed fly ash as binder to stabilize expansive is well suited for
sustainable construction besides economic benefits.

In this study, an artificially-mixed expansive soil was stabilized with different amounts of binder,
primarily consisting of fly ash and GGBS at a mixing ratio of 7:3. The objective of this research was
to assess the effect of fly ash GGBS based binder on the physical properties and unconfined
compressive strength of the soil.

Negi et al (2017) studied on the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization, minimization of
industrial waste is serious problem in present days. To encounter this innovative and nontraditional
research on waste utilization is gaining importance’s now a days. Soil improvement using the waste
material like Slag’s, Rice husk ash, Silica fume etc., in geotechnical engineering has been
recommended from environmental point of view. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the
feasibility of using Silica fume as soil stabilization material. In this paper the effect of Silica fume on
engineering characteristics of expansive clay like Black Cotton Soil has been presented. A series of
laboratory experiment has been conducted on black cotton soil blended with Silica fume content from
5% to 20% by weight of dry soil. The experimental results showed a significant increase in California
bearing ratio and Unconfined compressive strength. The Differential free swell of the clay is reduced
from 50%to 7% with increase in Silica fume content from 0% to 20% respectively.

The Proctor compaction results showed a small decrease in Maximum dry density and increase in
Optimum moisture content. From this investigation it can be concluded that the Silica fume as a
potential to improve the characteristics of black cotton soil.

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The BC soil-Micro Silica change the proctor compaction parameters. The addition of silica fume to the
black cotton soil increase the optimum moisture content and decreases the maximum dry density with
the increase in silica fume content. The addition of silica fume to the black cotton soil improve the
soaked CBR considerably. The addition of 20% silica fume to the black cotton soil increases the CBR
strength by 72% approximately. There is a significant decrease in the swelling characteristics of the
soil. The degree of expansiveness reduces from High to Low.

2.1. Research Gap

(1) Comparative Performance: A comparison of the effectiveness of different soil stabilization
techniques (e.g., chemical, mechanical, biological) in improving soil strength, bearing capacity, and
durability under varying conditions (e.g., soil types, moisture content, temperature).
(2) Environmental Impact: A comparative analysis of the environmental impact of various soil
stabilization methods, including their effects on soil health, water quality, and greenhouse gas
emissions.

(3) Cost-Effectiveness: An assessment of the cost-effectiveness of different soil stabilization

techniques, considering not only initial construction costs but also long- term maintenance and repair
costs.

(4) Durability and Longevity: A study on the durability and longevity of stabilized soils, comparing
the performance of different techniques over time and under different loading conditions.

(5) Sustainability: An evaluation of the sustainability of soil stabilization techniques, considering

factors such as resource availability, energy consumption, and waste generation.

(6) Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure : An analysis of the compatibility of different soil
stabilization techniques with existing infrastructure, including roads, buildings, and underground
utilities.

(7) Risk Assessment: A comparative risk assessment of different soil stabilization methods ,
considering factors such as stability, environmental impact, and health and safety risks. These research
gaps highlight the need for further study to improve our understanding of soil stabilization techniques
and their impacts, ultimately leading to more effective and sustainable soil management practices.

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 2.2. Objectives
From above research paper i get the idea about how soil properties get improved by using additives,
so I also study the different additives add in soft soil to improve the soil properties so my objective
of this project is:

i. To study different soil stabilization techniques.

ii. To compare the performance of these techniques in terms of strength, permeability, and other
relevant parameters.
iii. To identify the most suitable soil stabilization technique for specific applications.

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 3.METHODS
What is Soil Stabilization?

Soil stabilization is a process used to improve the engineering properties of soil, particularly its strength
and durability, to meet specific project requirements. This is often done in construction and civil
engineering projects where the natural soil may not possess the desired characteristics for supporting
structures or roadways. The goal of soil stabilization is to enhance the soil's load- bearing capacity,
reduce settlement, and improve overall performance.

Soil Stabilization
Method

Phisical Chemical

Electic and
Mechanical and Cement
Thermal
Hydrulic Stone dust

1. soil Nailing
1. Heating
2. Stone Coloming
2.Vitrification
3. Elctrokinetic 3. Preloading
4. Displacement
5. Replacement

Fig no 3. Soil Stabilization Method

3.1.Types of Soil Stabilization

There are various methods of soil stabilization, and the choice depends on factors such as the type of
soil, project requirements, and environmental considerations. Some common soil stabilization
techniques include.

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3.1.1. Cement Stabilization:

Method: Portland cement is mixed with the soil to create a cement-treated base. The cement binds with
the soil particles, forming a stable and durable material.

Application:

Widely used in road construction, airport pavements, and stabilizing subgrades. Cement stabilization
is a soil stabilization technique that involves the addition of Portland cement to native soils to enhance
their engineering properties. The primary objective is to improve the soil's strength, durability, and
load-bearing capacity, making it suitable for construction applications such as road bases, subgrades,
and foundations. Here's an over view of cement stabilization:

Fig.3.1. Cement Stabilization (Ref. Writgen team)

• Introduction to Cement Stabilization:

Objective: The primary goal is to modify the physical and mechanical properties of the soil through
the addition of cement. Commonly used in road construction, airport pavements, and other projects
where improved soil characteristics are essential.

Types of Cement:

Portland Cement: The most commonly used type of cement in soil stabilization. It is a hydraulic cement
that hardens through chemical reactions with water. Quick Setting Cement: Used when a rapid increase
in strength is required. Blended Cements: Mixtures of Portland cement and supplementary cementation
materials.

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• Benefits of Cement Stabilization:

Increased Strength: Cement reacts with soil particles to form a cementations matrix, resulting in
improved compressive and shear strength.

Reduced Plasticity: Cement stabilizes clayey soils by reducing their plasticity, making them less
susceptible to volume changes.

Durability: Enhances the long-term durability and resistance of the stabilized soil against weathering
and erosion.

• Mix Design:

Determination of Cement Content: A mix design process is conducted to determine the optimal amount
of cement required based on soil characteristics and project requirements. Field Adjustments: Field
adjustments may be made based on real-time observations and testing.

• Application Process:

Spreading Cement: The cement is evenly spread over the soil surface using conventional construction
equipment such as graders.

Mixing: The cement is mechanically mixed into the soil using rotary mixers, reclaimer- stabilizers, or
other specialized equipment.

Compaction: The stabilized soil is compacted to achieve the desired density and strength.

Curing : Moisture Control: Adequate moisture is essential for cement hydration. The stabilized soil
may be covered with wet burlap, watered, or protected from drying conditions.

Curing Period: A curing period is necessary to allow the cement to fully react and develop strength.

• Quality Control and Testing:

Laboratory Testing: Various laboratory tests, such as Proctor compaction and unconfined compression
tests, are conducted to determine the soil's engineering properties.

Field Testing: Field density and strength tests are performed to ensure that the construction meets
design specifications.

• Environmental Considerations: Recycling: Cement stabilization can be an environmentally

sustainable solution by recycling existing materials rather than using new aggregates.

Leach ability: Care should be taken to minimize environmental impacts, especially in terms of leach
ability of cementations materials.

Cement stabilization is a versatile and widely used method for improving the properties of soils in
construction projects. Successful implementation requires careful consideration of soil characteristics,
proper mix design, and effective construction practices.

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3.1.2. Stone Dust

Stone dust, also known as stone screenings or rock dust, is a byproduct of crushing stone into various
sizes for use in construction. It is often used as a base material for pavers and natural stone walkways,
and it can also be used in soil stabilization applications.

In soil stabilization, stone dust is typically mixed with soil to improve its engineering properties. The
addition of stone dust can help increase the soil's strength, stability, and load- bearing capacity. It can
also improve the soil's resistance to erosion and reduce its susceptibility to frost heave. One of the key
advantages of using stone dust in soil stabilization is its cost- effectiveness, as it is often readily
available as a byproduct of stone crushing operations. Additionally, stone dust is relatively easy to work
with and can be easily mixed with soil using standard construction equipment.

However, there are also some limitations to using stone dust in soil stabilization. One concern is its
potential impact on the environment, as it may contain harmful chemicals or heavy metals. It is
important to properly test and characterize the stone dust before using it in soil stabilization projects to
ensure that it meets the necessary standards and regulations.
Overall, stone dust can be a useful additive in soil stabilization projects, but careful consideration
should be given to its properties and potential environmental impacts before use.

Fig.3.2 Manufacturing of stone dust (Ref. Mundegaon, Ghoti)

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3.1.3. Chemical Soil Stabilization

Chemical soil stabilization involves the addition of certain chemicals to the soil to improve its
engineering properties. The primary goal of this method is to alter the physical and chemical
characteristics of the soil, making it more suitable for construction purposes. Various chemicals can
be used for soil stabilization, including lime, cement, polymers, and other additives. Here are some
common types of chemical soil stabilization.

Fig No 3.3 chemical soil Stabilization

3.1.4. Lime Stabilization

Lime stabilization is a soil stabilization technique that involves the addition of lime, typically in the
form of quicklime (calcium oxide) or hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide), to improve the engineering
properties of the soil. This method is commonly used to treat clayey soils, providing benefits such as
increased strength, reduced plasticity, and improved work ability. Here are the key aspects of lime
stabilization:

• Soil Modification:

Lime reacts with the clay minerals in the soil, causing a series of chemical reactions that lead to
modifications in the soil's properties. The addition of lime can reduce the plasticity of clay soils, making
them less susceptible to volume changes associated with wetting and drying.

 Increase in Strength: Lime stabilization enhances the shear strength of the soil, making it more
suitable for construction applications. The lime reacts with the clay particles, forming stable
mineralogical compounds and increasing cohesion.

• Reduction in Swelling: Lime treatment is effective in reducing the swell potential of expansive clays.
The chemical reactions alter the clay's behaviour, leading to less volumetric change with changes in
moisture content.
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 • Improved Work ability: Lime can improve the work ability of the soil, making it easier to handle
and compact .The modification of the soil structure by lime allows for better compaction, resulting in
a denser and more stable material.

• Drying and Stabilization: Lime facilitates the drying of wet soils by promoting drainage and
reducing water retention. The addition of lime stabilizes the soil, providing a more durable and weather
resistant material. Types of Lime: Quicklime (Calcium Oxide): Produced by heating limestone to high
temperatures. Quicklime reacts vigorously with water to produce hydrated lime. Hydrated Lime
(Calcium Hydroxide): Produced by hydrating quicklime. It is often used in lime stabilization due to its
ease of handling.

• Application: Lime is typically spread over the soil surface and mixed into the soil using traditional
construction equipment such as graders or disk harrows. The mixing process is crucial to ensure
uniform distribution of lime throughout the soil.
Quality Control: Soil tests are conducted before and after lime stabilization to determine the
appropriate dosage and assess the effectiveness of the treatment. Quality control measures are essential
to achieve the desired engineering properties.

• Environmental Considerations: Lime is a naturally occurring material, and its use in soil
stabilization is generally considered environmentally friendly. Proper handling and disposal practices
should be followed to minimize environmental impact. Lime stabilization is commonly used in road
construction, building foundations, and other civil engineering projects where the native soil requires
improvement to meet specific engineering requirements. The success of lime stabilization depends on
factors such as soil type, lime dosage, and proper construction practices.
3.1.5. Polymers and Polymer Emulsions:

Method: Synthetic polymers or polymer emulsions are added to the soil to enhance stability, reduce
erosion, and improve water resistance.
Application: Used in erosion control, slope stabilization, and construction on soils with poor
engineering properties.Soil stabilization is a crucial process in civil engineering and construction to
improve the engineering properties of soils, making them more resistant to factors such as erosion,
water damage, and load-bearing requirements. Polymers and polymer emulsions play a significant role
in soil stabilization, offering effective solutions to enhance soil strength, reduce permeability, and
mitigate environmental impact.

Polymers in Soil Stabilization:

a. Polyacrylamides (PAM):
PAM is a water-soluble polymer commonly used for soil erosion control. It forms a stable gel-like
structure when mixed with water, improving soil cohesion and preventing surface runoff.
b. Polymer-Modified Soils (PMS):
Incorporating polymers like polyurethane or latex into soils can enhance their load-bearing capacity,
reduce swelling and shrinkage, and improve overall stability. These polymers bind soil particles,
creating a more durable and resilient matrix.

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c. Biopolymers:
Environmentally friendly biopolymers, such as guar gum or xanthan gum, can be used for soil
stabilization. These natural polymers offer sustainable alternatives, especially in eco-sensitive areas.

Polymer Emulsions in Soil Stabilization:

a. Acrylic Polymer Emulsions: Acrylic emulsions are commonly used in soil stabilization applications. When
mixed with soil, they form a flexible and water resistant matrix, improving soil structure and stability.
b. Styrene-Butadiene Emulsions (SB Latex): SB latex emulsions are employed to stabilize soils, particularly
in road construction. They enhance the soil's resistance to water damage and improve its load-bearing capacity.
c. Polyvinyl Acetate (PVA c) Emulsions: PVA c emulsions can be added to soils to increase their strength and
reduce susceptibility to erosion. They provide good adhesion and flexibility, contributing to enhanced stability.

Applications in Soil Stabilization:

a. Road Construction: Polymers and polymer emulsions are widely used in road construction to stabilize the
subgrade, improving load-bearing capacity and reducing the impact of environmental factors.
b. Erosion Control: Polyacrylamides and other polymers are effective in erosion control applications,
stabilizing the soil to prevent loss through water or wind erosion.
c. Building Foundations: Polymer-modified soils are utilized in building foundations to mitigate issues related
to soil settlement, swelling, and shrinkage, providing a stable base for structures.
d. Mining and Land Reclamation: In mining operations, polymers are applied to stabilize soils in reclaimed
areas, preventing erosion and promoting vegetation growth.

Benefits of Using Polymers in Soil Stabilization:

a. Improved Soil Strength: Polymers enhance the cohesion between soil particles, resulting in
increased shear strength and load-bearing capacity.
b. Reduced Permeability: Polymer-treated soils exhibit reduced permeability, making them less
susceptible to water infiltration
c. Environmental Considerations: Biodegradable and eco-friendly polymers offer sustainable
alternatives, minimizing the environmental impact of soil stabilization practices.
d. Cost-Effective Solutions: Polymer-based soil stabilization can be a cost-effective solution
compared to traditional methods, especially in challenging soil conditions.

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 3.1.6. Bitumen or Asphalt Emulsion Stabilization:

Method: Bitumen or asphalt emulsions are mixed with the soil to improve its stability and resistance to
water. Commonly used in pavement construction and stabilization of road bases.

Fig No 3.4 Bitumen or Asphalt Emulsion Stabilization

Bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization is a widely used technique in soil stabilization, particularly
in road construction and infrastructure development. This method involves the incorporation of
bituminous materials into the soil to improve its engineering properties, making it more durable and
suitable for construction. Here's an overview of bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization in soil
stabilization:

Introduction to Bitumen or Asphalt Emulsions:

a. Bitumen: component in the construction industry, known for its adhesive and waterproofing
properties.
B. Asphalt Emulsion: Asphalt emulsion is a mixture of asphalt, water, and an emulsifying agent. It is
a colloidal system that allows for the easy mixing of asphalt with aggregates and soils.
Soil Stabilization Process:
a. Mixing:
Bitumen or asphalt emulsion is mixed with the soil using specialized equipment such as pug mills or
rotary mixers. The goal is to achieve a homogeneous mixture.
b. Curing:
After mixing, the treated soil is allowed to cure. This curing process enables the bitumen to bond with
the soil particles, creating a stabilized matrix.

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 Key Benefits of Bitumen or Asphalt Emulsion Stabilization:

a. Increased Strength:
The addition of bitumen or asphalt emulsion enhances the soil's strength, making it more resistant to
compression and deformation.
b. Waterproofing:
Bitumen provides a waterproofing effect, reducing the soil's susceptibility to water- induced damage
and erosion.
c. Improved Load-Bearing Capacity: Stabilized soils exhibit improved load-bearing capacity, making
them suitable for supporting heavy structures and traffic loads.
d. Reduced Swelling and Shrinkage:
The treatment reduces the soil's tendency to swell in the presence of water and shrink during dry
conditions, minimizing volume changes.
Applications in Construction:
a. Road Construction: Bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization is widely used in road construction
to improve the performance of subgrade soils, creating a stable foundation for asphalt or concrete
pavements.
b. Parking Lots and Driveways: Stabilizing the soil with bitumen is common in the construction of
parking lots and driveways, providing a durable and load-bearing surface.
c. Airport Runways: The technique is employed in the construction of airport runways, where high
load- bearing capacity and resistance to deformation are critical.
Environmental Considerations:
a. Reduced Energy Consumption:
Bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization often requires lower energy consumption compared to
traditional stabilization methods, contributing to environmental sustainability.
b. Recyclability:
Stabilized soils can be recycled and reused, promoting sustainable construction practices.
Challenges and Considerations:

a. Curing Time: The curing time for bitumen-stabilized soils can vary depending on factors such as
temperature and soil type
b. Environmental Impact: While bitumen is a common construction material, its extraction and
processing can have environmental implications. Sustainable sourcing and usage practices are crucial.
In conclusion, bitumen or asphalt emulsion stabilization is a valuable technique in soil stabilization,
offering enhanced strength, durability, and water resistance to soils used in construction projects. As
with any construction method, careful consideration of site- specific conditions and environmental
impact is essential for successful and sustainable implementation.

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 3.1.7. Fly Ash Stabilization:

Method: Fly ash, a by product of coal combustion, is mixed with the soil to enhance strength, reduce
permeability and improved workability.

Fig.3.5 Fly-ash Stabilization

Used in construction, stabilization of expansive soils, and as a partial replacement for cement.

Fly ash stabilization is a sustainable and cost-effective method commonly used in soil stabilization for
construction projects. Fly ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, is rich in mineral content and pozzolanic
properties, making it an ideal additive for improving the engineering properties of soils. Here's an
overview of fly ash stabilization in soil stabilization.
Introduction to Fly Ash:

a. Composition:
Fly ash is a fine powder that consists of spherical par cles and is produced during the combus on of
pulverized coal in power plants.
b. Pozzolanic Properties:
Fly ash contains silica, alumina, and other reactive compounds, giving it pozzolanic properties. When
mixed with lime and water, it forms compounds that contribute to the strength and durability of
stabilized soils.
Soil Stabilization Process:
a. Mixing: Fly ash is mixed with the soil in varying proportions, depending on the specific soil
characteristics and project requirements. Mixing can be done in-place using specialized equipment. b.
Curing: The treated soil is allowed to cure, allowing the chemical reactions between fly ash and the
soil particles to take place. This results in the formation of stable compounds that enhance soil
properties.
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 Key Benefits of Fly Ash Stabilization:

a. Increased Strength: Fly ash reacts with soil minerals, forming cementations compounds that
improve the soil's compressive strength and load-bearing capacity.

b. Reduced Plasticity: The addition of fly ash reduces the plasticity of expansive soils, minimizing
issues related to swelling and shrinkage.

c. Improved Durability: Stabilized soils exhibit enhanced resistance to water induced erosion,
providing durability in various environmental conditions.

d. Cost-Effectiveness: Fly ash is often a byproduct of power generation, and its use in soil stabilization
can be cost-effective compared to traditional stabilization methods.

Applications in Construction:

a. Road Construction: Fly ash stabilization is commonly employed in road construction to improve
the characteristics of subgrade soils, resulting in a stable foundation for pavement layers. b.Foundation
Construction: Stabilizing soils with fly ash is suitable for foundation construction, especially in areas
with expansive or problematic soils.
c. Embankment Construction: Fly ash is used to stabilize soils in embankment construction,
providing stability and reducing settlement.
Environmental Considerations:

a. Reuse of Waste Material: Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion, and its use in soil stabilization
represents a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to utilizing industrial waste.
b. Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The use of fly ash in soil stabilization can contribute to
reducing the environmental impact associated with the disposal of fly ash in landfills.
Challenges and Considerations:

a. Variability of Fly Ash Properties: The properties of fly ash can vary based on the source and
combustion process. It's essential to understand the specific characteristics of the fly ash being used.
b. b. Quality Control: Achieving consistent results requires careful quality control in the mixing and
curing processes to ensure the desired soil stabilization outcomes.

Compatibility with Soil Types:

While fly ash is effective in improving the properties of many soil types, its performance can vary
depending on specific soil characteristics.
Research and Innovations:
Ongoing Studies: Ongoing research focuses on optimizing the use of fly ash in soil stabilization,
exploring new formulations, and assessing its long-term performance in different soil types.
Innovative Applications: Researchers are exploring innovative applications of fly ash, such as
incorporating it into geopolymer materials for enhanced soil stabilization.

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 3.1.7. Chemical Grouting:

Method:

Grout, which is a mixture of water, cement, and sometimes additives, is injected into the soil to
improve its strength, reduce permeability, and fill voids. Application: Applied in tunnelling, excavation
support, and the stabilization of loose collapsible soils.

Fig No 3.6 Chemical Grouting

Chemical grouting is a soil stabilization technique that involves the injection of specially formulated
grouts into the soil to alter its properties and enhance its engineering characteristics. This method is
widely used in civil engineering and construction projects to address soil-related challenges and
improve the stability of the ground. Here’s an overview of chemical grouting in soil stabilization:

Introduction to Chemical Grouting:

c. Grouting Agents: Grouting agents used in chemical grouting can include polyurethane, acrylamide,
sodium silicate, and other chemical formulations designed to achieve specific soil stabilization goals.
Soil Stabilization Process:
Site Assessment:
Before initiating chemical grouting, a thorough site assessment is conducted to understand the soil
conditions, identify areas of weakness, and determine the appropriate grouting strategy.
a. Drilling Holes: Access points, or injection holes, are drilled into the soil at strategic locations based
on the project requirements. The hole diameter and spacing depend on the soil type and the intended
depth of grout penetration.
b. Grout Injection: The selected chemical grout is injected into the soil through the drilled holes under
controlled pressure. The grout permeates the soil, creating a stable and improved matrix.

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c. Monitoring and Quality Control: Throughout the grouting process, monitoring equipment is used
to assess the effectiveness of the injections. Quality control measures ensure that the grout is distributed
uniformly.
Key Benefits of Chemical Grouting:

a. Improved Soil Strength:

Chemical grouting enhances the soil’s shear strength and load-bearing capacity, making it more suitable
for construction activities.
b. Reduced Permeability:
Grouts can fill voids in the soil, reducing permeability and preventing the migration of water through
the ground.
C . Stabilization of Loose Soils:
Chemical grouting is effective in stabilizing loose or granular soils, providing cohesion and
preventing settlement.
d.Erosion Control:
Grouting can be used to stabilize soil in areas prone to erosion, preventing the loss of soil particles
and protecting against water-induced damage.
Applications in Construction:
a.Tunneling and Excavation Support: Chemical grouting is applied to stabilize soils around tunnels,
excavations, and underground structures to prevent ground settlement and maintain stability.
b.Foundation Stabilization: In construction projects where foundations encounter unstable or loose
soils, chemical grouting can be used to improve soil conditions and enhance foundation support.
c.Slope Stabilization: Chemical grouting is applied on slopes to prevent erosion, stabilize soil, and
mitigate the risk of landslides.
d.Infrastructure Rehabilitation: The technique is used in the rehabilitation of aging infrastructure,
such as repairing leaks in dams, tunnels, and underground pipelines.
Environmental Considerations:
a.Selection of Environmentally Friendly Grouts: The choice of environmentally friendly grouting
agents minimizes the environmental impact of chemical grouting projects.
b.Non-Intrusive Nature: Chemical grouting can often be performed without disrupting the
surrounding environment, minimizing disturbances to existing structures or ecosystems. Challenges
and Considerations:
a.Site-Specific Challenges: The success of chemical grouting depends on understanding the unique
characteristics of the site, including soil composition, geology, and hydrology.
b.Compatibility with Soil Types:
Different grouting agents may be more effective in specific soil types, and the selection should be
tailored to the project requirements.
Research and Innovations:
a. Advancements in Grouting Agents: Ongoing research focuses on developing advanced grouting
agents with improved performance characteristics, including rapid setting and increased penetration
capabilities.
b. Smart Grouting Techniques: Researchers are exploring smart grouting techniques that use sensors
and monitoring systems to provide real-time feedback on the effectiveness of injections. In conclusion,
chemical grouting is a versatile and effective method in soil stabilization, offering solutions for a wide
range of construction challenges. The proper selection of grouting agents, careful site assessment, and

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adherence to quality control measures are critical for successful implementation in construction
projects.

Fig No 3.7 Steps in Chemical Grouting

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 4. CASE STUDY
4.1. Experimental analysis

This experimental analysis report presents a comprehensive study on various soil stabilization
techniques and their effectiveness in improving soil engineering properties. The study involved the
application of different stabilization methods to evaluate their impact on soil strength, permeability,
and other relevant characteristics. The findings contribute valuable insights to the field of civil
engineering, providing guidance for selecting appropriate soil stabilization techniques for different
applications.

4.2. Objective:

The primary objective of this experimental analysis was to assess the performance of various soil
stabilization techniques in enhancing soil properties. The study aimed to quantify changes in soil
strength, permeability, and other relevant parameters after the application of different stabilization
methods.

4.3. Methodology:
4.3.1. Selection of Soil Samples:
Vihitgaon is a Locality in Nashik City in Maharashtra State, India. It belongs to Khandesh and Northern
Maharashtra region. It is belongs to Nashik Division. Vihitgaon Pin code is 422401 and postal head
office is Devlali.

Fig No 4.3.1 Location Map of Vihitgaon Deolali

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 Village Vihitgaon
Grampanchayat Lahavit
Taluka Nashik
District Nashik
Village Code 422401
Latitude 19.9386
Longitude 73.8319

4.3.2. Experimental Design

The selected soil samples were subjected to different soil stabilization techniques, cement and stone
dust stabilization. Control samples were maintained for each soil type without any stabilization
treatment.

4.3.3.Application of Stabilization Techniques:

The selected stabilization methods were applied to the soil samples according to recommended
procedures and industry standards. Cement stabilization included the mixing of soil with varying
percentages of cement.

4.3.4. Laboratory Testing:

The stabilized and control soil samples underwent a series of laboratory tests to assess key engineering
properties, including:

4.3.5. Atterberg Limits tests to determine changes in plasticity characteristics.

4.4.Results

Atterberg Limits tests indicated a reduction in plasticity in stabilized soil samples, making them less
prone to swelling and shrinkage.
Chemical grouting and cement stabilization exhibited notable reductions in plasticity, while fly ash
stabilization showed moderate improvement.

4.5. Experimental Investigation

A number of experiments have been conducted on undisturbed soil and soil mixed with additives viz.,
Cement, and stone dust. The experiments have been carried out to determine various properties as
mentioned below

1)Specific Gravity
2)Sieve Analysis
3) Atterberg’s Limits (Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index)

The additives viz. Cement, Lime ,Fly Ash stone dust have added to the soil in ratios as 2%, 4%, 6% by
weight.

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4.6.Properties of Undisturbed Soil

Various tests have been conducted on undisturbed soil taken from Vihitgaon (deolali) India, to
determine different properties of soil. The properties of undisturbed Soil are given in Table no.4.1.

Sr. No Property Value

1 Specific Gravity 2.727

2 Grain size analysis

Gravel and Sand Size Particle 8.22%

Silt and Clay Size particles 91.78%

3 Atterberg’s Limits

Liquid Limit 15
Plastic Limit 13.53

Plasticity Index 1.47

Table.4.1. Properties of Undistrubed Soil

4.7. Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with Additives

Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with Cement

Sieve analysis has been carried out using Mechanical Sieving for soil mixed with different percentages
of additive i.e., Cement. The results are given in Table 4.2.

Sr No Percentage of Cement Gravel & Sand Size Particle Silt & Clay Size
Content (%) Particle Content (%)
1 8.22 91.78

2 2 3.8 96.2

3 4 5.9 94.1

4 6 6.1 93.9

Table.4.2 Grain Size Analysis results for different percentages of Cement

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 Sieve Analysis of Soil Mixed with Stone Dust

Sieve analysis has been carried out using Mechanical Sieving for soil mixed with different percentages
of additive i.e., Stone Dust. The results are given in Table 4.3.

Sr. No Percetage of Stone Dust Gravel & Sand Size Particle Silt & Clay Size
Content (%) Particle Content (%)
1 98.8 1.2
2 2 97.5 2.5
3 4 96.1 3.9
4 6 94.2 5.8
4.3 Grain Size Analysis results for different percentages of Cement

4.8 . Atterberg Limits tests on soil mixed with Additive

Atterberg Limits tests procedure

Liqiud limit test :-
1 Sample Preparation

 Air-dry the soil sample.

 Sieve it through a 425 µm IS sieve.
 Take about 120 g of the sieved soil.
 Mix it with distilled water to form a thick paste.
2 Set Up Casagrande Apparatus

 Place a portion of the paste into the brass cup.

 Level the surface with a spatula.
 Cut a groove in the center using the standard grooving tool.
3 Operate the Device

 Turn the crank at a rate of 2 revolutions per second.

 Count the number of blows until the two halves of the soil pat come together at the bottom (a closure
of about 12 mm).
4 Moisture Content Sample

 Collect a small sample of soil from near the closed groove.

 Place it in a moisture can, and label it.
5 Repeat the Test
 Add more water to the soil paste and repeat the process.
 Perform at least 3 trials, varying water content to get closures between 15 and 35 blows.

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 6 Dry the Samples

 Oven-dry each can at 105–110°C for 24 hours.

 Weigh before and after to calculate moisture content.

Plastic Limit Test

1 Sample Preparation

 Take a portion (~30g) of the same soil used in the LL test.

 Add water and knead it until it becomes pliable and non-sticky.
2 Roll Soil Threads

 Roll a small portion of the soil on a glass plate or tile using fingers.
 Continue rolling until it forms a thread of 3 mm diameter.
3 Check for Crumbling

 If the thread starts crumbling at 3 mm, it has reached the plastic limit.
 If not, dry the soil slightly and repeat.
4 Moisture Content Sample

 Collect crumbled pieces and place them in a moisture can.

 Repeat the rolling and drying process for at least 3 samples.
5 Dry and Weigh

 Oven-dry samples at 105–110°C for 24 hours.

 Weigh before and after to calculate water content.
6 Average the Results
 Calculate the average moisture content of the samples = Plastic Limit (PL)

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 5. ADVANTAGES
 Improved Strength:
Soil stabilization enhances the mechanical properties of the soil, increasing its load-bearing capacity
and shear strength. This is particularly important for foundations, roads, and other structures where soil
strength is critical.
 Reduced Permeability:
Stabilized soil exhibits reduced permeability, limiting the flow of water through the soil. This is
beneficial for preventing erosion, controlling groundwater, and minimizing the risk of landslides.
 Erosion Control:
Soil stabilization helps mitigate soil erosion caused by wind or water. By improving the cohesion of
soil particles, stabilization reduces the likelihood of surface runoff and loss of topsoil.
 Minimized Swelling and Shrinkage:
Stabilized soils experience reduced volume changes due to moisture fluctuations. This is especially
advantageous in expansive clay soils prone to swelling and shrinkage, as stabilization helps maintain a
more consistent soil volume.
 Enhanced Workability:
Stabilized soils often exhibit improved workability during construction activities. This can lead to
easier excavation, grading, and compaction, reducing construction time and costs.
 Environmentally Friendly:
Some soil stabilization methods, such as the use of certain additives like fly ash or lime, can be
environmentally friendly by recycling industrial byproducts and minimizing the need for new
construction materials.
 Cost Savings:
Soil stabilization can contribute to cost savings in construction projects. By improving the properties
of existing soils, it may reduce the need for extensive excavation, transportation of additional materials,
and the use of more expensive foundation designs.
 Versatility:
Soil stabilization methods are versatile and can be adapted to various soil types and conditions.
Different stabilization techniques, such as chemical grouting, cement stabilization, or the use of
geosynthetics, can be selected based on specific project requirements.
 Increased Bearing Capacity:
Stabilized soils can withstand higher loads, making them suitable for supporting heavy structures and
infrastructure components. This is particularly crucial in the construction of roads, foundations, and
industrial facilities.
 Optimized Construction Schedule:
Stabilizing the soil can expedite construction schedules by reducing the time required for ground
preparation and improving the efficiency of subsequent construction activities.

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 Sustainable Construction:
Using soil stabilization techniques can contribute to sustainable construction practices by minimizing
the need for additional materials, reducing environmental impact, and promoting the reuse of existing
soils.
 Long-Term Performance:
Properly stabilized soils can provide long-lasting stability and durability, contributing to the longevity
of constructed structures and infrastructure.

APPLICATION

Soil stabilization techniques find applications across a wide range of construction and civil engineering
projects. The choice of the appropriate soil stabilization method depends on factors such as soil type,
project requirements, and environmental considerations. Here are common applications of soil
stabilization techniques:

 Road Construction: Soil stabilization is extensively used in the construction of roads and highways.
Stabilized soils provide a solid base for pavements, improving load- bearing capacity and reducing
settlement.

 Airport Runways and Taxiways: The stability of soil is crucial in aviation infrastructure. Soil
stabilization ensures the durability and load-bearing capacity of runways, taxiways, and apron areas in
airports.

 Railway Track Construction: Stabilization techniques are applied to railway tracks to prevent track
settlement.

 Foundation Construction:
Soil stabilization is employed to improve the bearing capacity of soils beneath foundations, ensuring
the stability and integrity of structures such as buildings, bridges, and towers.
 Embankment and Slope Stabilization:
Stabilizing soil in embankments and slopes helps prevent erosion, landslides, and slope failures. This
is critical for infrastructure projects in hilly or sloped terrain.
 Landfills and Waste Containment:
Stabilization techniques are used in the construction of landfill liners and caps, prevent in the release
of contaminants into the environment and ensuring the stability of waste containment structures.
 Mining and Quarry Rehabilitation:
Stabilizing soils in mined areas and quarries helps with site rehabilitation, minimizing soil erosion,
controlling sediment runoff, and promoting vegetation growth.
 Pipeline Trenches:
Soil stabilization is applied in pipeline construction to ensure the stability of trench walls and prevent
soil collapse during excavation, installation, and back filling.

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 Military Operations:
In military applications, soil stabilization is used to improve the load-bearing capacity of unpaved
roads, airstrips, and staging areas.
 Sports Field Construction:
Stabilizing soils in sports fields, such as football fields and golf courses, helps maintain a consistent
playing surface, reduces soil compaction, and enhances turf establishment.
 Culvert and Bridge Abutments:
The stability of soils around culverts and bridge abutments is crucial for the overall integrity of these
structures. Stabilization prevents settlement and ensures long-term performance.
 Coastal Protection:
Soil stabilization techniques are applied in coastal protection projects to stabilize shorelines, prevent
erosion, and protect against the effects of wave action and storm surges.
 Urban Infrastructure:
Soil stabilization is used in various urban infrastructure projects, including the construction of retaining
walls, underground utilities, and other critical components of urban development.
 Remote and Challenging Terrains:
In remote or challenging terrains, such as arid regions or permafrost areas, soil stabilization helps
address soil-related challenges and facilitates construction activities.

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 6. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of soil stabilization using varying percentages of cement
(2%, 4%, and 6%) and stone dust (2%, 4%, and 6%), with a focus on the results obtained from the
Atterberg Limit Test.
This test measured the Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of the soil, providing insights
into how these additives influenced soil plasticity and workability. The results showed that with the
addition of cement, there was a noticeable decrease in the Liquid Limit and a corresponding increase
in the Plastic Limit, leading to a lower Plasticity Index. At 2% cement, only slight changes were
observed, indicating minimal improvement. However, as the cement content increased to 4% and then
6%, the changes became more significant, with 6% cement providing the most substantial reduction in
Plasticity Index.
This suggests that cement, through chemical reaction, effectively reduces the plastic nature of the soil
and improves its stability.
Similarly, stone dust also contributed to the stabilization process, though its effect was more physical
than chemical. At 2% stone dust, the impact was minimal, but at 4% and especially 6%, it helped reduce
the Liquid Limit and increase the Plastic Limit, thereby lowering the Plasticity Index. When cement
and stone dust were used together, particularly at 6% each, the combined effect led to the most improved
soil characteristics. The synergy between cement’s chemical bonding and stone dust’s void-filling
ability resulted in a significantly reduced Plasticity Index and enhanced overall soil stability. Based on
these observations, it can be concluded that increasing the percentage of both cement and stone dust
improves the soil’s plasticity behavior, and the most effective combination for stabilization, as indicated
by the Atterberg Limit Test, is 6% cement with 6% stone dust.

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 7.FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY

This project is an approach towards a better understanding for index properties of soil for ground
improvement. This study can be accomplished with few additional features in future. Some of the future
scopes are as;

1. Detailed index properties of soil and how admixture help to improve soil properties.

2.Only proper proportion of soil and admixture gain the strength.

3.Admixture used all type of soil to increase the strength of soil.

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 REFERENCES
1. TangriA.andTangri G.(2018)“Effect of Blast Furnace Slag on Various Properties of Clayey Soil:
Review”, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development, ISSN (online): 2321-0613,
Vol. 6, Issue 03

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