UNIT- II

PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES

(PRC)
Personal Responsibility Competencies are the skills and attributes that help
individuals take ownership of their personal development and behavior. These
competencies contribute to personal success, ethical decision-making, and positive
relationships.

1. Self-Determination

Definition:
Self-determination is the ability of individuals to make choices and control their own
lives. It is rooted in autonomy and personal agency.

Key Components:

 Autonomy: Acting in accordance with one’s own values and interests.

 Competence: Belief in one’s ability to achieve desired outcomes.
 Relatedness: Feeling connected to others while pursuing personal goals.

Importance:

 Enhances motivation and engagement.

 Encourages responsibility and independent thinking.
 Builds resilience and problem-solving ability.

2. Self-Regulation

Definition:
Self-regulation refers to the ability to manage one's emotions, behaviors, and
thoughts to achieve long-term goals.

Elements of Self-Regulation:
  Goal Setting: Identifying clear, achievable objectives.
 Self-Monitoring: Keeping track of progress and behavior.
 Impulse Control: Delaying gratification, managing distractions.
 Emotional Regulation: Managing stress, frustration, and emotional
reactions.

Benefits:

 Enhances focus and discipline.

 Improves academic and work performance.
 Reduces stress and increases emotional intelligence.

Examples:

 Controlling anger during conflicts.

 Sticking to a study schedule despite distractions.
 Avoiding impulsive decisions by evaluating consequences.

3. Well-being (PERMA Model)

Definition:
Well-being refers to a state of happiness, health, and prosperity. The PERMA model
by psychologist Martin Seligman identifies five essential elements of well-being.

PERMA Components:

Component Description
P - Positive Experiencing joy, gratitude, optimism, and contentment.
Emotions Boosts mental and emotional health.
Being fully absorbed and involved in activities. Related to
E - Engagement
flow state and deep concentration.
Building positive, meaningful social connections. Key to
R - Relationships
emotional support and happiness.
Having a purpose or direction in life. Involves contributing to
M - Meaning
something greater than oneself.
A - Pursuing success, mastery, and achievement. Helps develop
Accomplishment self-esteem and satisfaction.

Benefits of PERMA:
  Encourages a balanced and fulfilling life.
 Reduces anxiety, depression, and burnout.
 Promotes productivity and emotional strength.

4. Volunteerism

Definition:
Volunteerism is the act of offering time, skills, and service to help others or
contribute to a cause, without financial gain.

Types of Volunteerism:

 Community Service: Local neighborhood or public benefit activities.

 Skill-based Volunteering: Using professional skills for a cause (e.g.,
teaching, healthcare).
 Event Volunteering: Helping during campaigns, marathons, relief drives,
etc.

Motivations for Volunteering:

 Altruism and compassion.

 Personal development and learning.
 Civic duty and community engagement.

Benefits:

 Develops empathy, communication, and leadership skills.

 Enhances mental well-being and social connectedness.
 Builds a sense of purpose and civic responsibility.


SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES

(SRC)
Social Responsibility Competencies are the skills, values, and behaviors that help
individuals act as responsible members of society. These competencies emphasize
contributing positively to communities and fostering respectful, inclusive
interactions.

1. Contributing to Community and Environment

Definition:
Actively engaging in initiatives that support the well-being of local communities and
protect the environment.

Key Aspects:

 Community Engagement: Participation in local development, education,

public health, etc.
 Environmental Stewardship: Sustainable use of natural resources, waste
management, and conservation efforts.
 Civic Responsibility: Understanding and exercising civic rights and duties
(e.g., voting, obeying laws, community volunteering).

Examples:

 Organizing or joining tree plantation drives.

 Participating in cleanliness campaigns like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.
 Supporting community-based organizations and public health campaigns.

Benefits:

 Builds a sense of belonging and social cohesion.

 Promotes sustainable and equitable development.
 Encourages ethical and empathetic behavior.

2. Solving Problems Peacefully

Definition:
Approaching conflicts and challenges with calm, constructive, and non-violent
strategies.

Strategies for Peaceful Problem Solving:

 Active Listening: Understanding others' perspectives without interruption.

 Mediation: Facilitating dialogue between conflicting parties.
 Negotiation: Reaching mutually acceptable solutions.
 Empathy: Recognizing and respecting others’ feelings and experiences.

Benefits:

 Reduces violence, aggression, and misunderstandings.

  Strengthens relationships and trust.
 Fosters a culture of respect and cooperation.

3. Valuing Diversity

Definition:
Respecting and appreciating the differences in cultures, beliefs, identities, and
perspectives.

Dimensions of Diversity:

 Cultural: Languages, traditions, customs.

 Social: Gender, religion, caste, class.
 Cognitive: Diverse ways of thinking and learning.

Promoting Diversity:

 Creating inclusive policies in schools and workplaces.

 Celebrating multicultural events and festivals.
 Encouraging equal participation and representation.

Why It Matters:

 Encourages innovation and creativity through varied viewpoints.

 Reduces prejudice, discrimination, and stereotypes.
 Promotes social justice and equity.

4. Building Relationships

Definition:
Developing and maintaining healthy, supportive, and meaningful interactions with
others.

Core Skills for Relationship Building:

 Communication: Clear, honest, and respectful expression of ideas and

feelings.
 Trust and Integrity: Keeping promises, being reliable.
 Collaboration: Working effectively in teams and groups.
 Emotional Intelligence: Recognizing, understanding, and managing
emotions.
Contextual Applications:

 Personal: Friendships, family ties.

 Professional: Teamwork, leadership, networking.
 Social: Participating in community groups, volunteer activities.

Benefits:

 Improves mental and emotional well-being.

 Enhances cooperation and productivity.
 Creates a supportive and inclusive environment.


NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
(NGOS)
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) are independent, non-profit groups that
operate outside of government structures to address social, environmental, cultural,
and humanitarian issues. They work to promote the welfare of individuals and
communities, often filling gaps left by governments and private sectors.

Functions of NGOs
NGOs perform a wide range of functions depending on their mission and area of
operation:

A. Service Delivery

 Provide essential services such as education, healthcare, sanitation, disaster

relief, and livelihood training.
 Example: NGOs running free schools or health clinics in underserved areas.

B. Advocacy and Policy Influence

 Raise awareness and advocate for policy changes on issues like human rights,
environment, gender equality, etc.
 Influence government decisions through lobbying and public campaigns.
 Example: Amnesty International advocating for human rights reforms.

C. Capacity Building
  Empower individuals and communities through skills training, leadership
development, and resource provision.
 Strengthen the abilities of local institutions or community-based organizations
(CBOs).

D. Research and Data Collection

 Conduct studies, surveys, and monitoring to gather data on social issues.

 Provide insights that inform policy and program development.

E. Promoting Participation

 Encourage community participation in decision-making and development

projects.
 Empower marginalized groups to have a voice in public discourse.

F. Emergency Response

 Deliver aid during natural disasters, conflicts, and crises.

 Provide food, shelter, medical assistance, and rehabilitation support.

Types of NGOs
NGOs can be classified based on their operational focus, geographical coverage,
or purpose:

A. Based on Operational Focus:

1. Operational NGOs
o Focus on designing and implementing development projects.
o Example: CARE, BRAC.
2. Advocacy NGOs
o Aim to influence policies, public opinion, and decision-makers.
o Example: Greenpeace, Human Rights Watch.

B. Based on Level of Operation:

1. Community-Based Organizations (CBOs)

o Small, local groups formed at the grassroots level.
o Work on issues like health, education, and women's rights.
2. National NGOs
 o Operate within a specific country.
o Example: Goonj (India), Smile Foundation (India).
3. International NGOs (INGOs)
o Operate in multiple countries, often with large networks and resources.
o Example: Red Cross, Oxfam, World Vision.

C. Based on Area of Work:

 Environmental NGOs: Focus on conservation and climate change (e.g.,

WWF).
 Educational NGOs: Promote literacy and education (e.g., Pratham).
 Health NGOs: Work on public health and disease prevention (e.g., Médecins
Sans Frontières).
 Human Rights NGOs: Advocate for civil liberties and justice (e.g., Amnesty
International).

Approaches of NGOs
NGOs adopt various strategies or approaches to carry out their mission effectively:

A. Top-Down Approach

 Programs are designed and managed by the NGO leadership or external

experts.
 Community participation is minimal.
 Advantage: Fast implementation and technical efficiency.
 Disadvantage: May lack local relevance and sustainability.

B. Bottom-Up Approach (Participatory Approach)

 Communities are actively involved in planning, decision-making, and

implementation.
 Emphasizes local needs, ownership, and sustainability.
 Advantage: Builds capacity and trust.
 Disadvantage: May be slower and require more resources.

C. Rights-Based Approach

 Focuses on empowering people to claim their legal and human rights.

 Promotes justice, equality, and accountability.
 Example: Campaigns for women’s rights, child protection laws.
D. Needs-Based Approach

 Identifies and addresses the immediate needs of a community (e.g., food,

water, shelter).
 Often used in emergency or humanitarian situations.
 Advantage: Provides quick relief.
 Disadvantage: May create dependency and not solve root causes.

E. Sustainable Development Approach

 Integrates social, economic, and environmental goals.

 Focuses on long-term impact and ecological balance.
 Example: Promoting renewable energy, sustainable agriculture.


NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS (NPOS)

Non-Profit Organizations (NPOs) are legal entities that operate for purposes other than making a
profit. Their goal is to promote social, cultural, educational, religious, or charitable
activities.

Key Characteristics:

 Surplus income is reinvested into the organization’s mission, not distributed

as profit.
 Governed by a board or trustees.
 Funded by donations, grants, and membership fees.
 Often exempt from taxes (depending on legal registration).

Examples:

 Educational institutions (e.g., private charitable schools)

 Religious institutions (e.g., churches, mosques)
 Charitable trusts (e.g., Akshaya Patra Foundation)
 Cultural organizations (e.g., art museums, music societies)

Functions:

 Deliver public services (education, healthcare, etc.)

 Promote social and cultural causes
 Provide humanitarian relief
  Advocate for policy change

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a business model in which companies
integrate social, environmental, and ethical practices into their operations and
interactions with stakeholders.

Evolution of CSR:

Phase Characteristics
Voluntary donations to charity or community; not
1. Philanthropy Stage
structured.
2. Ethical Responsibility Introduction of business ethics, fair labor, and anti-
Stage corruption.
CSR aligned with core business values and long-term
3. Strategic CSR
goals.
Inclusion of diverse stakeholders (customers,
4. Stakeholder CSR
employees, environment) in decision-making.
5. Legal/Regulatory Mandated by laws and regulations, such as in India under
CSR the Companies Act, 2013.

Benefits of CSR:
To Businesses:

 Enhances brand reputation and public trust.

 Attracts investors, customers, and talent.
 Improves employee morale and retention.
 Reduces operational risks (e.g., environmental fines).

To Society:

 Improves living conditions and community development.

 Protects the environment through sustainable practices.
 Encourages ethical business conduct.
Types of CSR Activities:
1. Environmental Responsibility
o Reducing carbon footprint, waste management, eco-friendly
packaging.
o Example: Tata Power’s solar initiatives.
2. Philanthropic Responsibility
o Donations, scholarships, and support for NGOs.
o Example: Reliance Foundation’s educational and healthcare programs.
3. Ethical Responsibility
o Fair labor practices, transparency, non-discrimination.
o Example: Ensuring supply chain integrity.
4. Economic Responsibility
o Operating in a financially sustainable and responsible way.
o Focuses on long-term stakeholder value, not just shareholder profit.

LEGAL MANDATE OF CSR (INDIA)

Under the Companies Act, 2013 (Section 135):

Applicability:
CSR is mandatory for companies meeting any one of the following criteria:

 Net worth ≥ ₹500 crore

 Turnover ≥ ₹1000 crore
 Net profit ≥ ₹5 crore

Key Provisions:
 Must spend 2% of the average net profits of the last three financial years on
CSR.
 Must constitute a CSR Committee to formulate and monitor CSR policies.
 Must disclose CSR activities and expenditures in the Annual Report.

CSR Activities May Include:

  Eradicating hunger and poverty.
 Promoting education and gender equality.
 Environmental sustainability.
 Rural development projects.
 Contributions to PM CARES Fund or similar government initiatives.

Non-compliance Consequences:
 Required to disclose unspent CSR amounts and reasons.
 Penalties may be levied for non-compliance.