Class 4 The normal shock wave $

:
Converging and diverging nozzles
Sec 9 .
.
5 and 9 .
6 of White.

ForThisimagewehavedivergingsupersonicMe an
will be
analyzing it closely.

I
the area for 1 and
Control
volume
+1 .
2
Controlme 2 are the same,
then =A2 and
the
~ MM T
stagnation
too
t

Shockwave is constant .

Now that we have two control zones enclosing the shock wave we can write all the
conservation equations as :

continuity/mass :
PiViti PzVzAz An Az
=
,
=

PiVi PeVz =

Momentum :
Fext = m .

1P. P2) A m (V2-Vel

- ·
=

IPe-P2) A PrVA-PrVEA
· =

P-Pr PzV-PrUR =

Energy :
M Vi he
+
=

+
P= B
Perfect gas :

Pitt Petz

Cp :
h =

cpt

After writing them down we have 5 equations and assuming that we know the
state before the shock we can solve the unknowns (5) for the second state. However
when
doing so as the speed is square we will have two possible solutions but only
one is correct.

? How to know that ? R1 Require 20 law of

.

thermodynamics where SS
?? How
getto know s ? A
can we .
By rewriting the equations based thermodynamic on

⑨ Curiosity
US-cInvariables making independent of the state equation
it ,
o

Thus after
rewriting we will have :
B =
1 + BRIP
,
B = K+ 1 with K =
1,4
P BAPIP K-1

And this variables can be related with the pressure as :

=
relationa

and perfect gas

,
from this the

In(P Assuming a
S2-S1 =

Cu

When Pr B the 20 law is violated and

when P1rR the problem becomes isentropic
which mean change neither in pressure nor density and therefore in
no
entropy .

However as we assume knowing the initial state including the initial M number is easier to
relate the two states variables with
parameters like the Mach number Working with the
.

continuity equations together with the ideal

gas
law and the fact that it can be written as
kM2 we have :

E =
1 (2kME-IK-111 I analyze Pelpiby
How is Mr ? RI
. P K +1
writing the eq . as :

P2 =
1 + k(2M? 1) -

= thus as from above we saw the need to meet the 2 law so

Pi 1 + k P2 > P, need to see what is the

we
requirement of Me to

↓ accomplish that
By analyzing this equation we can take If M11 then when
only the parameter (M2-1 .

squared it will be smaller thus the result will be a number smaller than 1 and thus
the operation
will makeK smaller
making
Pr/p111 and therefore PrP Therefore .

we can ensure that Mr (before the shock) should be (M1 > 11 . supersonic
Doing a similar
process the relationship for M2 latter the shock can be written as :

M2 =
(k- 11 Mi + 2 ? What does a shockwave ?
2kMP-(K-11 RDecelerates the flow
-

By using the continuity equations you can find relationships for the other variables as :

Pe =
Vi = 1k + 11 Mi
P V2 (K-1) M2 +2

Tz (2 + (k 1) MIl IKME-(K 11
-

T1 (k + 112M ?

In the same
way ,
the
stagnation variables can also be
expressed as :

To Toz =

Pekk Ye
!

Por =

And finally the throat area

, in a duct which increases across a normal shock as :

(112((k+ 1)/(k 1)
-

Mr
If seen all this relationships are known parameters therefore they
given
tabulated IB 21 and can be plotted .
.
by , are

1.here
Highincreaseinpressea

Adiabatic but nonisentropic - a

Po and Do
Converging and diverging Nozzle . stated as stagnation pressure in a reservoir .
Po is
Po is what creates movement and defines the
lower than P
state,usually is generatinone

If Pb presents a small drop then the inner pressure

> is higher than p
- and therefore doesn't reach the
*

sonic point and remains subsonic with a i lower

than the max and Pe ph . =

For c pb p and thus the throat becomes sonic

*
=

with in=mmax Flow upstream subsonic.

.

Finally if pb then the throat reaches the

*
<
p
sonic
point but the nozzle stops working. Therefore
at the exit the flows still supersonic so p can
equal po

For the A-B pb is not low

curve
enough so the flow
always subsonic . AelAt AelA *
is =

For curve Cand on the area of the throat is such that it

reaches the sonic throat ForC the value is such that
.
,

it will remain subsonic . If we then look at D of

they
have the same area throat and due to the pressure it
until a normal shock
starts
being supersonic appears
and make it subsonic again. It is located max at the
exit of the duct to match shocks
pb-pe For the
6 .

happen outside the nozzle until the equality of

pressures is reached .
For I also called the design
pressure you match
that polpo =
Adl** and then the
flow is fully supersonic even the jetflow . If pb is
,

lower than the design pressure I will happen where ,

the nozzle doesn't respond and the output is a

series of supersonic waves.
Problems to solve .

&yaARem
Po =
to30

20cm
If there is the presence of a shock wave then A = A ,

with M 1 Therefor we get that

=
.

Al =
20 = 1 , 67 In the table we will manage to know the value of Me which will be
At 12 with similar process as last week
approx
. Now if
2
you calculate it
usTab B1 we will have that M1 1 985 solution for supersonic case I )
? =
,

Now we need to know

p2 for that we know
po and can calculate p, knowing M as
:

= 11 + 02M ? pi =
Po=5akpa or with tables for M22 then
plpo 0 1278 and then p. 57 SkPa
5
Pr 11 + 0 2 Mi 13
-

= =
.
, ,

Then to knowp2
,
we have :
P = 1 + 2k (MP-1) with Mi 1 985
,
=
,

Pi k+1

& 4 , 43 261kPa
4 , 43 =
pz p.
= =
.

Pl
Also
using tables knowing the value of r then
M palp1 4 ,5 and compute pe
=

Now we need
to know ps for that we need to know the Mach number at that position and
,

for that we need to know the ratio of the areas that can be calculated as :

(112((k+ 1)/(k 1) -

Mr gotten from tables

where Mc can be .
Also the value
,

of this ratio is in the table and we can know

that for Mi 1 985 =
,

A 374A* A* 16 5 cm2 If that is the

place where the shock is happening
*
= 1 ,
= 1 374
,
·

=
,

An
according to what we saw when defining the
volume of control

Az As 16 5cm Due to isentropic flow

= =
,
Now ,
if we do again the ratio of the areas we have for As = 30cm

As With the tables have it but also with equation

30 1 82 we can
giving us
:
= = ,

As
Why the subsonic
*
16 5
, M3 = 0 34 ?
,
case ?

RI Because is after a shock which

.

generates
subsonic downstream and due to
diverging
velocity decreases even more.

instead
Finally we
havepor for Mr 721po32ukpa Or if
is
polpo 0, we use
=
.

Tab B2

Pekk Ye
!

Por =
,
we
get that por 328kPa and
therefore by replacing in
=

Do = 11 + 02 M . ,
we can get that ps-303kpa ,
also with a more extense table
P3
4) Poz Pos = as it is far downstream of the shock. Tab B1 , ps 309kPa=

First as we have a shock wave we are sonic at the

,

throat and therefore AB 10cm? Then knowing =

A we can know the M before the shock with

A =
14 = 1, 4 M= 1 8 , or with the formula Mi 1 76 =
,

Po =?
A 10 TabB1
either use the
ni =?
Then ,
knowing that pe = 1 atm we can

tables to approx pelp, for 1 76 or

,

using equations
you will
get that palpi = 3, 6 =
3 , 46

TabBz(Shock)
# =
3 , 46 - p1 & =
=
29289pa. Now we need to know
po by using the following :

Pi 3 , 46 =
28958
Pr 1 atm 101325Pa
=
=

Do 11 + 02 M ? 13 -a po P1(1 + 0 2M?
35
with M 1 76 - po 159100pa
.

=
= = =
, ,

Pr
4) =
0 174
.
Po =
166379Pa
Po
For the mass flow we will have : in P*** V * V *= IURT& ' and D * = P
=
*

RJ

** * where A= 10cm and polp = "

mi =
P T To
* =
0 , 8333
,
31
=za
mi = 0 , 33 kgls , .

To calculate M2 we will have from table B2 that if M1 = 1 76

, then M2z 0 , 61
or to
get the exact value we use
M2 = (k 1 / Mi + 2
-

= 0
, 626
ZkMi -

(k 1)
-

1
makes
To 450k
=

Po 250kPa
=

=in replacing constants we will have

mi PVA
=
,
we can solve fort as A
,

to calculate the M A and done for the previous problem

*

.
m RT -

as we

↑** have :

Pal Ta replacing o
we

** ,
0 00084m2
=

Now that we know we can know Mr as 1 =

0 , 0015
=
1 , 786 -
Calculate Mach
** 0 , 00084 just before shock .

and
By using the tables we then have
that M1 067
M1 = 2 , 1
by using the iteration process we can
know = 2,

Now by using tables we can know the value of Mr = 0, 57, or know the exact value by
replacing in :
M2 =
(k-1/M? + 2 M2 =
0 , 566 Mach number downstream the shock
2kMF- (K-11

Now to know the stagnation pressure we have from tables that polpon 0 6742 and = ,

then be calculated . However the exact value can be calculated from

por can ,

Pos-OChk Yea po
=
172kp

Now with this value the pressure and temperature downstream

, can be calculated

using table B1 for M2

11 + 02M ? B the exact value

& =
0,
784p = 134 , 8 .

By using instead Do =
,
can

po Pr be known as :

138 4kPa
pe
=
,

In the same
way
with tables the temperature can be known to be Tho =
0 9328
,

Tz = 419 , 76
or the exact value calculated with Ma leaving 422 a
To
be
k
can =
1+ ,
,

?
Why did I calculated to with to values ? R Becausefor
these problemsweasa
.

First let's calculate the mass flow rate in section 1 where

we have more data

mi PVA ,
=

by replacing the density and speed expression

we write the equation as :

mi P A=
. .

Mi .

(KRTili = 0,
96 kg/s
RTI

Now to calculate the M we will need to

go through 3
sections using tables or the equations shown.
Mi = 2 , 5 -Al
=
2 , 6367 A = 9 1 cm2
, , now we can calculate AzlA* as A * =A * for the
At location of the shock

Fromtablesweathenknowabyusinga
Therefore Az =
18
=
1 , 98
A 9, 1
M2 = 2 18
,
-

Finally by knowing
,
Mr we can
get from table B2 that A1A= 1 59 and by knowing
,

know that As
that we can = 14 4
, cm2 .
By using a more refined table we
get to know that :

As 57 A and do the
= 1 ,
= 14 3 cm?
,
Knowing this we go back to table B1 can

Ar
following
Why not using Tab B2 value ?
As =
32 =
2 24 ,
M3 = . Or
03
. by using equations M3 0 27 using the =
,

subsonic answer as it's after a shock

-
*
Ab 14 3
,

Finally we need to calculate pos to do so we are

using equations knowing that
K/IK-1)
683 KPa We can also it is before
pa
11 (k
1(MP)
as
say
+
po
-

=
=
= .

P1 2 the shock that

por-por
Tab B1 = 0 0585 Pr/por ,
=

By using tables for Mz you can relate pos = 0 628 pos = 428 9 kPa , ,
.

Tab B2 Poz
However by will find that
using equations or a better table you
0 . 637 Mz 2 18
pos
=
,
=
,

poz
435 kPa
pos =