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 Outline
Introduction
Functions of skeletal system
Common Properties of muscular tissue
Structural organization of muscle cells
Types of muscles tissue
• Skeletal muscles
• Cardiac muscles
• Smooth muscles
Naming of muscles
According to shape, size, no of head origin, location, etc.
Muscles the body compartments
Head and neck, abdomen, thorax, thigh, back, upper and lower limbs
Diseases of muscle
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 INTRODUCTION
comprises the largest group of tissues in the human
body
Muscles which make up 40–50% of total adult body
weight.
Consists of over 600-700 individual muscles
Basic functions of muscles:
body Movement
Maintenance of posture
Heat production (maintain Temp)
Storing and moving substances within the body.
Control the openings (sphincters)

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 Properties of the muscular tissue
All muscles have 4 common properties
1. Excitability;
ability to respond to a stimulus (i e: nerve impulse)
by producing electrical signals called action
Potentials (AP) two main types of stimuli trigger action
potentials.
One is auto rhythmic electrical signals arising in the
muscular tissue itself, as in the heart’s pacemaker.
The other is chemical stimuli such as neurotransmitters,
released by neurons, hormones distributed by the blood
2. Contractibility;
is the ability of muscular tissue to contract
forcefully when stimulated by an action potential.
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 ...cont’d
3.Extensibility
is the ability of muscular tissue to stretch without
being damaged.
Extensibility allows a muscle to contract forcefully even
if it is already stretched.
Normally, smooth muscle is subject to the greatest amount
of stretching.
E.g. each time your stomach fills with food, the muscle in
its wall is stretched ,Cardiac muscle also is stretched each
time the heart fills with blood ability to be stretched
4. Elasticity
allows the muscle to return to its original shape after
it has been stretched
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 connective tissue components
Three layers of connective tissue extend from the fascia to protect and
strengthen skeletal muscle
Fascia is a dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue
that lines the body wall and limbs and supports and surrounds muscles
and other organs
The outermost layer, encircling the entire muscle, is the epimysium
Perimysium (surrounds groups of 10 to 100 or more
muscle fibers, separating them into bundles called fascicles (little
bundles).
Surrounds the separating individual muscle fibers from one another is
endomysium (within), a thin sheath of areolar connective tissue.

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 connective tissue components

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 1. Skeletal muscle
is so named because most skeletal
muscles move bones of the skeleton.
Each skeletal muscle cell is known as
muscle fiber
They’re so large because a single skeletal
muscle cell results from the fusion of
hundreds of embryonic precursor cells
called myoblasts.
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 Cont’d
Function of Skeletal muscles
Attach to bones to provide voluntary
movement
Produce heat and energy for the body
Help maintain posture
Protect internal organs
Tendons: strong, tough connective cords
Fascia: tough, sheet-like membrane

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 Cont’d
muscle tissue is striated:
Alternating light and dark bands (striations) are
seen when
the tissue is examined with a microscope
Skeletal muscle tissue works mainly in a voluntary
manner.
Its activity can be consciously controlled by neurons
(nerve cells) that are part of the somatic (voluntary)
division of the nervous system.

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 2. Cardiac muscle tissue
It is only found in
the heart wall
Striated,
involuntary muscle
branching
Uni- or binucleate.

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 CARDIAC MUSCLE

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 3. Smooth muscle tissue
Cells
Single cells, uninucleated,
spindle(Fusiform) shaped
No striations(non -striated)
Smooth Muscle-Involuntary
It has layers-opposite orientation
(peristalsis)
Lines of hollow organs
found in walls of internal organs (intestines,
bladder, stomach, uterus, blood vessels)
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Type Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle

Location Skeleton bone Heart visceral organs

associated
Sheath epi-, peri-, and Endomysium & peri Endomysium
endomysium

Cell shape long cylinders Short branching small spindles

anastomising cells Tapered at the
end
Number of nuclei and many per cell usually one per cell, one per cell
location of nuclei peripheral central central

Cross-striations present present absent

Intercalated discs absent present absent

Function voluntary involuntary involuntary

Growth and limited limited unlimited from

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regeneration response other
 Naming of skeletal muscles
on the basis of shape, location, attachment orientation of
fibers, relative position, or function..
1. Shape:
Rhomboideus= diamond
Trapezius= trapezoid
Quadratus =Square
Orbicularis= Circular
2. based on number of heads of origin:
Triceps it has three heads
biceps it has two heads
3. Location:
Pectoralis= chest
Intercostal= between the ribs
brachium = arm
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Temporalis=temporal bone and Frontalis= frontal bone 19
4. Attachment:
Zygomaticus= attachment on zygomatic bone
Temporialis= temporal bone
Nasalis= nasal bone
Femoris= attaches on femur
tibialis= attachment on tibia
Sternocleidomastoid= origin from sternum and clavicle ;
inserted on mastoid process of temporal bone
5. Size:
Maximus=largest
medius
Minimus=smallest
Longus=longest
Brevis=shorter
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6.Orientation of fibers:
Rectus =straight parallel to the mid line
Transversus =horizontal perpendicular to the mid
line
Obliquus =diagonal muscle fascicles
Orbicularis =circular muscle fibers
7. Relative position: 8. Action
lateral, - adductor
medial, - flexor
internal, and - pronator
external. - extensor
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Size: Relative size of the muscle
Maximus =Largest -Gluteus maximus
Minimus =Smallest -Gluteus Minimus
Longus =Longest -Adductor longus
Latissimus =Widest -Latissimus dorsi
Longissimus = Longest -Longissimus muscles
Magnus = Large -Adductor magnus
Major =Larger -Pectoralis major
Minor = Smaller- Pectoralis minor
Vastus = Great -Vastus lateralis

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Skeletal Muscle Attachments
there are two attachment site
Origin- the stationary end of the muscle attachment
Insertion- the relatively moveable end of the skeletal
muscle attachment
Belly(gaster)- the thick & flesh region between two
attachments (origin & insertion)
origin

belly

insertion
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Muscle attachment Cont’d
Muscle attachments may be direct or indirect.
Direct – the epimysium part directly attached
to the bone or other soft tissues without a
tendon
Skeletal muscle doesn’t attach directly to the
bone
Indirect
either a cordlike structure= tendon or
abroad sheet like structure= aponeurosis
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Indirect attachments

Tendon

Aponeurosis

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 Coordinated action of muscle groups
Muscles that perform opposite actions are antagonistic
muscles
e.g, Biceps brachii & triceps brachii
Synergistic Muscles- are muscles that perform similar
actions
Agonist ( prime mover) – muscles which perform great
action or a muscle that causes a desired action is referred to
as the prime mover or agonist ( leader).
When you bend(flex) your elbow, the biceps brachii is
prime mover while the triceps brachii is antagonist

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 Muscles in the body rarely work
alone, & are usually arranged in
groups surrounding a joint
A muscle that contracts to create
the desired action is known as an
agonist or prime mover
biceps
triceps A muscle that helps the agonist is
a synergist
A muscle that opposes the action
of the agonist, therefore undoing the
desired action is an antagonist
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Intrinsic& extrinsic muscles
Intrinsic muscles -has both insertion and origin within
the same region
e.g. Intrinsic muscle of toungh which alter the shape of
the tongue rather moving the entire tongue
Extrinsic muscles -muscles which has origin from other
body regions
e.g. extrinsic tongue muscles
– Genioglossus
– Styloglossus
– Palatoglossus
– hypoglossus
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Arrangement of Fascicles
parallel
Fascicles parallel to longitudinal
axis of muscle; terminate at
either end in flat
e.g. Stylohyoid muscle
circular
Fascicles in concentric circular
arrangements form sphincter
muscles that enclose an orifice
(opening).
e.g. Orbicularis oculi & oris
muscles
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 Pennate - Short fascicles in relation to total muscle
length; tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle.
unipennate
Fascicles are arranged on only one side of the tendon
e.g. Extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL)
bipennate
Fascicles are arranged on both sides of centrally positioned
tendons
E.g, Rectus femoris muscle
multipennate
Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several
tendons. E.g. Deltoid muscle
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fusiform
Fascicles nearly parallel to
longitudinal axis of muscle;
terminate in flat muscle tapers
toward tendons, where diameter
is less than at belly.
e.g. Digastric muscle
triangular
Fascicles spread over broad area
converge at thick central tendon;
gives muscle a triangular
appearance.
e.g. Pectoralis major muscle
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1.MUSCLES OF THE HEAD & NECK
a) Muscles of the facial expressions
Frontalis . Platysma
Orbicularis oculi . Temporalis
Nasalis . Occipitalis
Lavator labii superioris . Bussinator
Zygomaticus major &minor
Orbicularis oris
Masseter
Depressor labii inferioris
Depressor anguli oris
All are innervated by facial nerve (VII)
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Muscles of Facial Expression

10-37
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Muscles of chewing
Produce the biting and
chewing movements of
mandible .
temporalis
masseter
pterygoid ( 2 pairs)
medial & lateral
pterygoid
All are innervated by
mandibular branch of
trigeminal nerve(CN V).
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 Abdominal wall muscles
• Rectus abdominis
• Transverse abdominis
• Internal and
• external oblique abdominis
Action: flex & rotate lumbar
vertebrae, fix & depress ribs,
stabilize pelvis during
walking, increase intra
abdominal pressure
All are innervated by
thoracic spinal nerve

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 Superficial thorax muscles

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Superficial thorax muscles
Trapezius muscle
trapezius
Action: stabilize, elevate,
adduct, depress scapula,
extend head
Trapezius by accessory nerve
Deltoid by axillary nerve deltoid
Latissimus dorsi by
Thoracodorsal nerve

latissimus dorsi

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 Muscles of the Back
Their action is primarily extending , rotating, and
laterally flexing the vertebral column.
- latismus dorsi
- trapizius Superficial muscle
- serratus muscles

- erector spine
Deep muscle
- illiocostalis
- longismus and spinalis muscle

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Latissmus Dorsi muscle
:
Action Extend, Adduct & Rotate Arm Medially

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 temporalis

Trapezius Infraspinatus
Deltoid
Teres major Teres minor

Latissimus dorsi

l
G uteus medius

Gluteus maximum

Iliotibial tract
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External Intercostals
Elevate ribs
Internal Intercostals
Depress ribs
Diaphragm
Inspiration
Muscles of the shoulder & upper limb
These muscles are used for the rotation, elevation,
depression, protraction , flexion ,extension,
adduction and abduction of pectoral girdle and upper
limbs.
- trapizius - triceps brachii
- serratus muscle - Biceps brachii
- pectoralis - Brachialis
- levator scapulae
- rhomboidus
- deltoid …. etc
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 Pectoralis major

Deltoid

Serratus anterior

Serratus anterior
External oblique
Rectus abdominis

External Oblique
Transverse abdominis
Aponeurosis of external oblique Internal oblique

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 Muscles of Arm
four major arm muscles,
three flexors
biceps brachii
brachialis
Coracobrachialis
are in the anterior (flexor)
compartment, supplied by
the musculocutaneus nerve
extensor (triceps brachii) is
in the posterior
compartment, supplied by
the radial nerve
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muscle of the forearm
The anterior(flexor)
=(pronator )compartment
The flexor muscles are
arranged in three layers or
groups
A superficial layer or group
of four muscles
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
All are innervated by median
& ulnar nerve
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Intermediate (second layer )of
anterior compartment of fore arm
Only one muscle , flexor digitorum
superficialis(FDS)
Which is innervated by median nerve
deep layer of forearm flexor
muscles.
The following three muscles
form the
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Pronator Quadratus
Flexor Pollicis Longus
All are innervated by median nerve
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Extensor muscles of forearm
The extensor muscles are in
the posterior (extensor-
supinator) compartment of
the forearm, and all are
innervated by branches of the
radial nerve
Extensor digitorium
Extensor Carpi radialis longus
Extensor Carpi radialis Brevis
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor Indicis
Adductor pollici longus
Extensor pollici brevis
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 Muscles of lower limbs
Gluteal region
There are superficial and deep
gluteal muscles
Superficial group
It consists of the three large
overlapping glutei (maximus,
medius, and Minimus) and the
tensor fasciae latae
The deep layer consists of
smaller muscles (piriformis,
obturator internus, superior and
inferior gemelli, and quadratus
femoris)

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Anterior (Extensor)
Compartment of thigh
muscle
Quadriceps femoris quadriceps
four heads of origin
• Rectus femoris straight;
fascicles
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis ;medialis
medial)
• Vastus intermedius
• Sartorius ;S shape anterior
muscle of the tight
• Innervated
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Medial (Adductor) Compartment
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Pectineus
Gracilis
All are innervated by obtrator nerve
Muscles acting on the Thigh posterior compartment
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
These 3 muscles are used to flex the knee joint and
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innervated by tibial branch of sciatic nerve
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Muscles That
Move the Thigh

Figure 7-20(b)

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Muscle of the leg
Anterior compartment ( extensor compartment)
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus ( EDL) By deep fibular nerve
Extensor hallucis longus (EHL)
Fibularis teritus ,
Posterior compartment(flexor compartment)
Superficial compartment
Gastrocnemus
Soleus By tibial nerve
Plantaris

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Deep posterior
compartment(flexor
compartment)
Tibialis posterior
popliteus
Flexor hallucis
longus(FHL)
flexor digitorum
longus(FDL)
all are innervated by
tibial nerve
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Lateral compartment
There are only two muscles in the lateral
compartment
Fibularis longus
Its name is due to long tendon and superficial to the
brevis
fibularis brevis
gives the name because it has short tendon ,deep to
fibularis longus
the lateral compartment of leg muscle are
innervated by superficial fibular nerve and the
anterior compartment is by deep fibular nerve
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Intramuscular Injection
Site where free from nerves and important of injection of
drugs
The gluteal region
The gluteal region is a common injection site because the
muscles are thick and large; consequently, they provide a
substantial volume for absorption of injected substances by
intramuscular veins.
It is important to be aware of the extent of the gluteal
region of Upper outer quadrant and the safe region for
giving injections
Deltoid
Vastus lateralis Are the common site for intramuscular injection

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 Effects of Exercise on Muscle

Results of increased muscle use

Increase in muscle size
Increase in muscle strength
Increase in muscle efficiency

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