Tutors’ Teaching Guide

I.​ Integers
A.​ Addition of Integers
Steps for Adding Integers:

1.​ Identify the signs of the integers (positive or negative).

○​ Positive numbers are those without a minus sign (e.g., +5, +7).
○​ Negative numbers are those with a minus sign (e.g., -3, -8).
2.​ If both integers have the same sign, add their absolute values (ignore the
signs) and keep the sign of the integers.
○​ Example: 5 + 7 = 12 (both are positive, so the result is positive)
○​ Example: -4 + -6 = -10 (both are negative, so the result is negative)
3.​ If the integers have different signs, subtract the smaller absolute value
from the larger absolute value, and keep the sign of the integer with the
larger absolute value.
○​ Example: 5 + -3 = 2 (5 is positive and 3 is negative, so subtract 3
from 5, and the result is positive)
○​ Example: -8 + 3 = -5 (8 is negative and 3 is positive, so subtract 3
from 8, and the result is negative)

B. Subtraction of Integers

Steps for Subtracting Integers:

1.​ Rewrite the subtraction as addition: To subtract an integer, you change

the subtraction to an addition problem by adding the opposite (also
called the additive inverse) of the integer you're subtracting.
○​ For example, 5 - 3 becomes 5 + (-3).
○​ For -7 - 2, it becomes -7 + (-2).
2.​ Follow the rules for addition of integers: After rewriting the subtraction
as an addition, follow the rules for adding integers:
○​ Same signs: Add the absolute values, and keep the sign.
○​ Different signs: Subtract the smaller absolute value from the larger
one, and keep the sign of the number with the larger absolute
value.
 C. Multiplication on Integers

Steps for Multiplying Integers:

1.​ Multiply the absolute values of the integers.

○​ Ignore the signs for now and just multiply the numbers as if they
were positive.
2.​ Determine the sign of the product:
○​ If the signs are the same (both positive or both negative), the
product is positive.
○​ If the signs are different (one positive and one negative), the
product is negative.

D. Division of Integers

Steps for Dividing Integers:

1.​ Divide the absolute values of the integers.

○​ Ignore the signs and divide the numbers as if they were both
positive.
2.​ Determine the sign of the quotient:
○​ If the signs are the same (both positive or both negative), the
quotient is positive.
○​ If the signs are different (one positive and one negative), the
quotient is negative.

Exercise 1

1.​ Add 8 and -12

8 + (-12) = ? → (Different signs, so subtract 8 from 12, then keep the
sign of
12, which is negative, since its the larger number)
12 - 8 = 4
12 - 8 = -4
8 + (-12) = -4
2.​ A number added to 4 is equal to 10. Find the number.
4 + ______ = 10
4 + 6 = 10 → (It's the teachers’ technique how to teach the student
how to find the answer)
3.​ What is the difference between 15 and -20?
 15 + (-20) = ? → Rewrite the equation as addition
15 + (-20) = ? → Follow the steps of adding integers
20 - 15 = 5
15 + (-15) = -5 → Copy the sign of the larger number which is -20.
4.​ What is the result when -5 and -2 are subtracted?
5.​ What is the product when -2 is multiplied by -4?
​ -2 x -4 = 8 (multiply both number and if has the same sign then
​ ​ ​ answer is positive)
6.​ Divide 15 by -5
​ 15 / -5 = (Divide the numbers and if has different sign then the
answer is negative)
​ ​ 15 / -5 = -3
7.​ What is the quotient of 18 and -9?
​ 18 / -9 = -2

II. Fractions
a.​ Addition on Fractions
1.​ Find a common denominator: If the fractions have different
denominators (bottom numbers), you need to find a common
denominator. The easiest way is to find the least common
denominator (LCD), which is the smallest number that both
denominators can divide into evenly.
2.​ Rewrite the fractions: Adjust the numerators (top numbers)
according to the new denominator.
3.​ Add the numerators: Once the fractions have the same
denominator, simply add the numerators together. Keep the
common denominator.
4.​ Simplify: If necessary, simplify the fraction by dividing both the
numerator and denominator by their greatest common divisor
(GCD).

Exercises
1.​ What is the sum of ½ and ½ ?
½ + ½ = 2/2 → Since they have the same denominator, just copy the
denominator and add the numerator
​ ½ + ½ = 2/2 = 1 → Simplify
2.​ What is 5/2 added to 3/2?
5/3 + 3/2 = 10/6 + 9/6 → Get the LCD since they have different
 denominators
19
​ 10/6 + 9/6 = 6
—> Now that they have similar denominator, copy it and
perform addition
​ Answer : 19/6 → If its not possible for simplification, then it is the answer
3.​ What is the result of 2 ⅓ added to 4/7 ?
2 ⅓ + 4/7 = 2+ (7/21 + 12/ 21)
2+ (7/21 + 12/21) = 2 + (19/21)
19
2 + (19/21) = 2 21
4.​ Find the sum of the following:
a.​ ⅔ and ⅚
2 5 4+5 9 3
Solution: 3
+ 6
= 6
= 6
= 2

b.​ 3 ½ and 4 ⅔
1 2 3+4 7 7
​ ​ Solution: 3 2
+ 4 3
= (3 + 4) + ( 6
) = 7 + (6) = 7 6

B. Subtraction on Fractions
1.​ Find a common denominator: Like with addition, if the fractions have
different denominators, you need to find a common denominator. The
easiest method is to find the least common denominator (LCD).
2.​ Rewrite the fractions: Adjust the fractions to have the common
denominator.
3.​ Subtract the numerators: After the fractions have the same
denominator, subtract the numerators and keep the common
denominator.
4.​ Simplify: If possible, simplify the resulting fraction.

Exercises:
1.​ Find the difference between ⅛ and ½ ?
1 1 4−1 5
Solution: 2
− 8
= 8
= 8
2.​ Give the subtracted result of 3/11 and 2/9
3 2 27 − 22 5
Solution: 11
− 9
= 99
= 99
3.​ What is ⅘ subtracted from 9/13 ?
4 9 52 − 45 7
Solution: 5
− 13
= 65
= 65
4.​ 4 minus ⅔
2 3 2 3−2 1
Solution: 4 − 3
= 3 3
− 3
= 3 3
= 3 3
 5.​ Subtract ⅔ from 5/7
5 2 15 −14 1
Solution: 7
− 3
= 21
= 21

C. Multiplication on Fractions
1.​ Multiply the numerators: Multiply the top numbers (numerators) of the
fractions together.
2.​ Multiply the denominators: Multiply the bottom numbers
(denominators) of the fractions together.
3.​ Simplify the fraction (if necessary): If the resulting fraction can be
simplified (both numerator and denominator have a common factor),
divide both by that factor.

Exercises:
1.​ What is ⅓ multiplied by ⅔?
1 2 1𝑥2 2
Solution: 3
× 3
= 3𝑥3
= 9
2.​ What is the result when ⅘ is multiplied by ⅔ ?
4 2 8
Solution: 5
× 3
= 15
3.​ Find the product:
a.​ ⅚ and ⅞
5 7 35
Solution: 6
× 8
= 48
b.​ 12/9 and 11/7
12 11 132
Solution: 9
× 7
= 63
c.​ 4 ⅔ and 5 ½
2 1 2 1 2 1
Solution: 4 3
× 5 2
= (4𝑥5) + ( 3 × 2
) = 20 6
= 20 3

III. DECIMAL
●​ Addition and Subtraction of Decimals
1.​ Line up the decimal points: Write the decimals so that the
decimal points are aligned vertically. If needed, add zeros to the
right of the decimal to make the numbers have the same number
of decimal places.
2.​ Perform the operation: Add or subtract as you would with whole
numbers, working from right to left.
3.​ Place the decimal point: Once you've completed the addition or
subtraction, make sure the decimal point is in the correct position
in the result, directly below the decimal points of the numbers you
were adding or subtracting.
 4.​ Simplify if necessary: If needed, round the result or eliminate any
unnecessary trailing zeros.
Exercises:
1.​ Find the sum of the following:
a.​ 0.5 and 0.5
Solution: 0.5 + 0.5 = 1.0
b.​ 0.35 and 0.05
Solution: 0.35 + 0.05 = 0.40 or 0.4
2. What is the total expenses if you bought clothes worth PHP 85.49 and
shoes worth PHP 87. 49?
​ Solution: PHP 85.49 + PHP 87.49 = PHP 172. 98
3. Find the difference of the following:
a.​ 0.74 and 0.24
Solution = 0.74 - 0.24 = 0.5
b.​ 14.55 and 10.47
Solution: 14.55 - 10.47 = 4.08
c.​ 68.50 and 48.23
Solution: 68.50 - 48.23 = 20.27
4. What is the result when you subtract 5.30 from 8.50?
​ Solution: 8.50 + 5.30 = 13.80 or 13.8
5. Kim bought a biscuit for PHP 58.70. If she paid PHP 70.00, how much
change will she receive?
​ Solution:₱70.00 - ₱58.70 = ₱11.30
●​ Multiplication on Decimals
1.​ Ignore the decimal points and multiply the numbers as if they
were whole numbers.
2.​ Count the total number of decimal places in both of the numbers
you're multiplying.
3.​ Place the decimal point in the result so that it has the same
number of decimal places as the total count from step 2.
Exercises
1.​ If one piece of candy costs PHP 1.75, how much will it cost to buy 11
pieces of candy?
Solution: PHP 1.75 x 11 = PHP 19.25
2.​ John bought 0ne piece of paper for PHP 2.50, how much would he
pay if he buys 50 pieces of paper?
Solution: PHP 2.50 x 50 = PHP 125.00
3.​ What is the product when you multiply 78.50 to 3.67?
 Solution: 78.50 x 3.67 = 288.0950
●​ Division on Decimals
1.​ Move the decimal point in the divisor (the number you're dividing
by) to the right to make it a whole number. Do the same for the
dividend (the number you're dividing) to keep the equation
balanced.
2.​ Perform the division as if you're dividing whole numbers.
3.​ After completing the division, place the decimal point in the
quotient (the result) in the correct position, based on how many
decimal places you moved.
Exercise:
1.​ 3.6 ÷ 1.2
Solution: 3.6 ÷ 1.2 = 36 ÷ 12 = 3
2.​ 6.75 ÷ 0.25
Solution: 6.75 ÷ 0.25 = 675 ÷ 25 = 27
3.​ 8.4 ÷ 2.1
Solution: 8.4÷ 2.1 = 84 ÷ 21 = 4
4.​ 5.4 ÷ 0.3
Solution: 5.4 ÷ 0.3 = 54 ÷ 3 = 18
5. 9.6 ÷ 4.8
​ Solution: 9.6 ÷ 4.8 = 96 ÷ 48 = 2

IV. How to Read Meters

A. Reading an Electric Meter

1.​ Identify whether the meter is digital (displays kWh directly) or

analog/dial (multiple dials).
2.​ For an analog meter: Read dials from left to right If a pointer is between
two numbers, use the lower number. If the pointer is exactly on a
number, check the next dial to the right.
3.​ For a digital meter: Simply note the kWh reading displayed.

B. Reading a Water Meter

1. ​ Identify whether the meter is digital or analog.

2. ​ Read the numbers from left to right.

3. Some water meters have a sweep hand, where one full rotation equals a
specific volume (e.g., 1 liter or 0.1 cubic meters).

Exercises:
Solutions:
3
1.​ 7646 𝑚
3
2.​ 3913 𝑚
3
3.​ 1052 𝑚
4.​ 53073 KWH
5.​ 08416 kwh
3
6.​ 8153 𝑚
7.​ 70065 kwh
3
8.​ 8153 𝑚

V. Sequence
A.​ Arithmetic Sequence
​ Formula: 𝑎𝑛​ = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)⋅𝑑
​ Where:

●​ 𝑎𝑛 = the nth term

●​ 𝑎1 = the first term
●​ d = the common difference
●​ n = the term number
B.​ Geometric Sequence

(𝑛 − 1)
Formula: 𝑎𝑛​ = 𝑎1 × 𝑟

Where:

●​ 𝑎𝑛 = the nth term

●​ 𝑎1 = the first term
●​ r = the common ratio
●​ n = the term number
●​ Operations (PEMDAS)

Exercises:
1.) 6, 12, __, 24, 30
Solution: 𝑎3​ = 6 + (3 − 1) 6
​ ​ = 6 + (2)6
 ​ ​ = 6 + 12
​ 𝑎3= 18
2.) -9, __, 5, 12, 19
Solution: 𝑎2 = − 9 + (2 − 1)7
​ ​ = -9 + ( 1) 7
​ ​ = -9 + 7
​ ​ = -2
3.) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, __
𝑎2 4
Solution : 𝑎1
= 2
= 2

​ ​ r=2
32 x 2 = 64

VI. PEMDAS Operations

The Order of Operations:

1.​ Parentheses (P): First, solve anything inside parentheses or

brackets.
2.​ Exponents (E): Next, solve any exponents (powers or square roots).
3.​ Multiplication and Division (MD): Then, perform multiplication and
division. Do these from left to right (whichever comes first).
4.​ Addition and Subtraction (AS): Lastly, do addition and subtraction,
from left to right.

Exercises:

1.​ 76 - (-12) x 3
Solution: 76 - (-36)= 76 + 36 = 112
2.​ -18 + 11 x 8 - 4=
Solution: -18 + 88 -4 = 70 - 4 = 66
3.​ 87 + (-24-9) x 2
Solution: 87 + (-33) x 2 = 87 + (-66) = 87 - 66= 21
4.​ 2 x 3 -71 - (-12+7)
Solution: 2 x 3 -71 -(-5) = 6 -71 + 5 = -65 + 5 = -60
5.​ 18 ÷ 9 x 3 - 7 + 67
Solution: 2 x 3 - 7 + 67 = 6 - 7 + 67 = -1 + 67 = 66
VII. Simple Probability
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
​ The formula for probability is : 𝑃(𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
​
1.​ What is the probability of getting a king in a regular deck of cards?
4 1
Solution: 𝑃 = 52
= 13
2.​ What is the probability of getting an ace of spade in a deck of cards?
1
Solution: 𝑃 = 52
3.​ When rolling a die, what is the probability of getting an even number?
3 1
Solution: 𝑃 = 6
= 2
4.​ When rolling a die, what is the probability of getting a number that
starts with the letter “T”.
2 1
Solutions: 𝑃 = 6
= 3