Class 3 :

Isentropic flow with area changes

To
study
is made
this flow assumptiona ID

Usually no-slip condition

a
is found in real life (V =
01x =
y1)
generating velocity profile
a

the duct. However we will

that varies
across
work with the assumption that the
are small and the flow
area
changes
is then 1D V Vix with Acx. In we can that
consequence say
=

mi =
p(x)A(x I Vix) =
ete

Written in differential form it states that

O &P=
+ DA + dV
8 A V

Using the momentum equation and the sound speed allows to obtain a

relationship between velocity and area change for isentropic 1D flow :

dV =
da 1
=
-
dp
v A Ma-1 PV2

If the previous equation we see the term (Ma-1) and

analyze
we knowing the
subsonic and (Ma < 1) (Mas 1) supersonic regime we can tell that we'll have
different behaviours. For the former the term will be negative and for the
latter positive This thus
subsonic to These
.

generate change in the

regime when moving from
a

supersonic .

changes
then are :

In the upper case a

diverging region 0)subsonic
or

and
diffuser,
if Mas , velocity decreases (XV <
pressure
increases (4p > 01 But if Mas 1. a
supersanic nozzle is
found where velocity increases (tVo and pressure
decreases (04 < 01 .
Similarly , for convergent nozzles ,
the velocity speeds up in a subsonic and slows
down in a
supersonic flow .

Going back to the equation if the sonic point is reached dV can only remains if
da -
0 which means a minimumthroat) or a maximum bulges area when
physical as
mathematically speaking. However lets check these situations in a
,

the idea is to check if it is possible to

achieve the sonic point with such a
. For the throat Lets first
configuration flow As
assume a
supersonic .
a

converging nozzle is first encountered then

there will be an decrease in speed
allowing
,

that Ma Therefore if a subsonic flow is encountered an acceleration will

=
1 .
,

happen allowing Ma=1 to happen at the throat and keep accelerating For the
, .

on the other hand if we have a subsonic flow it will slows down and
bulge ,

when it reached Amax and the opposite happens for

only start increasing
supersonic flows . In consequence the throat is the physical option and the
,
only ,

bulge instead of approaching moves

away .
of it

? What is the only way togenerate a supersonic nozzle starting from a recevoir?
i With a.

convergent-divergentsection with a sonic throat .

? There is
always a sonic throat if supersonic flow and opposite?

R There is but a flow can pass through throat without becoming

.

a
Sonic .

To find relation lets use the flow at section and under sonic
any mass
any
conditions which not occur as
may
:
,

From the
right side we equate from previous class that

Min Se
 Giving from
v* (KR
*
CKR that cancelsto and t lanas

Replacing we then get

= (HMa]"UKIK With 41 1(1 + 0 2Ma
= 1, =
.

** Ma 1. 728

As done before the values are found in tables

,

as a function of the Mach number for the

,

area however there will be two possible

values so attention needs to be put when
getting the correct one. As seen also the ,

minimum area at
any isentropic duct flow is
or critical throatarea. All
always at the sonic ,

other sections must have ALA* and in many

critical sonic throat
flows a
might not be and the flow is
present subsonic fully
or
rarely supersonic
34) To = 300°

400kPa
Ma
de
= 2 8 . .

Po = = ?

d =
2 cm m ? =

di 0
, 02 m Vi 0 , 01 m

~
= =

Point of Ma 1 =
Idi Use critical (* 1 A =r2: A = 10 0112 ·

,
:· A: = 0 , 000314m
variables.
&
From tables we know that for Ma 2 8
=
.
With the area we can know the diameter.

H(d)" Nd
1 = 35
.
= A = 35 .
.

A
*
A Tr
= = = .. A4 =
d
A A =
3 . 5(0 000314)
,
I
dex 0 , 0374m decimals.
A 0
,00109 m using only 2
= =

,
 = PVA-m P
***,
=
0 ,
033-0 833 to with To=573 ,
.

+* 477 6k = ,

*
P =
0, 5283 +
P* = 0 , 5283 .

Po with Po 400 kPa

,
=

Po P
*
= 211 ,
32kPa .

&* =
0 , 6339 - We don't know the value ofPo so we first need to calculate it.
Po
400x103Pa
Po Po =
=

287 573
= 2 .

43kg ,
replacing on the equation weget
RTo .

&* = 0 , 6339 ·

Po with Po ,
= 2 43 .

kg/m3
*
p = 1 , 55

11
(MRT
* *
V =
1 =
11 ,
4 287 477 , 61
· ·
> V*= 438 06 m/s
,

Mi 0 V A
* * *
= = 1 55 438 06.0 000314
,
.

, ,

mi = 0 , 213
kgls

Dispa ? can be answered now ?

1 Va = 1 2 2 2) Do a sketch of the
,

Man = 2 VI Maz =? channel

Az =
?
As

Ma V = = V = Ma a a .

=
IKRT/12
a
= Maz -
Az =
Mazite" =
Mazitzl we know that :

,
V Mai An Manlurtil' Mailtil" M
10 k
.

=
1+
 which gives with 1+ 0 2 MT Toll1 + 0 2 Man
K 1 4
=
= .
=
,
.

T2 Tol(1 + 0 2
=
.
Maz)

= Male
V2 May =
Maz >
- 1 2 .
Z Maz
I
.
.

Ve 11 + 0 2 Mail
. 11 + 0 2 Man)
. 11 +0 . 212(2)" (1 + 02
.
Man)

1 , 789 Maz To solve it we can use an iterative .

process so lets start
= >
-

,2 May
11 + 0 Is VIV 1 ? Then that means that Vz 1 2 Un so is =
.

bigger .

If is bigger the Mach number associated with V2 ,

should be higher than the associated with V /Greater than 21 so lets try with
Mz 2 5
=
.
and Mz =
3

Mz = 2 5 .
- 1 , 789 =
1 , 66 // M2 = 3 = 1 , 789 =
1 , 7928 The answer is M2 = 2 98
,

b-Mal that is tabulated where M2 and Mr

fIM 2)
=**1
and f(M 3)
== 43
= =

# =
4 , 2346-d'1 =
2 5 , ,
For the C due to this answer we are able to
,

As 1 , 687 Al know that Az 2 5A1 and therefore Az7An =

.

which results in a divergent Nozzle

Extra question :
Were we able to solve this question from the
data
① given
at the
beginning ?
② P Ma> 1 and V2 > V1 thus need to
yes .

increase A
What happens with the flow ?
R1 Pression decrease and velocity increase
.

What if Ma< 1 ? M
.The contrary
.
 ↑ 3

1 2 %? Ve ,
Maz Tz , m1P2)
, ,
sonic throat?

An = 20cm2 Az 20cm
=

pr 300kPa
= Maz) Man · To increase speed with Ma < 1 what
P = 1 75.

kg/mi Vz > Un should happen ? M .

Converge with a

Man A
0 25 throat and then diverge to
=
.
recover .

· If isentropic flow then Po and to are equal so there should be a supersonic behavior with
,

throat to achieve it.

a supersonic
A 1 (1 + 0 2Ma) Mal 0 4027A832cmThe area where
25 =2
.
=
= , ,
,

** Ma 1 728
.

Ma 1=
.

· If we know that Az A r then AilA = Arl ** but with a supersonic Mach number which
=

results from the table to be

Maz 2 4 for AlA * = 2 4027 =
.
,

Now to calculate the other variables we know that we need the

stagnation variables
lets
so
get it from the firststate
Pl PiRTTi
= =
PlPRT 597k =

411 -110251 0125 to

= M with
1+ K 1
=
,
,
,
,

T z Te

· With that stagnation value we will be able to compute the states atthe second point like :

=M with Ma =2 1522 2
=
, , ,

· For the speed we can use : V = Ma aa .

=
IKRT'
 Vz MazlkRTel'
=
-
Vz = 2 .
411 4 287 280 7/11
.
· ·

,
Ve 806 m/s
=

· m PVA- For section

=
1 . Vi = 0 . 2511 4 .
-

287 .

5971 Vi = 122 4 m/s

,

m = 1 75 122 4 0 0020
,
·

,
·

, 43 kg/s
mi 0 =

To check conservation with section 2 .

From section I lets calculate the stagnation
density Po

Po ( with 1 75k = =Gi =

=
= ,
,

Po =

PK-11 Po = 1,
80 vglm Similarly weget b like
P =

(py Pop = 0, 26glm

Finally we have ni PVA ni

= = 0 , 26 .
0 , 002 .

806

in =
, 43
0 kg/s => Same answer above ,
stating the mass
conservation.

%
949
d
D 5 cm =

= 3cm
V 72 m/s
=

P2 124kPa
=

To 300k =

?? Di Mar , ,
ii

The For this problem we will use one equation above that
image istoa cross-section of the system .

allow us gather the different states that is the energy equationgiven by ,

:

v to From here
1 + =
,
we can know the value of T without
knowing the Manumber .

ICpt T
↑ + Vi To -Tr To -V? with to
=
= = 300K ; Cp 100531kg Ki Vi 72m/s
=
.

2Cp 22p
T = 297 , 4k . With this value we can now know the Ma number in the section 1 by :

V Mai 72
Ma =
= =
>
- Mai = 0, 208

IKRTI" 11 4 287 297 , 41

2
.
.

know
easily move to calculate the rest of variables of state for the problem by
we can

first calculating the stagnation area

Al 0 , 05 = 0, 0019
=
# (1 + 0 2 Mail 0 , 00066m
A
*

= .

=
2 ,
85 A =

** 1 728Ma1
,

now
knowing A we can
apply the same iteration process toget to know approximated an

value of Maz

Az 10 0312
Bigger than A but smaller than
.
= ,
=
0, 0007m?

Az (1 + 0 2 Mail"
= .

=
1 , 027 With the iteration process or using the tables we can know
At 1 728Ma1
, that Maz 0 8 or Maz1 2 The two solare valid but for
=
. . .

a matter of showing we will assume that this

case is related to Maz = 0 . 8 With iterations Maz 0 83.
.
=
,

that is also why no critical valuesare useb.

(02MPo P2MP 195kp

=
=
=

10 = 11 + 02 MP = 195 -P = 189 2 kPa

,

Pr 1 , 0306

For the mass flow rate and the mass conservation

using principle we have :

mi PVA P
= = P -
m = P AiV = 189 ,
2 0 , 0019 72
.
.
- i = 0, 313kg1s
,

RT RT 0 , 287 297 , 4·