BE3254 – ELECTRICAL & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING UNIT – III: AC ROTATING

MACHINES

Subject Name : ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

Subject Code : BE3254
Regulation : 2021
Department : Electronics and Communication Engineering
Year / Semester : I/II

UNIT-III

AC ROTATING MACHINES

Principle of operation of three-phase induction motors – Construction –Types –

Equivalent circuit, Speed Control - Single phase Induction motors -Construction–
Types–starting methods. Alternator: Working principle–Equation of induced EMF –
Voltage regulation, Synchronous motors- working principle-starting methods –
Torque equation.

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THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

1. Describe the construction and principle of operation of a 3-phase induction with
neat sketch. (MAY 2018)
➢ A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts,
(i) Stator (ii)Rotor
➢ The rotor is separated from the stator by a small air-gap which ranges from 0.4
mm to 4 mm, depending on the power of the motor.
1. Stator
➢ It consists of a steel frame. It encloses a hollow cylindrical core. It is made up of
thin laminations of silicon steel. Lamination reduces the hysteresis and eddy
current losses.
➢ A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner periphery of the
laminations [See Fig. (4.l)].

Figure 4.1 Stator of a three-phase induction motor

➢ The insulated slots are housing the winding and it is connected to form a balanced
3-phase star or delta connected circuit.
➢ The 3-phase stator winding is wound for a definite number of poles as per
requirement of speed.
➢ Greater the number of poles, lesser is the speed of the motor and vice-versa.
2. Rotor
➢ The rotor is mounted on a shaft. It has a hollow laminated core. Core has slots on
its outer periphery. The winding may be one of the following two types:
(i) Squirrel cage rotor
(ii) Slipring (or) Wound rotor
(i) Squirrel cage rotor.
➢ It consists of a laminated cylindrical core having parallel slots on its outer
periphery. One copper or aluminum bar is placed in each slot.
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➢ All these bars are joined at each end by metal rings called end rings. This forms a
permanently short-circuited winding.
➢ The rotor is not connected electrically to the supply but has current induced in it
by transformer action from the stator.

Figure 4.2 Squirrel cage rotor

➢ Those induction motors which employ squirrel cage rotor are called squirrel cage
induction motors. Most of 3-phase induction motors use squirrel cage rotor.
➢ It has a remarkably simple and robust construction. It enables it to operate in the
most adverse circumstances.
➢ It suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting torque. It is because the rotor
bars are permanently short-circuited.
➢ It is not possible to add any external resistance to the rotor circuit to have a large
starting torque.
(ii) Slipring (or) Wound rotor
➢ It consists of a laminated cylindrical core and carries a 3- phase winding, similar to
the one on the stator [See Fig. (4.3)]. The rotor winding is uniformly distributed in
the slots and is usually star-connected.
➢ The open ends of the rotor winding are brought out and joined to three insulated
slip rings mounted on the rotor shaft with one brush resting on each slip ring.

Figure 4.3 external resistor connected to wound rotor

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➢ The three brushes are connected to a 3-phase star-connected rheostat as shown in

Fig. (4.3). At starting, the external resistances are included in the rotor circuit to
give a large starting torque.
➢ These resistances are gradually reduced to zero as the motor runs up to speed.
Advantages of Induction Motor
i) It has simple and rugged construction.
ii) It is relatively cheap.
iii) It requires little maintenance.
iv) It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.
v) It has self-starting torque.
Disadvantages of Induction Motor
i) It is essentially a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be changed easily.
ii) Its starting torque is inferior to a d.c. shunt motor.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Consider a portion of 3-phase induction motor as shown in Fig. (4.4). The operation of
the motor can be explained as under,
(i) When 3-phase stator winding is energized fiom a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic

field is set up which rotates round the stator at synchronous speed ( NS = ).

(ii) The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the stationary rotor
conductors.Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary
rotor, e.m.f.s are induced in the rotor conductors. Since the rotor circuit is short-
circuited, currents start flowing in the rotor conductors.
(iii) The current-carrying rotor conductors are placed in the magnetic field produced by
the stator. Mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors. The sum of the mechanical
forces on all the rotor conductors produces a rotating torque.It moves the rotor in the
same direction as the rotating field.

Figure 4.4 Operation of induction motor

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(iv) According to Lenz’s law, the direction of rotor currents will be such that they tend to
oppose the cause producing them. Now, the cause producing the rotor currents is the
relative speed between the rotating field and the stationary rotor conductors.
To reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same direction as that of
stator field and tries to catch it.
2. Explain the principle of operation of 3-phase induction motor and explain how
the rotating magnetic field is produced by three- phase currents.
PRODUCTION OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
➢ If a balanced 3 phase supply is given to a balanced 3 phase winding, it produces
rotating magnetic field of constant amplitude. This speed is called as
synchronous speed.
➢ The speed of the rotating magnetic field is given by

NS =

Where, f = frequency of the supply

P = number of poles
➢ Stator of induction motor can be star or delta connected. The three phase
windings are displaced from each other by 1200.

Fig 4.5 three phase waveform

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RRemarks:
i) The resultant flux is of constant value. .

ii) The resultant flux rotates at the synchronous speed given by Ns = .

3. Write short notes on slip.

➢ In practice, the rotor never succeeds in ‘catching up’ with the stator field.
➢ If it really did so, then there would be no relative speed between the two and no
rotor e.m.f., no rotor current and so no torque to maintain rotation.
➢ That is why the rotor runs at a speed which is always less than the speed of the
stator field. The difference in speeds depends upon the load on the motor.
➢ The difference between the synchronous speed Ns and the actual speed N of the
rotor is known as slip.
➢ It is usually expressed as a percentage of the synchronous speed.
➢ Actually, the term ‘slip’ is descriptive of the way in which the rotor ‘slips back’ from
synchronism.

➢ Sometimes, is called the slip speed.

➢ Obviously, rotor (or motor) speed is .
4. Explain in detail the equivalent circuit of 3-phase induction motor. (OR) Develop
an approximate equivalent circuit of a 3-phase induction motor.
➢ The three phase induction motor is generally treated as rotating transformer.
➢ The transformer has two windings one is primary and the other is secondary
windings. Similarly in induction motor, stator acts as a primary and the rotor acts
as a secondary.
➢ The transformer as well the induction motor operates same principle of mutual
induction.

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Fig.4.6
➢ The secondary is connected to the load, which draws electrical power. But in case
of induction motor the secondary / rotor is short circuited.
➢ The stator of the induction motor is represented by an equivalent circuit as shown
in above fig.
From fig,
V1 – supply voltage per phase
E1 – induced EMF in stator
E2 – induced EMF in rotor
R1 – stator resistance/ phase
X1 – stator reactance/ phase
X2r – rotor reactance / phase
R2r – rotor induced EMF in running condition/phase
When the induction motor operates under no load condition, it draws some current
from the supply.
It is to produce the flux in the air gap and to supply iron losses. Normally the no
load current consists of two components, (i.e) Iw and Iµ.

= +
Where,
Iw – working component which supplies no load losses.
Iµ - magnetizing component which sets up the flux in core and air gap

R0 – no load resistance/ phase =

X0 – no load reactance/ phase =

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I2r – rotor current under running condition =

Fig.4.7. Equivalent circuit of an induction motor

➢ When the induction motor load changes, the motor speed also changes.
Correspondingly slip also changes. Due to this reactance changes. So it is
indicated as variable element.
Equivalent circuit of rotor:
➢ The rotor current under running condition is given by,

➢ From this equation, rotor circuit consists of fixed reactance X2 in series with

variable resistance and supplied with fixed voltage E2 as shown in fig.

Fig.4.8. Equivalent circuit of rotor

➢ Now, the variable resistance can be written as,

= + -

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= + = +

➢ Now, the variable resistance consists of two parts (i.e) R2and

i) The part R2 is rotor resistance itself which represents that part where rotor
copper loss takes place.

ii) The part which represents load resistance RL. So it is indicated as an

electrical equivalent of the mechanical load on the motor.

iii) Fig shows the equivalent circuit of rotor along with load resistance RL.

Fig.4.9. Equivalent circuit of rotor

Equivalent circuit referred to stator:

K = transformation ratio=

➢ Rotor parameters are transferred to stator,

➢ Rotor current referred to stator

= =

➢ Rotor reactance referred to stator (

➢ Load resistance RL referred to stator,

= = =

➢ The below fig shows the equivalent circuit referred to stator.

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Fig.4.10. Equivalent circuit referred to stator

Approximate Equivalent circuit:
➢ The exciting circuit consists of R0 and X0. This exciting current is transferred to the
left of R1 and X1.
➢ The inaccuracy involved due to this is negligible. Here the calculations are very
simple. This is known as approximate equivalent circuit. It is shown in below fig.
➢ Now the circuit is further simplified,
➢ Combined resistance and similarly reactance and

R01 = equivalent resistance referred to stator = +

= +

Fig.4.11
X01= equivalent reactance referred to stator
= +

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= +

= +

= +
The equivalent circuit (referred stator) is shown in below figures.

Fig.4.12 Approximate Equivalent circuit

5. Derive the expression for running torque of an induction motor.

In DC motor, torque is proportional to the product of the armature and flux per pole
i.e., T Ia.
Incase of induction motor, the flux and rotor current, the rotor power factor has also
been taken into account. Hence,
………….(1)
Where,

let E2 be the rotor induced emf per phase under standstill condition and X2 be the
rotor reactance per phase under standstill condition.since the rotor frequency at a
slip is fr = sf.
X2 = sX2
Also ………(2)

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Substitute equations (2),(3),(4) in eqn. (1),

Equation (5) is known as torque equation of a three phase induction motor.

Where,K= constant of proportionality.

K= and ns = synchronous speed in rps =

At standstill s =1 and hence,

Equation (6) is known as starting torque of a three phase induction motor.

Condition for Maximum Torque Under Running Conditions:
Torque under running condition,

Torque T for a fixed input voltage will be maximum when = 0.

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Running torque is maximum when slip,

Substitute equation (7) in (5),

Equation (8) is known as maximum torque of a three phase induction motor.

TORQUE-SLIP CHARACTERISTICS
6. Draw and explain the torque-Slip characteristics of a 3 phase induction motor.

➢ When the supply voltage V is constant, E2 is also constant and running torque is
given by,

➢ If a curve is drawn between the torque and slip for a particular value of rotor
resistance R2, the graph thus obtained is called torque-slip characteristic.

Figure 4.13 Torque-Slip characteristics

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➢ Fig. (4.13) shows a family of torque-slip characteristics for a slip-range from s = 0

to s = 1 for various values of rotor resistance.
The following points may be noted carefully:
(i) At s = 0, T = 0 so that torque-slip curve starts from the origin.
(ii) At normal speed, slip is small so that sX2 is negligible as compared to R2.

Hence, torque slip curve is a straight line from zero slip to a slip that
corresponds to full-load.
(iii)As slip increases beyond full load slip, the torque increases and becomes maximum
at s = R2/X2. This maximum torque in an induction motor is called pull-out
torque or break-down torque.
Its value is at least twice the full-load value when the motor is operated at rated
voltage and fiequency.
When is X2 maximum, term increases rapidly so that may be neglected.

The torque is now iversely proportional to slip. Th torque-slip characteristics is

a retcangular hypebola.
(iv) The maximum torque remains the same and is independent of the value of rotor
resistance.
Therefore, the addition of resistance to the rotor circuit does not change the
value of maximum torque.
It only changes the Value of slip at which maximum torque occurs.
STARTING METHODS OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
NEED FOR STARTERS:
➢ An induction motor is similar to a poly-phase transformer whose secondary is
short circuited.
➢ Thus, at normal supply voltage, like in transformers, the initial current taken by
the primary is very large for a short while.
➢ If an induction motor is directly switched on from the supply, it takes 5 to 7 times
its full load current and develops a torque which is only 1.5 to 2.5 times the full
load torque.
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➢ This large starting current produces a large voltage drop in the line, which may
affect the operation of other devices connected to the same line.
➢ Hence, it is not advisable to start induction motors of higher ratings (generally
above 25kW) directly from the mains supply.
Types of starters:
➢ DOL(Direct On Line) starter
➢ Rotor resistance starter.
➢ Autotransformer starter.
➢ Star to Delta starter.
7. Describe with a neat sketch, the principle and working of a DIRECT ON LINE
starter of a 3-phase induction motor. (16) (NOV/DEC 2011)
➢ This method is also known as the DOL method for starting the three-phase squirrel
cage induction motor.
➢ In this method, we directly switch the stator of the three-phase squirrel cage
induction motor on to the supply mains.
➢ The motor at the time of starting draws very high starting current (about 5 to 7
times the full load current) for the very short duration.
➢ Such a high value of current causes sudden undesirable voltage drop in the supply
voltage.
➢ A live example of this sudden drop of voltage is the dimming of the tube lights and
bulbs in our homes at the instant of starting of refrigerator motor.
➢ The buttons which may be installed in a convenient place away from the starter.
The start button is held open by a spring.
➢ On pressing the star pushbutton S1, the contactor C is energized from two line
conductors L1 and L2.
➢ The three main contacts M and the auxiliary contact A are closed. The terminals a
and b are short-circuited. The motor is then connected to the supply mains.
➢ The S1 button moves back under the spring action as soon as the pressure is
released. The coil C remains energized through ab.
➢ Thus, the main contact M remains closed, and the motor continues to get supplies.
➢ Therefore, contact A is known as Hold-On-Contact. The stop button S2 is normally
held closed by the spring.
➢ If the S2 button is pressed to stop the motor, the supply through the contactor coil
C is disconnected.

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➢ As the coil C is de-energized, the main contacts M and the auxiliary contact A are
opened. The supply to the motor is disconnected, and the motor is stopped.
Under voltage Protection
➢ When the voltage falls below a certain value or when the supply fails or disrupted
during the operation of the motor, the coil C is de-energized.
➢ Hence, the motor is disconnected from the supply overload Protection
➢ The motor is overloaded one or all the overload coils (O.L.C) are energized.
➢ The normally closed contact D is opened, and the contactor coil C is de-energized
to disconnect the supply from the motor. Fuses are provided in the circuit for short
circuit protection.
➢ In Direct on line starting the starting current may be as large as ten times the full
load current, and the starting torque is equal to full load torque.
➢ Such a large starting current produces an excessive voltage drop in the line which
supplies power to the motor.

Fig 4.14 DOL starter

8. Explain the rotor rheostat control of 3 phase slip ring induction motor.
➢ We have discussed everything on squirrel cage induction motors including its
disadvantages.
➢ To overcome these disadvantages, slip ring induction motors have been developed,
with better starting characteristics and better current drawing characteristics.

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➢ In this article, we will discuss on the starting method and characteristics of slip
ring induction motors with its applications.
➢ Unlike cage motors, the speed of the slipring motor can be controlled.
➢ The stators of the slipring motors are same as those of squirrel cage motors.
➢ But the rotor of a slipring motor consists of a three-phase winding formed out of
copper conductors, and set into a laminated soft iron core.
➢ The rotor sliprings are connected to three terminals through three sets of brushes.
A starter unit, connected to the terminals, completes the rotor circuit externally.
➢ The starter unit consists of three variable resistances connected in star.
➢ It is connected to the three slipring terminals so that each phase of the rotor
winding has variable resistance in series with it, as shown in Fig.

Fig 4.15 Rotor resistance starter

➢ The resistance of the rotor circuit can therefore, be varied by an external control.
➢ To start the motor, the resistances are set at their highest value.
➢ When the supply to the stator winding is switched on, the motor starts slowly with
a high torque and relatively low stator current.
➢ The resistances are progressively reduced, thereby permitting the motor to speed
up, until the three terminals are, in effect, short circuited and the motor runs at
full speed.

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➢ A slipring motor can be made to run below its maximum speed by leaving parts of
the external resistances in series with the rotor windings.
➢ These motors are usually started with full line voltage applied across its terminals.
➢ As these motors have external resistance connected to its rotor circuit, the value of
starting current is adjusted or kept minimum, by increasing the resistance of the
rotor circuit.
➢ This external resistance can be assumed to be a form of rheostat, connected in
star.
➢ The rheostat is at its maximum when the motor starts and gradually cut-out as the
motor gathers speed.
➢ The controlling rheostat may be of either stud or contactor type. It may be either
hand operated or sometimes automatic.
➢ The 3-phase supply to the stator has a switching contactor along with over-load
and no or low-voltage protective devices.
➢ There might be also an interlock provided to ensure the proper sequential
operation of the control gear and starting devices.
9. With neat diagrams, explain the working of (i) Auto Transformer Starter
(ii) Star-Delta Starter for 3 phase induction motor. (16) (NOV/DEC 2016)
Auto Transformer Starter:
➢ A three-phase star connected autotransformer can be used to reduce the voltage
applied to the stator. Such a starter is called an autotransformer starter.
➢ The schematic diagram of autotransformer starter. The schematic diagram of
autotransformer starter is shown in the Fig.
➢ It consists of a suitable change over switch.
➢ When the switch is in the start position, the stator winding is supplied with
reduced voltage. This can be controlled by tappings provided with autotransformer.
➢ The reduction in applied voltage by the fractional percentage tappings x, used for
an autotransformer.
➢ When motor gathers 80% of the normal speed, the changeover switch is thrown
into run position.
➢ Due to this, rated voltage gets applied to stator winding.
➢ The motor starts rotating with normal speed. Changing of switch is done
automatically by using relays.

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➢ The power loss is much less in this type of starting. It can be used for both star
and delta connected motors. But it is expensive than stator resistance starter.

Figure 4.16 Autotransformer starter

Star-Delta Starter:
➢ It is the most commonly used reduced voltage starter as it is the cheapest starter
among all.

Figure 4.17 Star-delta starter

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➢ In this method, induction motor is connected in star during start and delta while
running with rated speeds.
➢ These starters are designed to run on delta connected stator of an induction motor.
The schematic diagram of this starter is shown in Figure.
➢ This starter uses a TPDT (triple pole double throw) switch and it connects the
stator winding in star during the starting condition.
➢ Due to this star connection, the applied voltage to the motor is reduced by the
factor 1/√3. This reduced voltage results the less current through the motor.
➢ When the motor picks up the speed, the TPST switch is thrown automatically on
the other side by using relays such that the winding is now connected in delta
across the supply.
➢ So, the normal voltage is applied to the motor (because in delta connection voltage
is same, (VL =VP) and hence the motor runs at normal speed.
➢ This method is cheap and maintenance free as compared to other methods.
➢ However, this is suitable only for delta connected motors and also the factor by
which starting voltage reduced, i.e., 1/√3 cannot be altered.
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
➢ The motors which work on single phase a.c. supply is very popularly in use in
shops, offices, houses, schools etc. These a.c. motors are called single phase
induction motors.
➢ The numerous domestic applications use single phase motors. The power rating of
such motors is very small.
➢ Some of them are even fractional horse power motors, which are used in
applications like small toys, small fans, hair dryers etc.
10. Explain with neat diagram the construction of single phase Induction Motors.
➢ Similar to a d.c. motor, single phase induction motor has basically two main parts.
One is rotating and other is stationary.
➢ The stationary part in single phase induction motors is called stator while the
rotating part is called rotor.
➢ The stator has laminated construction, made up of stampings. The stampings are
slotted on its periphery to carry the winding called stator winding or main winding.
➢ This is excited by a single phase a.c. supply. The laminated construction keeps
iron losses to minimum.

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➢ The stampings are made up of material like silicon steel which minimizes the
hysteresis loss. The stator winding is wound for certain definite number of poles
means when excited by single phase a.c. supply, stator produces the magnetic field
which creates the effect of certain definite number of poles.
➢ The number of poles for which stator winding is wound, decides the synchronous
speed of the motor.
➢ The synchronous speed is denoted as Ns and it has a fixed relation with supply
frequency f and number of poles P. The relation is given by,

➢ The induction motor never rotates with the synchronous speed but rotates at a
speed which is slightly less than the synchronous speed.
➢ The rotor construction is of squirrel cage type. In this type, rotor consists of
uninsulated copper or aluminum bars, placed in the slots.
➢ The bars are permanently shorted at both the ends with the help of conducting
rings called end rings.
➢ The entire structure looks like cage hence called squirrel cage rotor. The
construction and symbol is shown in the Fig.4.18.

Figure. 4.18 Cage type rotor

➢ As the bars are permanently shorted to each other, the resistance of the entire
rotor is very small. The air gap between stator and rotor is kept uniform and as
small as possible.
➢ The main feature of this rotor is that it automatically adjusts itself for same
number of poles as that of the stator winding.
➢ The schematic representation of two pole single phase induction motor is shown in
the Fig 4.19.

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Figure 4.19 Two pole motor

11. Explain the operation of a single-phase induction motor using double field
revolving theory.
➢ From fundamental principle i.e., any alternating quantity can be resolved into two
quantities which rotate in opposite directions and have half of the magnitude.
➢ The alternating flux ( m) produced in the 1 induction motor can be represented

by two resolving fluxes each equal to the half the value of ( ) the alternating flux

and each rotating synchronously NS = in opposite direction.

Fig 4.20
➢ Fig 4.20 shows the vectors when they have been rotated by an angle + to – .

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Fig 4.21

The resultant flux is 2 ( )=

➢ After a quarter cycle of rotation, fluxes a and b will be oppositely directed.

The resultant flux now zero.

Fig 4.22

➢ After a half cycle of rotation, fluxes a and b will have resultant of -2 ( )=

Fig 4.23
➢ After three quarters of cycle of, again the resultant is zero.

Fig 4.24
➢ So flux variation is ,0,- ,0.the flux variation with respect to is plotted which
is shown in the figure below.

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Fig 4.25

➢ The slip of the rotor is given by sf =

➢ With respect to the forward rotating flux (i.e., one which rotates in the same
direction as rotor).
➢ The slip with respect to the backward flux is

Sb = = 1+ = 1+1-s = 2-s

Sb = 2-s
➢ Each of the two component fluxes while revolving around the stator cuts the rotor
induces an emf and produces its own torque. The two torques are oppositely
directed so that the net torque is zero i.e., resultant torque is equal to their
differences.

Fig 4.26 torque-slip characteristics

STARTING METHODS OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

12. Discuss in detail, the different methods of starting of single-phase induction
motors.(OR) Explain in detail the operation of capacitor start and run induction
motor.
➢ The single phase induction motors are made self-starting by providing an
additional flux by some additional means.

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➢ Now depending upon these additional means the single-phase induction motors are
classified as:
(i) Split phase induction motor.
(ii) Capacitor start induction motor.
(iii) Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor (two value capacitor method).
(iv) Shaded pole induction motor.

Split Phase Induction Motor:(8M)

➢ In addition to the main winding or running winding, the stator of single phase
induction motor carries another winding called auxiliary winding or starting
winding.
➢ A centrifugal switch is connected in series with auxiliary winding. The purpose of
this switch is to disconnect the auxiliary winding from the main circuit when the
motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed.
➢ We know that the running winding is inductive in nature. Our aim is to create the
phase difference between the two winding and this is possible if the starting
winding carries high resistance.
➢ Let us say Irun is the current flowing through the main or running winding, Istart is
the current flowing in starting winding, and V is the supply voltage.

Fig 4.27 Split phase induction motor

➢ We know that for highly resistive winding the current is almost in phase with
the voltage and for highly inductive winding the current lag behind the voltage by
large angle.
➢ The starting winding is highly resistive so, the current flowing in the starting
winding lags behind the applied voltage by very small angle and the running
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winding is highly inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running winding
lags behind applied voltage by large angle.
➢ The resultant of these two currents is I. The resultant of these two currents
produces rotating magnetic field which rotates in one direction.
➢ In split phase induction motor the starting and main current get split from each
other by some angle so this motor got its name as split phase induction motor.
Applications:
➢ Fans,
➢ Blowers,
➢ Centrifugal pumps,
➢ Washing machine,
➢ Grinder,
➢ Lathes,
➢ Air conditioning fans, etc.

Capacitor-Start Induction run Motor: (8M)

Fig 4.28 Capacitor-Start Induction run Motor

➢ The working principle and construction of Capacitor start inductor motors and
capacitor start capacitor run induction motors are almost the same.
➢ We already know that single phase induction motor is not self-starting because the
magnetic field produced is not rotating type.
➢ In order to produce rotating magnetic field there must be some phase difference. In
case of split phase induction motor we use resistance for creating phase difference
but here we use capacitor for this purpose.

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➢ We are familiar with this fact that the current flowing through the capacitor leads
the voltage. So, in capacitor start inductor motor and capacitor start capacitor run
induction motor we are using two winding.
➢ They are the main winding and the starting winding. With starting winding we
connect a capacitor so the current flowing in the capacitor i.e Ist leads the applied

voltage by some angle, φst.

➢ The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running
winding lags behind applied voltage by an angle, φm.
➢ Now there occur large phase angle differences between these two currents which
produce a resultant current, I and this will produce a rotating magnetic field.
➢ Since the torque produced by these motors depends upon the phase angle
difference, which is almost 90o. So, these motors produce very high starting torque.
➢ In case of capacitor start induction motor, the centrifugal switch is provided so as
to disconnect the starting winding when the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80%
of the synchronous speed.
Applications:
➢ Conveyors,
➢ Grinder,
➢ Air conditioners,
➢ Compressor, etc
Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor: (8M)
➢ This motor is identical to a capacitor-start motor except that starting winding is
not opened after starting. Both the windings remain connected to the supply when
running as well as at starting. Two types of designs are generally used.
➢ In one design, a single capacitor C is used for both starting and running as shown
in Fig.(4.29 (i)).
➢ This design eliminates the need of a centrifugal switch and at the same time
improves the power factor and efficiency of the motor.

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Fig 4.29 Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Motor

➢ In the other design, two capacitors C1 and C2 are used in the starting winding as
shown in Fig. (4.29 (ii)). The smaller capacitor C1 required for optimum running
conditions is permanently connected in series with the starting winding.
➢ The much larger capacitor C2 is connected in parallel with C1 for optimum starting
and remains in the circuit during starting.
➢ The starting capacitor C1 is disconnected when the motor approaches about 75% of
synchronous speed. The motor then runs as a single-phase induction motor.
Characteristics
➢ The starting winding and the capacitor can be designed for perfect 2-phase
operation at any load.
➢ The motor then produces a constant torque and not a pulsating torque as in other
single-phase motors.
➢ Because of constant torque, the motor is vibration free and can be used in,
hospitals (b) studios and (c) other places where silence is important.
Applications:
➢ Conveyors,
➢ Grinder,
➢ Air conditioners,
➢ Compressor, etc.
Shaded pole induction motor: (13M)
13. Explain the operation of shaded pole induction motor with neat diagram.
➢ The shaded-pole motor is very popular for ratings below 0.05 H.P. (~ 40 W).It is
extremely simple in construction.

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➢ It has salient poles on the stator excited by single-phase supply and a squirrel cage
rotor as shown in Fig. (4.30).
➢ A portion of each pole is surrounded by a short-circuited turn of copper strip called
shading coil.

Fig 4.30 Shaded pole motor

Operation
➢ The operation of the motor can be understood by referring to Fig. (4.31) which
shows one pole of the motor with a shading coil.
➢ During the portion OA of the alternating-current cycle [See Fig. (4.31)], the flux
begins to increase and an e.m.f is induced in the shading coil.
➢ The resulting current in the shading coil will be in such a direction (Lenz’s law) so
as to oppose the change in flux.
➢ Thus, the flux in the shaded portion of the pole is weakened while that in the un
shaded portion is strengthened as shown in Fig. (4.31 (ii)).
➢ During the portion AB of the alternating-current cycle, the flux has reached almost
maximum value and is not changing.
➢ Consequently, the flux distribution across the pole is uniform [See Fig. (4.31 (iii))]
since no current is flowing in the shading coil.
➢ As the flux decreases (portion BC of the alternating current cycle), current is
induced in the shading coil so as to oppose the decrease in current.
➢ Thus, the flux in the shaded portion of the pole is strengthened while that in the
unshaded portion is weakened as shown in Fig. (4.31 (iv)).

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Fig 4.31 Shaded poles

➢ The effect of the shading coil is to cause the field flux to shift across the pole face
from the unshaded to the shaded portion.
➢ This shifting flux is like a rotating weak field moving in the direction from
unshaded portion to the shaded portion of the pole.
➢ The rotor is of the squirrel-cage type and is under the influence of this moving
field. Consequently, a small starting torque is developed.
➢ As soon as this torque starts to revolve the rotor, additional torque is produced by
single-phase induction-motor action.
➢ The motor accelerates to a speed slightly below the synchronous speed and runs as
a single-phase induction motor.
Characteristics
➢ The salient features of this motor are extremely simple construction and absence of
centrifugal switch.
➢ Since starting torque, efficiency and power factor are very low, these motors are
only suitable for low power applications e.g., to drive: (a) small fans (b) toys
(c) hair driers (d) desk fans etc.
➢ The power rating of such motors is upto about 30 W.
Applications:
➢ Hair dryers,
➢ Toys,

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➢ Record players,
➢ Small fans,
➢ Electric clocks etc.
THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR (OR) SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
14. Describe construction and working of an alternator (or) synchronous
generator.
➢ An alternator has 3-phase winding on the stator and a DC field winding on the
rotor.

Fig 4.32 three phase alternator

Stator
➢ It is the stationary part of the machine and is built up of sheet-steel laminations
having slots on its inner periphery.
➢ A 3-phase winding is placed in these slots and serves as the armature winding of
the alternator.
➢ The armature winding is always connected in star and the neutral is connected to
ground.
Rotor
➢ The rotor carries a field winding which is supplied with direct current through two
slip rings by a separate D.C. source.
➢ This D.C. source (called exciter) is generally a small D.C. shunt or compound
generator mounted on the shaft of the alternator.
Rotor construction
➢ Salient (or projecting) pole type
➢ Non-salient (or cylindrical) pole type
Salient pole type
➢ Salient or projecting poles are mounted on a large circular steel frame which is
fixed to the shaft of the alternator.
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➢ The individual field pole windings are connected in series in such a way that when
the field winding is energized by the D.C. exciter, adjacent poles have opposite
polarities.

Fig 4.33 Salient pole rotor

➢ Used for Low and medium-speed alternators (120-400 r.p.m.)
Non-salient pole type
➢ In this type, the rotor is made of smooth solid forged-steel radial cylinder having a
number of slots along the outer periphery.
➢ The field windings are embedded in these slots and are connected in series to the
slip rings through which they are energized by the DC exciter.
➢ The regions forming the poles are usually left unslotted. It is clear that the poles
formed are non-salient i.e., they do not project out from the rotor surface.
➢ Used for high-speed alternators (1500 or 3000 rpm).

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Fig 4.34 Non- salient pole rotor

15. Derive the e.m.f. equation of an alternator. Explain pitch factor and
distribution factor.
Let Z = No. of conductors or coil sides in series per phase
ϕ = Flux per pole in webers
P = Number of rotor poles
N = Rotor speed in r.p.m.
In one revolution (i.e. 60/N second), each stator conductor is cut by P webers i.e.,

If Kp and Kd are the pitch factor and distribution factor of the armature winding, then,

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Sometimes the turns (T) per phase rather than conductors per phase are specified, in
that case, eq. becomes:

where,

kp = cos

The line voltage will depend upon whether the winding is star or delta connected.
i.e.,EL= Er.m.s/phase

Distribution factor (Kd):

The distribution factor is defined as the ratio of resultant emf when coils are distributed
to the resultant emf when coils are concentrated. It is less than unity.

Kd=

Pitch factor (Kc):

The pitch factor is defined as the ratio of resultant emf when coil is short pitch to the
resultant emf when coil is full pitched.

Kp =

kp = cos

PROBLEM : A 3-phase, 12-pole, 500 rpm star connected alternator has 144 slots
with 8 conductors per slot. The coils are full pitched and flux per pole is 0.08wb.

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Determine the phase and line EMF’s. What will be the phase voltage if the coils are
connected to form a balanced two-phase winding?(15)(NOV/DEC 2018)

Solution:
Emf per phase 4.44fɸ

No. of turns per phase,

Total no.of conductors = No.of slots X No. of conductors per slot

No. of conductors per phase,

Since the coils are full pitched i.e, the coil span factor 1

No. of slots/pole/phase,

No. of slots/pole,

Angular displacement ,

4.44 50 0.08 192 1 0.95776

Emf/Phase, 3265.88 V

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Line Emf , 3265.88

5656.67 V

VOLTAGE REGULATION
16. Define Voltage regulation. Explain the two methods used to determine voltage
regulation of alternators.
➢ The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the rise in voltage when full
load is thrown off, assuming field current and speed remaining the same.
➢ The percentage regulation is defined as the ratio of change in terminal voltage from
full load to no load terminal voltage.

% Regulation = * 100

E0 – no load terminal voltage

V – full load rated terminal voltage
Determination of voltage regulation
➢ The alternator is driven at synchronous speed and the terminal voltage is adjusted
to its rated value.
➢ The load is varied until the wattmeter sand ammeter indicates the rated value at
desired pf.
➢ Then the entire load is thrown off while the speed and field excitation are kept
constant. Then the open circuit or no load voltage E0 is noted.
a) Synchronous impedance or EMF method
b) The ampere turn or MMF method
c) Zero power factor method or potier method.
All these methods require,
1. Armature resistance Ra.
2. Open load / no load characteristics
3. Short circuit characteristics
1. Armature resistance Ra:
➢ Armature resistance Ra/phase can be measured directly by voltmeter and ammeter
method or by using Wheatstone bridge.
2. Open load / no load characteristics:
➢ As in DC machine, here it is plotted by running the machine on No load and by
noting the values of induced voltage and field excitation current.
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3. Short circuit characteristics:

➢ It is obtained by short circuiting, the armature windings through a low resistance
ammeter.
➢ The excitation is so adjusted as to give 1.5 to 2 times the full load current.

a) Synchronous impedance or EMF method:

The following steps are involved in this method,
➢ OCC is plotted from the given data.
➢ Similarly SCC is drawn from the data given by short circuit test it is the straight
line passing through the origin. Both the curves are drawn on common field
current base.
➢ Consider field current If. The open circuit voltage corresponding to the field current
is E1. When the winding is short circuited the terminal voltage is zero.
➢ Hence it is assumed that the whole of this voltage E1 is being used to circulate the
armature short circuit current I1 against the synchronous impedance ZS.
E1 = I1Zs

ZS =

Since Ra can be found, XS =

From below diagram, OD = E0

E0=

E0 =

% Regulation = * 100

Fig.4.35
b) The ampere turn or MMF method
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➢ This method of finding voltage regulation considers the opposite view to the
synchronous impedance method. It assumes the armature leakage reactance to be
additional armature reaction.
➢ Suppose the alternator is supplying full-load current Ia at operating voltage V and
p.f. cos ϕ lagging. The procedure for finding Voltage regulation for AT method is as
under:
(i) From the O.C.C., field current OA required to produce the operating load
voltage V (or V + IaRa cos ϕ) is determined [See Fig. (4.36)]. The field current OA
is laid off horizontally as shown in Fig. (4.36).

Fig 4.36 Total field current

(ii) From S.C.C., the field current OC required for producing full-load current Ia on
short-circuit is determined. The phasor AB (= OC) is drawn at an angle of (90° +
ϕ) i.e., ∟OAB = (90° + ϕ) as shown in Fig. (4.36).
(iii) The phasor sum of OA and AB gives the total field current OB required. The
O.C. Voltage EO corresponding to field current OB on O.C.C. is the no-load
e.m.f.

(iv) This method gives a regulation lower than the actual performance of the
machine. For this reason, it is known as Optimistic Method.
c) Zero power factor method or portier method:
➢ This method is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance drop and
the armature reactance effect.
➢ The experimental data required are, no load curve, full load zero power factor curve
also called wattles load characteristics.

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➢ It is the curve of terminals volts against excitation, when armature is delivering full
load current at zero pf. The reduction in voltage due to armature reaction is found
from the above.
➢ Voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance XL is found from both by
combining these two, E0 can be calculated if we vectorially add to V the drop due to
resistance and leakage reactance XL. We get E.
➢ If to E is further added the drop due to armature reaction then we get E0.
➢ The zero power factor lagging curves can be obtained.
➢ If a similar machine is available this may be driven at no load as a synchronous
motor at practically zero pf or by adding alternator with pure reactors.
➢ By connecting the alternator with pure reactors.
➢ By connecting the alternator to a three phase line with ammeter and wattmeter
connected for measuring current and power.
➢ By so adjusting the field current that we get full load armature current with zero
wattmeter reading.
➢ Point B was obtained when wattmeter was reading zero.
➢ Point A is obtained from short circuit test with full load armature current.
➢ Hence OA represents field current which is equal and opposite to the
demagnetizing armature reaction ands for balancing.

% Regulation = *100

Procedural Steps
➢ Suppose we are given V the terminal Voltage.
➢ We will be given or else we can calculate Armature leakage reactance XL and hence
can calculate IXL.
➢ Adding IXL vectorially to V, we get voltage E.
➢ We will next find N-L curves, field excitation for voltage E. Let it be If1.

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Fig.4.37 Potier Method

➢ Further field current If2 is necessary for balancing armature reaction is found from
potier triangle.
➢ Combine If1& If2vectorially to get If.
➢ Read from NL curve, the e.m.f corresponding to If. This gives in E0. Hence
regulation can be found.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
17. Explain briefly principle operation of synchronous motor?
➢ Consider a 3-phase synchronous motor having two rotor poles NR and SR. Then the
stator will also be wound for two poles NS and SS. The motor has direct voltage
applied to the rotor winding and a 3-phase voltage applied to the stator winding.
➢ The stator winding produces a rotating field which revolves round the stator at
synchronous speed NS (= 120 f/P). The direct (or zero frequency) current sets up a
two-pole field which is stationary so long as the rotor is not turning.
➢ Thus, we have a situation in which there exists a pair of revolving armature poles
(i.e., NS - SS) and a pair of stationary rotor poles (i.e., NR-SR).
➢ Suppose at any instant, the stator poles are at positions A and B as shown in Fig.
(4.38 (i)). It is clear that poles NS and NR repel each other and so do the poles SS
and SR.
➢ Therefore, the rotor tends to move in the anti- clockwise direction. After a period of
half-cycle (1/2 f = 1/100 second), the polarities of the stator poles are reversed but
the polarities of the rotor poles remain the same as shown in Fig. (4.38 (ii)).

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Figure 4.38 Synchronous motor

➢ Now SS and NR attract each other and so do NS and SR. Therefore, the rotor tends
to move in the clockwise direction.
➢ Since the stator poles change their polarities rapidly, they tend to pull the rotor
first in one direction and then after a period of half-cycle in the other. Due to high
inertia of the rotor, the motor fails to start.
➢ Hence, a synchronous motor has no self-starting torque i.e., a synchronous motor
cannot start by itself.
➢ If the rotor poles are rotated by some external means at such a speed that they
interchange their positions along with the stator poles, then the rotor will
experience a continuous unidirectional torque.
➢ Suppose the stator field is rotating in the clockwise direction and the rotor is also
rotated clockwise by some external means at such a speed that the rotor poles
interchange their positions along with the stator poles.
➢ Suppose at any instant the stator and rotor poles are in the position shown in Fig.
(4.39 (i)). It is clear that torque on the rotor will be clockwise.
➢ After a period of half-cycle, the stator poles reverse their polarities and at the same
time rotor poles also interchange their positions as shown in Fig. (4.39 (ii)).
➢ The result is that again the torque on the rotor is clockwise. Hence a continuous
unidirectional torque acts on the rotor and moves it in the clockwise direction.
➢ Under this condition, poles on the rotor always face poles of opposite polarity on
the stator and a strong magnetic attraction is set up between them.

Figure 4.39 Alternating torque in a synchronous motor

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➢ This mutual attraction locks the rotor and stator together and the rotor is virtually
pulled into step with the speed of revolving flux (i.e., synchronous speed).
➢ If now the external prime mover driving the rotor is removed, the rotor will
continue to rotate at synchronous speed in the clockwise direction because the
rotor poles are magnetically locked up with the stator poles.
➢ It is due to this magnetic interlocking between stator and rotor poles that a
synchronous motor runs at the speed of revolving flux i.e., synchronous speed.
18. Explain the operation of torque equation of synchronous motor.
➢ Except for very small machines, the armature resistance of synchronous motor is
negligible as compared to its synchronous reactance.
➢ Hence, the equivalent circuit for the motor becomes as shown in Fig. 4.40 (a). From
the phasor diagram of Fig. 4.40 (b). It is seen that
……………………..(1)

……………..(2)

Equating the equations (2) & (1),

……………(3)

Pin =

Now

Since stator Cu losses have been neglected, Pin also represents the gross
mechanical power (Pm) developed by the motor.

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The gross torque developed by the motor is

= N—m

Ns in rpm.

Figure 4.40 Synchronous motor- power developed

19. Discuss the methods of starting and procedure for starting synchronous
motor.

Various methods to start the synchronous motor are,

1. Using pony motors
2. Using damper winding
3. As a slip ring induction motor
4. Using small d.c. machine coupled to it.
1. Using pony motors
➢ In this method, the rotor is brought to the synchronous speed with the help of
some external device like small induction motor.
➢ Such an external device is called 'pony motor.

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➢ Once the rotor attains the synchronous speed, the d.c. excitation to the rotor is
switched on.
➢ Once the synchronism is established pony motor is decoupled.
➢ The motor then continues to rotate as synchronous motor.
2. Using Damper Winding
➢ In a synchronous motor, in addition to the normal field winding, the additional
winding consisting of copper bars placed in the slots in the pole faces.
➢ The bars are short circuited with the help of end rings. Such an additional winding
on the rotor is called damper winding.
➢ This winding as short circuited, acts as a squirrel cage rotor winding of an
induction motor. The schematic representation of such damper winding is shown
in the Fig.4.41.

Figure 4.41 Starting as a squirrel cage I.M.

➢ Once the rotor is excited by a three-phase supply, the motors starts rotating as an
induction motor at sub synchronous speed.
➢ Then d.c. supply is given to the field winding. At a particular instant motor gets
pulled into synchronism and starts rotating at a synchronous speed.
➢ As rotor rotates at synchronous speed, the relative motion between damper
winding and the rotating magnetic field is zero.
➢ Hence when motor is running as synchronous motor, there cannot be any induced
e.m.f. in the damper winding.
➢ So, damper winding is active only at start, to run the motor as an induction motor
at start. Afterwards it is out of the circuit.
➢ As damper winding is short circuited and motor gets started as induction motor, it
draws high current at start so induction motor starters like star-delta,
autotransformer etc. used to start the synchronous motor as an induction motor.
3. As a Slip Ring Induction Motor

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➢ The above method of starting synchronous motor as a squirrel cage induction

motor does not provide high starting torque. So, to achieve this, instead of shorting
the damper winding, it is designed to a form a three-phase star or delta connected
winding.
➢ The three ends of this winding are brought out through slip rings. An external
rheostat then can be introduced in series with the rotor circuit.
➢ So, when stator is excited, the motor starts as a slip ring induction motor and due
to resistance added in the rotor provides high starting torque.
➢ The resistance is then gradually cut off, as motor gathers speed. When motor
attains speed near synchronous. d.c. excitation is provided to the rotor, then
motors gets pulled into synchronism and starts rotating at synchronous speed.
➢ The damper winding is shorted by shorting the slip rings.
➢ The initial resistance added in the rotor not only provides high starting torque but
also limits high inrush of starting current. Hence it acts as a motor resistance
starter.
➢ The synchronous motor started by this method is called a slip ring induction motor
is shown in the Fig 4.42.

Figure 4.42 Starting as a slip ring I.M.

➢ It can be observed from the Fig. 4.42 that the same three phase rotor winding acts
as a normal rotor winding by shorting two of the phases.
➢ From the positive terminal, current I flow in one of the phases, which divides into
two other phases at start point as 1/2 through each, when switch is thrown on d.c.
supply side.
4. Using Small D.C. Machine

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➢ Many a times, a large synchronous motor is provided with a coupled d.c. machine.
This machine is used as a d.c. motor to rotate the synchronous motor at a
synchronous speed.
➢ Then the excitation to the rotor is provided. Once motor starts running as a
synchronous motor, the same d.c. machine acts as a d.c. generator called exciter.
The field of the synchronous motor is then excited by this exciter itself.
20. Explain V and inverted V curves.
➢ Excitation can be increased by increasing the field current passing through the
field winding of synchronous motor.
➢ If the graph of armature current drawn by the motor (Ia) against field current (If) is
plotted, then its shape looks like English alphabet letter V.
➢ If such graphs are obtained at various load conditions we get family of curves, all
looking like V. such curves are called as V-curves of synchronous motor.

Fig 4.43 Experimental set up for V-curves

➢ If power factor (cos ) is plotted against field current (If), then the shape of the
graph looks like an inverted V. such curves are called as inverted V-curves of
synchronous motor.

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Fig 4.44 (i) V-curves (ii) inverted V-curves

Observation table:
S.No VL (V) IL (A) W1(W) W2(W) (If) excitation(A)
1
2
3

Now IL = Ia , per phase value can be determined, from the stator winding
connections.

IL = Iaph for star connection

= Iaph for delta connection

The power factor can be obtained as

cos ɸ =
Result table:

S.No If (A) Ia (A) cos ɸ (p.f) Nature of p.f

The graph can be plotted from this result table.

1) Ia Vs If V – Curve
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2) cos ɸ Vs If Inverted V – Curve

*********************************************************************************************
TWO MARKS
THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
1. What are the types of AC machines?
Synchronous machines:
➢ Synchronous Generator.
➢ Synchronous Motor.
Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:
➢ Induction motors.
➢ Induction generator.
2. What is an induction motor?
➢ It is an electric motor that works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
3. State the principle of 3-phase induction motor.
➢ When starting rotor conductors are stationary and they cut the revolving magnetic
field and so an emf is induced in them by electromagnetic induction.
➢ This induced emf produces a current if the circuit is closed.
➢ This current opposes the cause by Lenz’s law and hence the rotor starts revolving
in the same direction as that of the magnetic field.
4. What are the types of 3-phase induction motors?
Types of induction motor are:
➢ Squirrel cage induction motor
➢ Slip ring or wound rotor induction motor
5. What are the advantages of skewing of the rotor slots? (NOV/DEC 2016)
(NOV/DEC 2015) (APR/MAY 2016) (APR/MAY 2011) or Why are the slots on the
cage rotor of induction motor usually skewed? (NOV/DEC 2013) (NOV/DEC
2010) (APR/MAY 2017)
The rotor slots of a three-phase induction motor are skewed,
➢ To make the motor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum
➢ To reduce the locking tendency of the rotor
6. Why the induction motor is called asynchronous motor?
Since the induction motor runs always at a speed lesser than synchronous speed,
it is called asynchronous (not synchronous) motor.
7. Define Synchronous speed in a 3-phase IM? [APRIL/May-2004]

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The speed at which the revolving flux rotates is called synchronous speed Ns and is
given by

Where, f – Supply Frequency

P- Number of poles on the stator.
8. State the difference between slip ring rotor and cage rotor of an induction
motor.(or) compare squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor.

SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR SLIP RING ROTOR

Low starting torque High starting torque
Sliprings, brushes are not present Sliprings, brushes are present
External resistance cannot be added External resistance can be added
Minimum maintenance High maintenance
Low cost High cost

9. Write an expression for the slip of an induction motor. Define slip of induction
motor. (NOV/DEC 2010) (NOV/DEC 2013) (NOV/DEC 2012)
Slip of an induction motor is the speed difference between synchronous speed and
motor speed expressed as percentage of synchronous speed.

Where, Ns and Nr are synchronous and rotor speeds in r.p.m.

10. What is cogging of an induction motor?
When the number of stator tooth are equal or integral multiple of rotor tooth, they
have a tendency to align themselves exactly to minimum reluctance position. Thus the
rotor may refuse to accelerate. This phenomenon is known as cogging.
11. What does crawling of induction motor mean?
Squirrel cage motor, sometimes exhibit a tendency to run stably at speeds as low
as1/7 of its synchronous speed because of the harmonics. This phenomenon is
known as crawling.
12. What are the advantages of cage type motor?
➢ Since the rotor has very low resistance, the copper loss is low.
➢ Efficiency is high on account of simple construction of rotor.
➢ It is mechanically robust.
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➢ Initial cost is low.

➢ Maintenance cost is low.
➢ Simple stating arrangement
13. Write the torque equation of the induction motor?
The torque developed by an induction motor is given by,

Where,

14. Give expression for starting torque of an induction motor.

The starting torque of an induction motor,
At standstill s =1 and hence,

15. Write down the condition to get maximum torque under running condition?
(APR/MAY 2016) (NOV/DEC 2015)
The rotor resistance and rotor reactance should be equal for developing maximum
torque
i.e.
Where s is the slip–under running conditions.
and X2 are the rotor resistance and reactance.
16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of three phase induction
motor?(MAY 2018)
Advantages:
➢ It has simple and rugged construction.
➢ It is relatively cheap.
➢ It requires little maintenance.
➢ It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.
➢ It has self-starting torque.
Disadvantages:
➢ It is essentially a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be changed easily.
➢ Its starting torque is inferior to a d.c. shunt motor.
17. What are the applications of three phase induction motors?

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Some of the common applications of three phase induction motor are

➢ Lifts
➢ Cranes
➢ Hoists
➢ Large capacity exhaust fans
➢ Driving lathe machines
➢ Oil extracting mills, Textiles and etc.
18. Why is a starter needed for starting a large capacity induction motor? (NOV/DEC
2016)
➢ If an induction motor is directly switched on from the supply, it takes 5 to 7 times
its full load current and develops a torque which is only 1.5 to 2.5 times the full
load torque.
➢ This large starting current produces a large voltage drop in the line, which may
affect the operation of other devices connected to the same line.
19. What are the types of starters for three phase induction motor?(or) What are the
starting methods of three phase induction motor? (NOV/DEC 2016), (NOV/DEC
2013), (NOV/DEC 2011), (APR/MAY 2011)
➢ DOL starter.
➢ Autotransformer starter.
➢ Star to Delta starter.
➢ Rotor resistance starter.
20. What is the effect of change in supply voltage on starting torque of induction
motor? (NOV/DEC 2015), (APR/MAY 2017), (NOV/DEC 2010), (MAY/JUNE 2016)
Starting torque is proportional to square of the supply voltage. The change in
supply voltage greatly affects the starting torque.
21. List out the methods of speed control of three phase induction motor.
Stator side control:
➢ Stator voltage control
➢ Stator frequency control
➢ V/f control
➢ Pole changing method
Rotor side control:
➢ Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit
➢ Cascade control

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➢ Slip power recovery scheme

22. List out the methods of speed control of cage type 3 phase induction motor.
(NOV/DEC 2015)
➢ Stator frequency control
➢ Pole changing method
➢ Cascade control
23. Mention different types of speed control of slip ring induction motor?
➢ Stator frequency control
➢ Pole changing method
➢ Adding external resistance in the rotor circuit
➢ Cascade control

24. What are the advantages of rotor resistance starter?

As these motors have external resistance connected to its rotor circuit, the value of
starting current is adjusted or kept minimum, by increasing the resistance of the rotor
circuit. The starting torque is also improved.
25. What is the advantage and disadvantage of auto transformer starter?
This stator can be connected to both star and delta connected three–phase motors.
However, these starters are more expensive than stator resistance starter.
26. What is the advantage and disadvantage of star-delta starter?
This method is cheap and maintenance free as compared to other methods.

SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

27. State the double revolving field theory. (NOV/DEC 2013), (APR/MAY 2017)
➢ Any alternating quantity can be resolved into two quantities which rotate in
opposite directions and have half of the magnitude.
➢ Each of the two component fluxes while revolving around the stator cuts the rotor
induces an emf and produces its own torque.
28. Why single-phase induction motor is not self-starting? Mention any one method
of starting. (NOV/DEC 2015), (MAY/JUNE 2016), (APR/MAY 2011), (APR/MAY
2017)

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➢ A single-phase supply produces alternating torque, not a rotating torque. That is

why a single-phase motor is not self-starting.
➢ The motor can be made self-starting by splitting the current into two components -
split phase induction motor.
29. Draw the torque-slip characteristics of single phase induction
motors.[APRIL/May-2013]

30. Why an induction motor is called as rotating transformer?

The rotor receives same electrical power in exactly the same way as the secondary
of a two winding transformer receiving its power from primary. That is why induction
motor is called as rotating transformer.
31. Name the methods of starting single induction motors. (NOV/GEC 2012)
➢ Split phase induction motor.
➢ Capacitor start induction run motor.
➢ Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor (two value capacitor method).
➢ Shaded pole induction motor.
32. Name the motor being used in ceiling fans. (MAY/JUNE 2016), (MAY/JUNE
2014), (NOV/DEC 2011)
Capacitor start and run induction motors are used in ceiling fans.
33. Draw the basic circuit of capacitor start capacitor run induction motor.(MAY
2018)

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34. List the applications of single phase induction motors? (APR/MAY 2011)
Some of the common applications of single phase induction motor are
➢ Motor of refrigerator
➢ Water pump motor
➢ Cooler motor
➢ Drilling machines
➢ Small fans
➢ Used in small toys, hair dryers, ventilators, clock etc.
35. What are the advantages of retaining the capacitor in the circuit?
➢ It improves the running torque.
➢ It improves the overall power factor of the motor.
36. Mention the applications of split phase induction motor.
➢ Fans,
➢ Blowers,
➢ Centrifugal pumps,
➢ Washing machine,
➢ Grinder,
➢ Lathes,
➢ Air conditioning fans, etc.
37. List out the applications of capacitor start capacitor run induction motor.
➢ Conveyors,
➢ Grinder,
➢ Air conditioners,
➢ Compressor, etc.
38. State the application of shaded pole motor.

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➢ Hair dryers,
➢ Toys,
➢ Record players,
➢ Small fans,
➢ Electric clocks etc.
39. State the limitations of shaded pole motors. [APRIL/MAY-2015]
➢ Starting torque is poor
➢ Power factor is very low.
➢ Due to copper losses in the shading ring the efficiency is very low.
➢ Speed reversal is very difficult
➢ Size and power rating is very small.

THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR

40. What is an synchronous generator?
An alternator or AC generator is a synchronous machine which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy and producing alternating emf.
41. What is principle of alternator (or) synchronous generator?
The alternator works on the principle of Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.
whenever a conductor links with a magnetic field either the conductor is moving or
the field is moving ,an emf is induced in the conductor.
42. Why a 3-phase synchronous motor will always run at synchronous speed?
Because of the magnetic coupling between the stator poles and rotor poles the motor
runs exactly at synchronous speed.
43. Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an alternator.
Where,

44. What are the two types of synchronous machines? (OR) What are the types of
rotor in alternator
The classification synchronous machines are:
➢ Salient pole or projecting pole rotor type
➢ Non-salient pole or Cylindrical rotor type
45. Why the stator core is laminated? (APR/MAY 2011)
Stator core is laminated to reduce the eddy currents loss.

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46. How can you distinguish between the two types of large synchronous generator
from their appearance?
S.NO Salient Pole Type Smooth Cylindrical Type
1 Poles are projecting out from the surface Poles are non-projecting
2 Air gap is non-uniform Air gap is uniform
3 Large diameter and small axial length Small diameter and large axial length
4 Mechanically weak Mechanically strong
5 Preferred for low speed alternator Preferred for high speed alternator

47. What are the advantages of salient pole type of construction used for
synchronous machines?
➢ They allow better ventilation.
➢ The pole faces are so shaped radial air gap length increases from the pole center to
the pole tips so that flux distribution in the air gap is sinusoidal in shape which
will help to generate sinusoidal emf.
➢ Due the variable reluctance, the machine develops additional reluctance power,
which is independent of excitation.
48. Write the emf equation of the synchronous generator (OR) alternator.
Emf per phase 4.44fɸ
Where, f = frequency of supply in Hz,
ɸ = flux per pole in wb,
Tph= turns per phase,
Kp = Pitch factor,
Kd = distribution factor.
49. Define voltage regulation.
The percentage regulation is defined as the ratio of change in terminal voltage from
full load to no load terminal voltage.

% Regulation = * 100

E0 – no load terminal voltage

V – full load rated terminal voltage
50. Why EMF method is called Pessimistic method? [APRIL/MAY-2011]
The value of voltage regulation obtained by EMF method is always more than the
actual value, therefore it is called Pessimistic method.

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51. Why MMF method is called Optimistic method?

The value of voltage regulation obtained by MMF method is less than the actual
value, therefore it is called Optimistic method.

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
52. What is a synchronous motor?
A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor which, at steady state, the rotation of
the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period
is exactly equal to an integral number of cycles.
53. What are the advantages of synchronous motor?[APRIL/MAY 2011]
➢ The speed is constant and independent of load.
➢ These motor usually operate at higher efficiencies.
➢ Electromagnetic power varies linearly with the voltages.
54. What are the disadvantages of synchronous motor?
➢ Higher cost.
➢ Necessity of a DC excitation source.
➢ Greater initial cost
➢ High maintenance cost.
55. Give the torque equation of a synchronous motor.
The torque developed by the motor is,

Where, Pm=Mechanical power developed

Ns=Synchronous speed in r.p.m.
56. What is V curve?
➢ If the graph of armature current drawn by the motor (Ia) against field current (If) is
plotted, then its shape looks like English alphabet letter V.
➢ If such graphs are obtained at various load conditions we get family of curves, all
looking like V. such curves are called as V-curves of synchronous motor.
57. What is an inverted V curve?
➢ If power factor (cos ) is plotted against field current (If), then the shape of the
graph looks like an inverted V. such curves are called as inverted V-curves of
synchronous motor.

58. What are the starting methods of synchronous motor?

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The various methods to start the synchronous motor are,

➢ Using pony motors
➢ Using damper winding
➢ As a slip ring induction motor
➢ Using small d.c. machine coupled to it.
59. What are the various functions of damper winding provided with synchronous
motor? (NOV/DEC 2016) (NOV/DEC 2013)
It serves two purposes,
➢ It provides starting torque in motoring mode
➢ It provides damping torque in motoring mode
60. Write the applications of synchronous motor.
➢ Used for power factor improvement in sub-stations and in industries.
➢ Used in industries for power applications.
➢ Used for constant speed drives such as motor-generator set, pumps and
compressors.
61. List the inherent disadvantages of synchronous motor. (MAY/JUNE 2016)
(NOV/DEC 2010)
➢ Requires d.c. excitation at the rotor
➢ No self-starting torque.
➢ Construction is complicated

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