1 When a sample of a solid is heated, it becomes a liquid and eventually becomes a gas.

(a) Fig. 1.1 shows the arrangement of the molecules in the solid.

Fig. 1.1

In the space below, draw the arrangement of the molecules in the liquid.

[1]

(b) Complete the table by describing the motion of the molecules in the solid, liquid and gas.

motion of the molecules

solid

liquid

gas

[3]

(c) Suggest why a gas is able to fill a container but a solid has a fixed shape.

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[Total: 6]
2 (a) Explain, in terms of molecules, how a gas exerts a pressure.

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(b) The temperature of a sample of gas is increased at constant volume.

State and explain any change in the pressure of the gas.

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(c) Another sample of gas is in a sealed container of volume 170 cm3 and exerts a pressure of
9.0 × 104 Pa. The volume of the container decreases by 70 cm3 at constant temperature.

Calculate the new pressure of the gas.

pressure = ......................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]
3 (a) Describe, in terms of molecules, what happens when a liquid evaporates.

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(b) Fig. 3.1 shows wet clothes drying on a washing line in an outside area.

washing line

Fig. 3.1

State two changes in the weather that help the wet clothes to dry more quickly.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 5]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a plastic cup. The cup contains sand, an electric heater and a thermometer.

thermometer

electric
plastic heater
cup sand

Fig. 4.1

The power of the heater is 50 W. The mass of the sand in the cup is 550 g. The initial
temperature of the sand is 20 °C. The heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes. The temperature
is recorded until the temperature stops increasing. The highest temperature recorded by the
thermometer is 33 °C.

(a) Calculate the energy supplied by the heater.

energy = ......................................................... [2]

(b) Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of the sand, using your answer to (a)
and the data in the question.

specific heat capacity = ......................................................... [3]

(c) Explain why the specific heat capacity of sand may be different from the value calculated
in (b).

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[Total: 7]
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a hollow metal cube filled with boiling water. The temperature of the four vertical
surfaces are equal but each surface has a different colour or texture.

metal thermal radiation sensor

shiny
white
surface
40
meter

Fig. 5.1

A thermal radiation sensor is placed the same distance from each surface and the meter reading
measures the thermal radiation emitted from each surface.

(a) The results are shown in Fig. 5.2.

Draw a line linking each type of surface with the appropriate meter reading. One line has
been drawn for you.

type of surface meter reading

dull black 40

dull white 60

shiny black 80

shiny white 100

Fig. 5.2
[2]

(b) The hot surfaces produce a convection current in the air outside the metal cube.

Describe how the convection current is produced.

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[Total: 5]
6 Fig. 6.1 shows an aluminium block after leaving a furnace in a factory.

furnace

aluminium block

factory worker

solid metal rollers

Fig. 6.1

(a) The mass of the block is 1200 kg and it is heated in the furnace from 20 °C to 380 °C. The
aluminium block does not melt.
The specific heat capacity of aluminium is 960 J / (kg °C).

Calculate the thermal energy gained by the block in the furnace.

thermal energy = ......................................................... [3]

(b) Fig. 5.1 shows a factory worker standing 3 m from the block.

State and explain the main process by which thermal energy is transferred to the worker.

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(c) State and explain the main process by which thermal energy is transferred from the outer
surface of the solid metal rollers to their interior.

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[Total: 9]