ASSIGNMENT-3
Types of Transmission Media:
Satellite
1. Twisted Pair Cable
• Description: Two insulated copper wires twisted together to minimize electromagnetic
interference.
• Example: Used in Ethernet networks (e.g., Cat5, Cat6 cables), telephone lines.
• Pros: Cost-effective, easy to install.
• Cons: Limited bandwidth and distance, susceptible to interference.
2. Coaxial Cable
• Description: Central copper conductor with insulating layer, metallic shield, and outer
insulation.
• Example: Used in cable television networks and broadband internet connections (e.g.,
RG-6 cable).
• Pros: Better shielding, higher bandwidth than twisted pair.
• Cons: Bulkier, more expensive.
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3. Fiber Optic Cable
• Description: Transmits data as light pulses through glass or plastic fibers.
• Example: Used in high-speed internet services like Google Fiber and long-distance
communication (e.g., undersea cables).
• Pros: Extremely high speed, low signal loss, immune to electromagnetic interference.
• Cons: Expensive, fragile, requires specialized installation.
4. Radio Waves
• Description: Electromagnetic waves that can travel long distances and penetrate
obstacles.
• Example: Used in Wi-Fi networks (e.g., home wireless routers), FM/AM radio
broadcasting.
• Pros: Wide coverage, no physical connection needed.
• Cons: Vulnerable to interference and security issues.
Zarqa Gulrez(22310237)
5. Microwaves
• Description: High-frequency radio waves requiring a clear line-of-sight path.
• Example: Used in satellite TV broadcasting (e.g., Dish Network), cellular networks.
• Pros: Suitable for long-distance and high-capacity communication.
• Cons: Affected by weather conditions, requires line-of-sight.
6. Infrared (IR) Waves
• Description: Uses infrared light for short-range communication.
• Example: Used in TV remote controls, wireless keyboards, and mice.
• Pros: Secure, low interference from other signals.
• Cons: Limited range, cannot pass through walls.
7. Satellite
• Description: Space-based systems for global communication, relaying signals
between ground stations.
• Example: Satellite TV, GPS, satellite internet (e.g., Starlink).
• Pros: Global coverage, ideal for remote areas, and no terrestrial infrastructure needed.
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• Cons: High latency, weather sensitivity, and costly setup and maintenance.
Zarqa Gulrez(22310237)
