Other than current state two other factors that affect the magnitude of force on a current carrying conductor

placed in a magnetic field. (2 marks)

1.A student holds a large concave mirror of focal length 1m, 80cm from her face. State two characteristics of
her image in the mirror. (2mks)
Magnified
Virtual
Upright/ erect
2. A policeman standing between two high walls fires a gun. He hears the first echo after 3 seconds and the
next 2 seconds later. What is the distance between the walls? (Take velocity of sound= 330 m/s) (3mks)
d 1=495m
d 2=825m
495+825m =1320m
3. The figure below shows a wire carrying current whose direction is out of the paper. The wire is placed in a
magnetic field.

(a)Indicate on the figure the direction of the force F, acting on the wire. (1mk)
(b)State what would be observed on the wire if the direction of the current is reversed, ( i.e. into the paper).
(1mk)
The direction of the motion of the conductor (force) is reversed/force is directed to the left

4. The figure below shows a magnetic field pattern between magnets P and R.

P A B R

Identify the poles A and B. (1mk)

A-north
B-north
State which of the two magnets, P or R, is stronger. Explain. (2mks)
P
Has more magnetic field lines close to each other

1. (a)The diagram below represents a microwave travelling in air through points A and B.
(i)The distance between A and B is 40 cm. Determine the wavelength of the microwave shown in the figure.
(1mk)
2½ waves = 40cm
1 wave =16cm1
(ii)Sketch on the same figure another wave with half amplitude and double frequency (1mk)

(b) A starting pistol is fired 640 m away from a spectator.

640 m
v =d/t = =320m/s
2

2. a) Define principal focus as used in curved surfaces. (1mk)

A point on the principal axis where rays converge at or appear to diverge from after reflection
(b) An object OB is placed in front of a convex mirror as shown below drawn to scale.

Draw a ray diagram to show the position of the image formed. (3mks)

3. The diagram below shows a permanent magnet suspended by a spring. State with a reason the
behavior of the magnet when the switch is closed. (2mks)
On closing the switch the soft iron core is magnetized with X acquiring a south pole. The magnet on the spring
swings to the left due to repulsion. 1
4. Figure represents a long horizontal insulated wire XY connected in an electric circuit. The circle represents
where a plotting compass is placed on the wire.

X Y

(I)In the circle put an arrow to show the direction the N pole of the compass will deflect when switch k. is
closed. (1mk)
(ii)Mention any two ways of reversing the direction captured in (i) above. (2mk)
Reversing the flow of current (Interchanging the terminals). 1
Placing the compass under the conductor XY
In determining the depth of an ocean, an echo sounder producing ultrasonic sound is used. Give one reason
why this sound is preferred. (1mk)
Penetrate deepest.
Reflected easily by tiny grains
1. (a) (i) Distinguish between a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. (1 mark)
Transverse wave is a wave in which wave particles vibrates in a direction perpendicular to wave motion while a
longitudinal wave is a wave in which wave particles vibrate in a direction parallel to wave motion
(ii) State one example of a transverse wave and a longitudinal wave. (2 marks)
Transverse wave: any electromagnetic wave
Longitudinal wave: sound waves
(b) The figure below shows a wave profile for a pendulum bob X released from point P and allowed to swing
through Q to R and back a number of times as shown below

0.04

Displacement
(m) 0 3.0
1.0 2.0 t
P R -0.04
Q
(i) Determine the amplitude of the wave. (1 mark)
0.04m
(ii) Calculate the frequency of the wave. (3 marks)
1 1
f= = = 0.5Hz
T 2.0
(iii) Sketch a wave profile on the same axes for a similar pendulum bob Y released from point R and oscillating
on its own path through Q to P and back a number of times at the same frequency but with half-amplitude as
the pendulum bob X. (2 marks)
A =0.02m
F =0.5Hz
Same wave stating at −0 , 02 m
2. Figure 5 below shows a ferromagnetic material PQ being magnetized

Permanent magnet Path of the

magnet

P Q

(I)State the method of magnetization being used (1mark)

Single stroke method
(II)State the pole acquired at P. (1mark)
North Pole
3. State one advantage and one disadvantage of using a convex mirror as a driving mirror. (2 marks)
Advantage:
Have a wide field of view
Disadvantage:
Form diminished images giving a false impression that the object behind is far

4. Figure 3 shows a copper rod AB lying across two metal rods L and M which are fixed onto a plastic support
and also connected to a battery

Plastic support
N
B
M
R
L
A S

U shaped magnet
(ii) Indicate on the diagram the direction of force experienced on the copper rod AB.(1 mark)
(iii)State the direction of force on copper rod AB if the direction of both current and magnetic field are
reversed simultaneously. (1 mark)
Direction of the force remain unchanged
(iv)State one way of increasing the force on the copper rod AB. (1 mark)
Increasing the size of the current in the conductor
Using stronger magnet
5. A physics student dipped a bar magnet into iron fillings during an experiment in the lab. When the student
lifted the bar magnet, the distribution of iron fillings around the bar magnet was as shown in Figure 4.
1ron filings

N S
 Magnet
State the conclusion the student made. (1 mark)
Magnetic force of attraction and repulsion is concentrated at the poles
6. State one other factor that increases the speed of sound in solid a part from increase in temperature (1 mk)
Increase in density of the solid
7. Figure 2 shows an object placed at the center of curvature of a concave mirror. Draw a ray diagram to
show how the image of the object is formed by the mirror.(2 marks)

O
F P
C

Real inverted image same size as object positioned at o

1. (a)Figure 13 shows shadow formation using an extended source of light.

Extended source

Object

State the effect on the umbra as the object is moved away from the screen when:
(i)Diameter of the hole is the same as the diameter of the object. (1mk)
The umbra remains the same.
(ii)The diameter of the object is smaller than the diameter of the hole. (1mk)
The umbra becomes smaller.
(iii)The diameter of the object is greater than the diameter of the hole. (1mk)
The umbra becomes greater
(b). The figure 14 shows an object in front of a plane mirror. Complete the diagram to show the location of the
image,

Object Fig. 14

Mirror

(c) The graph below shows an object O placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 30cm.
Construct ray diagrams to show the position of the object. (3mks)
(d) Give one feature that makes Parabolic Mirrors suitable for use as car head lights.(1mk)
Produces parallel beam of light
2. An observer watching fireworks displays sees the light from an explosion and hears the sound 4 seconds
later. How far was the explosion from the observer? (Speed of sound in air 330m/s). (3mks)
Distance = speed x time = 330 x 4 =1320m
3. Four bars of metal W, X, Y and Z are tested for magnetism. X attracts both W and Y but not Z. Z does not
attract W, X or Y. W and Y sometime attract one another and sometimes repel one another. What conclusion
can you draw about? (2mks)
(a) Bar W Permanent magnet.
(b) Bar X Magnetic material
4. The figure 1 shows a wire in a magnetic field. A current is switched on to flow through the wire in the
direction shown. State the direction of motion of the wire. (1mk)

1. The graph below represents values of 1/f and corresponding values of wavelength for waves transmitted in a
certain medium

From the graph, determine the speed of the waves (3mks)

 1 1
V= = =33.33m/s
slope 0.03
2. Draw the magnetic field lines due to the configuration shown below (1mk)

N S

Soft iron

3. The figure below shows two parallel rays incident on a concave mirror. F is the focal point of the mirror

Sketch on the same diagram the path of the rays after striking the mirror. (2mks)
The two meet along a perpendicular plane (FOCAL PLANE) through F
State the class of waves to which sound belongs (1mk)
Longitudinal mechanical waves
1. Concave mirrors are used by dentists to examine teeth. By use of a ray diagram show how this is
achieved.
(2 marks)

2.Other than current state two other factors that affect the magnitude of force on a current carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic field. (2 marks)
Length of the conductor within the magnetic field
Magnetic field strength
Angle between the conductor and magnetic field lines

3. The diagram below shows waves generated from a tuning fork. If the wave takes 0.1 second to move from
point A to B. determines the frequency of the wave. (3 marks)

2.5 = 32
1× 32
1=
2 .5
λ=12 .8 m
32
V= =320 m/ s
0 .1
 V 2. 5
f= =320 × =25Hz
λ 32

4.The figure below shows how magnets are stored in pairs with keepers at the end. Explain how this method of
storing helps in retaining magnetism longer (1 mark)

Keepers are magnetized through induction creating magnets with opposite polarity. These creates loops
through which magnetic field flows

1. The graph in the figure 14 below shows the relationship between the attractive forces of an electro
magnetizing current

(a) Give reasons for the shape of the graph by domain

theory (3mks)
When current increases, the dipoles align themselves until all of them are in the same perfectly aligned
direction i.e magnetic saturation .the magnet force of attraction becomes constant 
(b) On the same fig.14, sketch a graph for the case where the soft iron core is replaced with steel. (2mks)
(c) Two similar razor blades were placed one on a wooden block and the other on an iron block as shown in
figure 15.

Razor blade
Fig. 15 Razoris attached
Wooden block
Iron block

State and explain the observation on the razor blade;

(i)On the iron block (3mks
The razor blade remain attracted to the iron block 
The magnet induces magnetism into the razor blade which in turn induces the iron block to acquire opposite
polarity. Since the attraction between the blade and the magnet is equal to the attraction between the blade
and the iron, the blade does not move
(ii) On the wooden block (2mks)
The blade is attracted by the magnet. No magnetism is induced into the wooden block and so the razor 
Attraction is only between the blade and the magnet
2. (a)An object O stands on the principal axis of a concave mirror as shown in figure 9 below

(i) By drawing suitable rays, show the position of the image (3mks)
(ii) Determine the magnification of the image formed (3mks)
image height 2.8
Magnification = = = 2.545
Object height 1.1
(b) In experiment to determine the focal length of a concave mirror, a group of form two students collected
some data and used the results to plot the graph shown in figure 10 below.

Using the graph above, determine:

(i) The object position when the image position is 45cm (2mks)
When v= 45cm, magnification = 2.45 from the graph
But magnification = v/u
45
2.45=
u
u = 18.37cm.
(ii) Slope of the graph (3mks)
2.1−0
Slope = = 0.075/cm
40−12
(iii) The focal length of the mirror. (2mks)
1 1
Focal length = = = 13.3cm
slope 0.075

3. Figure 3 below shows two parallel current carrying conductors P and Q placed close to one another. Current
flows in the opposite directions

Sketch on the figure the magnetic field pattern formed by the two conductors (1mk)

4. Figure 2(a) and 2(b) below shows a simple experiment using a permanent magnet and two metal bars A and
B. The permanent magnet was placed close to the iron fillings as shown in Fig 2(a) and then removed. The
metal bars attracted the iron filings as shown in Fig 2b.

Fig 2b

State with a reason which bar is made from a soft magnetic material (2mks)
B.
Loses its magnetism faster thereby becoming weaker hence attracting fewer iron
filings

1. The figure below represent a displacement time graph for a wave moving with a velocity of 80cm/s

Determine the wave

(a) Frequency (f) (2mks)
frequency ( t )
T =20×10−35
1 1
f= = =50 Hz
T 20×10−3
(b) Wavelength ( ) (2mks)
v 0 .8 m/ s
λ= = =0 . 016 m
f 50 Hz
2. A girl standing 400m from the foot of a high cliff claps her hand and the echo reaches her 2.32 seconds later.
Calculate the velocity of sound in air using this observation. (2mks)
2d 2×400
V= =
t 2 .32
=344 .83 m/ s

3.The figure below shows a magnet. Point A and B are in front of the magnet

On the axis provided sketch a graph showing how the magnetic field strength changes the A to B (2mks)

4. The figure below is a concave mirror used to form a virtual, magnified image. Complete the ray diagram to
show the position of the object (3 mks)

5. Sketch the magnetic field pattern given by a current carrying conductor in the magnetic field shown in the
figure below. Also show the direction of the forces produced on the conductor (2mks)

1. (a) (i) A graph of 1/v against 1/u for a concave mirror is shown below. Use your graph to determine the focal
length of the mirror. (2marks)

1/v 0.12
cm-
1

0.08

0.04
 Focal length = 1/0.1 = 10 cm (the reciprocal of the intercepts)
(ii) Determine the image distance when the magnification is m = 2 for the concave mirror above.(3 marks)
V
M= -1
f
v
2= –1
10
v = 30cm
(b) with a reason State one application of each of the following:
(i) concave mirrors
(ii) Convex mirror. (1mark)
Side mirror, supermarkets to watch over large floor area.
(ii) Parabolic mirror. (1mark)
Solar concentrator, car head lamp, spotlight
(c) A small object is placed 15 cm in front of a convex mirror of focal length 10 cm.
(i) Determine the position of the image. (3marks)
1 1 1
= +
f u v
1 1 1
= +
−10 15 v
v= -6 cm

2. The figure below show a conductor carrying electric current place between two magnetic poles.

N S

Complete the diagram by sketching the magnetic field and also show the direction of the force on the
conductor. (3 marks)

3. The figure below shows a wave profile for a wave whose frequency is 5Hz.

Di
Determine the value of t8. (2marks)
t8 = 0.2 x2 = 0.4 second

4. The figure below shows a bar magnet attracting steel pin as shown

S
Steel pin

X Y
State and explain what would happen when a North pole of a bar magnet is brought near the tips of steel pin X
and Y. (2marks)
Steel pins X and Y are attracted to the pole of the magnet. Unlike pole attract

1. The figure 4 below shows a current carrying conductor placed perpendicularly between the poles of a
magnet.

(a)Show on the diagram; the magnetic field pattern. (1 mark)

(b)The direction of net force on the conductor. (1 mark)

2. A coil of insulated wire is wound around a U-shaped soft iron core XY and connected to a battery as shown
in the figure 3 below.
(a) On the same diagram, indicate the direction of current in the coil. (1 mark)
(b) State the polarity of end X (1 mark)
North Pole
3. A soldier standing between 2 cliffs fires a gun. He hears the first echo after 2.16s and the next after 4.75s.
Determine the distance between the two cliffs. (Take speed of sound as 30m/s) (3 marks)
2d
V=
t
2 xd
330 =
2.16
330 x 2.16
d1 = = 356.4m
2
2 xd
330 =
4.75
330 x 4.75
d 2= = 783.75m
2
Distance between the wall = 356.4 + 783.75= 1140.15m

4. On the diagrams below, show how a convex mirror gives a wider field of view than a plane mirror.(2
marks)

1. (a) Distinguish between transverse waves and longitudinal waves. (2 marks)

Transverse waves are waves in which the vibration of particles is perpendicular to the direction in which the
wave travels. While longitudinal waves are waves in which the vibration of particles is parallel to the direction
in which the wave travel
(b) Plane water waves travels from a deep end into a shallow end in a swimming pool at a velocity of 4m/s. if
the wavelength of these waves in deep end is 6cm and in the shallow end is 1.5cm, determine the velocity of
these waves in the shallow end. (3 marks)
V1/V2 = λ1/λ2
V2 = (4m/s x 0.015m)/ (0.06m)
= 1m/s
(c) State one factor that affects the velocity of sound in a solid. (1mark)
The temperature
The density of the solid
(d) A disc siren with 200 holes is rotated at constant speed making 0.5 revolutions per second. If air is blown
towards the holes, calculate:
i) The frequency of sound produced. (3marks)
Frequency = no. of revolutions x no. of holes
=0.5 x 200
= 100Hz
ii) The wavelength of the sound produced if velocity of sound in air is 340ms-1 (2 marks)
V=fλ
λ = 340/100=3.4m
(e). State one way of reducing echoes in a room? (1 mark)
-by covering seats, walls, the floor and the ceiling with soft sound absorbing materials

2. The figures below show a convex mirror and a plane mirror of equal aperture

By sketching a pair of incidents and reflected rays for each(a) and (b) show how the convex mirror provides
to the eye, a wider field of view than a plane mirror. (2marks)

3. The force on a conductor carrying a current in a magnetic field can be varied by changing, among others, the
magnitude of the current and the magnetic field strength. Name any other factor that can be changed to vary
the force. (1 mark)
The angle at which the conductor cuts the magnetic field.
The length of the conductor in the magnetic field

1. The figure below shows a current – carrying conductor in a magnetic field direction of force on the wire is as
shown by the arrow.
Force

X Y

State the polarities of A and B. (2mks)

X North Pole.
Y. South Pole
2. Figure 9 below shows an image; I formed by an object placed in front of a convex mirror. On the diagram
draw appropriate rays and locate the position of the object. (2mks)

I
F C

3, Figure 5 below shows a bar magnet attracting steel pins as shown

S
State and explain what would happen when a North pole of a bar magnet is brought near the tips of steel pin X
and Y. (2mks)
The tips of the pins are attracted to the N-pole of the bar magnet
- The tips of the pins have induced S-pole hence attracted to the N-pole
4. Figure 4 below shows sound waves in air produced by a vibrating tuning fork. R is an air molecule on the
path of the waves.
Oscillation

i) Using a line, indicate on the diagram a distance d equal to one wavelength of the wave. (1mk)
ii) In the space provided below, show with an arrow the direction of motion of the air molecule R as the waves
pass. (1mk)
1. Figure 8 below shows a set up made by a Form 2 student to study an aspect of a wave.

(a) State what happens to the sound from the bell as the bottle and its contents are cooled to 0°C(1 mark)
Sound becomes less audible until it cannot be heard any more.
(b) Explain the observation in (i) above (2 marks)
Steam condenses, creating a (partial) vacuum in the jar. Sound, which requires material media for
transmission, will not be heard.

2. Figure 4 below shows a graph of displacement against time for a particular point in a wave.

(a) From the graph, determine the frequency of the wave. (3 marks)
−3 −4
Period=0.5 ×10 s=5 × 10 s √
1
Frequency= −4
√=2000 Hz √
5 × 10
3. The diagram below shows a soft iron ring lying next to the south-pole of a magnet.

(a) Complete the diagram to show the magnetic field patterns between the magnet and the ring. (1 mark)
(b) State a practical application of the above effect. (1 mark)
Magnetic shielding.
4. 5. A boy standing in front of a high wall claps his hands once and hears an echo after 0.64 seconds. If he
moves 20 m farther away from the wall and claps again, he hears the echo after 0.76 seconds. Calculate the
speed of sound. (3 marks)
Let the distance be d from the wall
2d 2d
. speed= = √
t 0.64
Final distance from the wall ¿ d +20
2(d +20)
Speed=
0.76
Speed remains constant hence,
2 d 2(d +20)
=
0.64 0.76
d=112.52 m√
2 d 2(112.52)
speed= = =351.64 m/s √
t (0.64)

A model preparing for beauty contest stands 70 cm away from a concave mirror of focal length 90 cm. State
two characteristics of the image observed. (2 marks)
The image is virtual, erect and magnified.

1. An observer standing d metres from the foot of a high wall claps her hands once and an echo reaches her
after 0.5 seconds. If the velocity of sound in air is 330m/s, determine the value of d. (2 marks)
2d
S=
t
2d
330=
0.5
d = 82.5m
2. Complete the ray diagram below to illustrate how a concave mirror can be used as a shaving mirror. (2
marks)

C F P
The image is upright, virtual and magnified
The object is between F and P

3. The figure below shows the cross-section of a conductor held between two bar magnets and a current
carrying conductor in the direction shown.

S N S N
(a)Indicate with an arrow on the diagram the direction in which the conductor will move when it is released.
(1 mark)
(b)State one adjustment that can be made on the diagram to increase the magnitude of the force on the
conductor carrying current. (1 mark)
Increase the magnitude of the current in the conductor
Increase the length of the conductor in the magnetic field
Use stronger magnets
4. A magnetic material was heated and then cooled in a magnetic field. After cooling, it was found to be
magnetized. Explain this using domain theory. (2 marks)
When heated the dipoles in domains get excited where they vibrate and on cooling they settle in the earth’s
direction of its magnetic field

1. The diagram below shows part of a wave form. The numbers on the diagram show scales in meters. If the
speed of the wave is 20m/s, determine the frequency and wavelength of the wave. (3mks)

λ= 30/3 = 10m
f = v/ λ = 20/10 = 2m/s

2. The figure below shows container loader which uses electromagnet to offload containers from a ship.

(i) Why should the container be made of iron or steel (1mk)

Both are Magnetic material
(ii) State two ways in which the loader can be made to lift heavier container (2mks)
Using larger current
Increasing the number of turns of the coil
Using a u-shaped core rather than straight core

3. A boy standing in front of a cliff blows a whistle and hears the echo after 0.5s. He then moves 17 metres
further away from the cliff and blows the whistle again. He now hears the echo after 0.6s. Determine the
speed of the sound. (4mks)
2d
v=
t
2 d 2 d+34
=
0.5 0.6
1.2d =d+17
0.2d = 17
d = 85m
2× 85
v= = 340m/s
0.5
4.Figure 2 shows a soft iron bar AB placed in a coil near a freely suspended magnet.

Explain the observation made when the switch is closed. (2mks)

The suspended bar magnet is repelled. The soft iron bar is magnetized and end B becomes the North pole
hence like poles repel.

1. On the axes provided below, sketch a graph showing the variation of frequency with wavelength at constant
velocity. (1mark)

b) Tv waves of frequency 6MHz travels with a speed of 3.0 x 108 m/s. What is the wavelength? (2marks)
v = f
8
3 ×10
 = v/f = 6 = 50m
6 ×10

2. Figure 4 shows an electromagnet in an electric circuit.

A

(a)State what happens to the polythene ball when the switch S is closed.(1mark)
No attraction, hence no effect on the ball because its made of polythene which is nonmagnetic material.
b) Why soft iron is preferred for material A than steel? (1mark)
Soft iron call easily be magnetized and also looses magnetism easily. Steel retains magnetism for long.
3. What are the characteristics of the image formed when?
a) An object is placed beyond the Centre of curvature of a concave mirror? (1mark)
Upside down
Real
Larger than the object
b) An object is placed between the principal focus and the pole of a concave mirror? (1mark)
Virtual
Upright
Larger than the object
4. Figure 2 below shows a metre rule in equilibrium balanced by the magnet. The iron core is fixed to the
bench

State and explain the effect on the metre rule when the switch S is closed. (2marks)
The metre rule will tip in anticlockwise direction. This is because when the switch S is closed the iron core
becoming magnetized with the top of the core becoming a south pole hence attracts the north pole of the
magnet.

1. When air is blown over the mouth of a test tube, sound is heard. What causes the sound produced? (1mk)
Vibration of air column.
2. The figure below shows a displacement time graph of a given wave.

Determine the frequency of this wave. (2mk)

Frequency (f) = 1/ T
f = 1/0.5
f = 2 Hz

3. A copper rod AB is placed on two other rods in horizontal positions and within the magnetic field. The rod is
placed such that the field of the permanent magnet is parallel to the length of rod AB as shows below.

State with reason whether the rod rolls when the switch is closed or not? (2mk)
Does not roll because no force is produced when the rod is parallel to the magnetic field.
4. A candle is placed in front of a spherical mirror. A sharp image is formed on the screen. State with reason
the type of spherical mirror used. (2mk)
Concave mirror, because a real image is formed
5. Briefly describe how you can demagnetize a bar magnet using electrical method. (3mk)
- place the bar magnet inside a solenoid.
- Place the solenoid and magnet in the East- West direction.
- connect the solenoid to a.c. source and switch on.

1. What are longitudinal waves? (1mk)

They are the waves in which the direction of the particles is parallel or along the direction of wave travel
2. An echo sounder in a ship produces a sound pulse of frequency 24.8 KHZ. An echo is received from sea bed
at a depth of 175m after 0.25 seconds. Calculate the wave length of sound in water. (3mks)
2 d 2× 175
V= = =1400m/s
t 0.25
V =fλ
v 1400 m/ s
λ= = =0.0565m
f 24800 Hz

3. Fig 2 below shows a magnetic compass placed near a conductor in an electric circuit.

a) State what happens to the magnetic needle when the switch is closed.(1mk)
The magnetic needle gets deflected.
b) Explain why the needle behaves as described in (a) above. (1 mk)
When current passes through the conductor magnetic field forms around it which interacts with that of
magnetic needle causing a deflection
4. What causes a freely suspended magnetic needle to always point in the north south direction? (1mk)
Because of earth’s magnetic field. The earth behaves as though it has a magnet inside

1. An object O is placed in front of convex mirror as shown in the diagram below. Complete the diagram to
locate the position of the image, 1. (3 marks)

2. The figure below shows a wire carrying current whose direction is out of the paper. The wire is placed in a
magnetic field.
(a)Indicate on the figure the direction of the force F, acting on the wire. (1mark)
(b)State what would be observed on the wire if the direction of the current is reversed. (1 mark)
Moves on the opposite side.
3(a) The figure below shows an iron bar being magnetized by stroking it with a magnet.

Indicate on the iron bar the polarity of resulting magnet. (1mark)

N S

(b) State two uses of soft magnetic materials. (2marks)

Used in transformer cores
Used in electric motors
4. An echo sounder of a ship transmits sound waves to the depth of the sea and receives the echo after 2.4
seconds. If the speed of sound in water is 1600ms1, determine the depth of the sea. (3 marks)
d=1/2st= 1/2x1600x2.4=1920m

1. Using domain theory explain the differences between a magnetic material and a magnet (2marks)
In a magnet all dipoles in all domains are aligned facing same direction while in magnetic material the dipoles
in domains exist in loops where the cancel each other out making the material neutral to magnetic effect

2. (a) A student stands some distance from a high wall and claps his hands
(i) What two measurements would need to be made in order to determine the speed of sound? (2marks)
Time taken for n number of claps where the claps should coincide with the claps
The distance between the student and the high wall
(ii)Describe how you would make use of these measurements (2marks)
Sound has to travel to the wall and back to the student then the distance travelled is 2d
For n caps there will be n echoes therefore total distance travelled by sound =n×2d
2nd
Speed of the sound = where t is the total time taken for n claps
t
(b) The speed of sound in air is 330m/s. How far from the wall would you stand? Choose an answer from the
following distances 10m, 200m, and 500m. Give reasons why you did not choose each of the other two
distances. (3marks)
200m
10m is a very short distance that the timing will be inaccurate
500m is a long distance for sound to travel and e reflected back such that energy will be lost along the way
3. The frequency of the sound emitted by the loud speaker is 1020Hz. Calculate the wavelength of the sound
wave in air where its velocity is 340m/s (2marks)
V =fλ
v 340 m/ s
=λ= = =0.3333M
f 1020 Hz
4. (a) The figure below shows parts of a simple electric motor.

(i)Name the parts labeled A and B. (2marks)

A Split ring (commutator).
B Carbon brushes
(ii)State the function of each of the parts named in part (i) above. (2marks)
A (Split ring/commutator).
To reverse the direction of current in the coil after every half turn which allows continuous rotation of the coil?
B (Carbon brushes).
To provide electrical connection to the coil.
(iii) State the advantage of using curved poles of a magnet over plane poles. (1mark)
Concentrates magnetic field towards the coil.
(iv) Explain the significance of copper coil as part of an electric motor. (2marks)
When current flows through it, it experiences a force, ¹ and motion ¹ is produced (rotation).

1. Explain how temperature affects the speed of sound is gases (1 mark)

Increase in temperature increases the vibration of air particles hence increase in collision between that
particles and therefore the faster the transmission of sound energy
2. The force on a conductor carrying current in a magnetic field can be varied by changing, among others, the
magnitude of the current and magnetic field strength. State two other factors that can be changed to vary the
force. (2marks)
The length of the conductor in the magnetic field
The angle between the conductor and magnetic field
3. The graph in the figure below shows the displacement of a pendulum bob from its rest position as it varies
with time.
(i)Determine the amplitude of the oscillation. (1mark)
Amplitude = 0.03m
(ii)Determine the time for one complete oscillation. (1mark)
Time for 1 complete oscillation = 2.0 seconds
On the same graph, draw a sketch graph which represents a pendulum swinging with half the amplitude and
twice the frequency. (2marks

1. Figure 5 shows an iron rod on which a wire is to be wound to make an electromagnet.

A B

By drawing, show how two cells are connected so that end A becomes North Pole and end B South Pole.
(2mks)
Current flow from B to A
2. Give two properties of magnetic field lines around a bar magnet. (2mks)
Originate from N-pole and end at the S-pole
The field lines do not intersect.
3. The diagram below shows a displacement- position graph for a slinky spring as it is continually vibrated at
one end.

What is the
i) Amplitude of the displacement?(1mk)
20
= 0.2m
100

ii) Wavelength of the waves (1mk)

60
= 0.6m
100
4. The diagram below shows a current – carrying wire wound on a U-shaped soft iron.
Draw the magnetic field pattern at P and Q (2mks)

5. Explain why walls of the studio are padded with woolen materials. (1mk)
To absorb incident sound waves preventing the formation of echo.
6. An object is placed 8cm from a concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 20cm. Determine the position of
the image. (3mks)
uv
f=
u+v
8 ×v
10 =
8+ v
80+10v =8v
2v =−¿80cm
V =−¿40cm

1. Other than density, state another factor that affects the speed of sound in a solid (1mk)
-temperature
2. A radio wave has a frequency of 3MHz and travels with a velocity of 3.0 x108 m/s. Calculate its wavelength.
(2mks)
V=f/λ
λ =V/f
λ=3.0 x108/3.0x 106 =100m
3. Explain why the walls of studio are padded with woolen materials (1mk)
Woolen materials absorb most of the energy of incident sound waves preventing reflection of sound waves
(echoes)
4. Give a reason why convex mirror is preferred to a plane mirror for use as a driving mirror. (1mk)
Provide wide field of view
Forms upright images

1. (a) State any one way of reducing the magnetic force of attraction of a magnet (1mark)
Hitting while facing east-west direction
-Heating while facing east-west direction
-Inserting in a solenoid with a.c current facing east-west direction
2. Other than current state one other factor that affect the magnitude of force on a current carrying conductor
placed in a magnetic field. (1mark)
Length of the conductor within the magnetic field
-Magnetic field strength
-Angle between the conductor and magnetic field lines
3. (b)Show the direction of the magnetic field in the conductor carrying current shown below. (1mark)

4. The diagram below shows waves generated from a tuning fork. If the wave takes 0.1 second to move from
point A to B. determines the frequency of the wave. (2marks)
2.5 ƛ= 32

ƛ = 12.8𝑚√

V=

f=
5. A person standing 110 m from the foot of a cliff claps his hands and hears a sound 0.75 seconds later. Find
the speed of sound in air. (2 marks)
In 0.75 seconds, the sound has traveled 220 m

Speed =

1. Figure 3 shows a force on a conductor carrying current when placed in a magnetic field.
Force

State the polarities end R and T. (1mark)

T = North
R= South

2. Figure 6 below shows an arrangement of a cylindrical bar magnet suspended freely close and parallel to a
fixed solenoid.

Permanent magnet free to

S N move
A fixed solenoid
A B

Explain what motion you are likely to observe in the arrangement when switch K is closed. (1mark)
The magnet is repelled/the magnet moves away from the solenoid since south and North poles are formed at
ends A and B respectively

3. (a)The figure 8 below shows an image I formed by an object placed in front of a convex mirror. C and F are
the centre of curvature and principal focus of the mirror respectively. Using appropriate rays locate the
object (2 marks)

(b)State one difference between sound waves and electromagnetic waves (1mark)
Sound waves requires material medium (is a mechanical wave) while electromagnetic waves don’t
Sound waves are longitudinal while electromagnetic waves are transverse in nature
4.(a) The figure below shows a set up by a student investigating propagation of sound waves.

Explain what happens to the sound from the bell as the bottle and its contents are cooled to 0°C. (1mark)
The intensity of the sound gradually decreases/sound becomes faint
(The temperature of the air inside decreases, energy of the molecules decrease hence the rate of vibration
decreases)
(b) In determining the depth of an ocean an echo sounder produces ultrasonic sound. Give one reason why this
sound is preferred (1mark)
-Ultrasound penetrates the deepest and
-can be easily reflected by tiny grains.
5. The figure below shows a longitudinal wave that takes 0.32s to move from point X to Y and at a speed of
50m/s.

X Y

Calculate
(a)The frequency of the wave (2marks)
f=1/T T = 0.32/4 = 0.08 f = 1/0.08 = 12.5 Hz

(b)The wavelength of the wave (2marks)

v=fλ
λ= c/f= 50/12.5=4m

1. State two factors which determine the velocity of sound in air. (2 marks)
Density of air
Air temperature
Humidity
2. When an object is placed 12 cm from a concave mirror, an image of height 4 cm is formed 24 cm from the
mirror. Find the height of the object (2 marks)
hi v
m= =
ho m
4 cm 24 cm
=
ho 12 cm
Height of the object =2cm
3. (a)What is a hard magnetic material? (1 mark)
Difficult to magnetize but once magnetized retain their magnetism for a long time
(b)Figure 3 shows a soft iron bar and a steel bar are suspended inside a coil above a container of iron
filling.
Explain what is observed when switch K is closed (2 marks)
The soft iron bar attracts the iron filings first and more than steel bar which attracts a fewer later.
Soft iron bar is a soft magnetic material which is easily magnetized while steel bar is a hard magnetic material
which is difficult to magnetize
4. Figure 4 shows a sound wave produced from a tuning fork vibrating at 800 Hz

Calculate the velocity of the wave in the medium. (3 marks)

1
λ = 20cm
2
V=fλ =800Hz×0.4m =320m/s
5. Define the term principal focus of diverging mirror (1 mark)
Appoint along the principal axis where all rays of light that are closer and parallel to principal axis appear to
diverge after reflection by the mirror

1. A student standing some distance from a wall blows a whistle and hears its echo 1800ms later. How far is
the wall from the student? (Speed of sound in air = 320m/s) (3 marks)
2d
V=
t
2d
320=
1.8
d=288 m
2.The figure below shows a conductor carrying current placed in the magnetic field as shown and moves in the
direction shown.

X Y

Identify the polarities of X and Y. (1marks)

X – South
Y - North
3. A student stood 3m from a large convex mirror of focal length 4m. State two characteristics of the
image.(2 marks)
Upright
Diminished
Virtual

4. The figure below shows a longitudinal wave that takes 2.0s to move from point X to Y and at a speed of
40m/s.

x y
2.0s
Calculate
(i) The frequency of the wave (1mark)
2.0 1 1
T= =0.5 s f= = =2 Hz
4 T 0.5

(ii) The wavelength of the wave (2mark)

V 40
T= = =20 m
f 2

1(a) Differentiate transverse and longitudinal waves.(2 marks)

In transverse waves, the vibration of the particles is at right angle to the direction of wave travel while in
longitudinal waves, the vibration of particles is in direction parallel to the direction of wave travel.

(b)The figure shows a displacement position graph of a slinky spring as it is continuously vibrated at one end.

20
S (cm)
10
0 30 60 90 120 Length (cm)
−¿1
0
−¿
20

Determine the:
i) Amplitude of the wave in SI unit. (1 mark)
0.2 m
ii)Wavelength of the wave. (1 mark)
0.6m
(iii)On the same diagram draw a wave when the frequency is doubled and amplitude remains the same. (1mk )
Amplitude=20cm
Number of cycles doubled =4waves for same wavelength

1. A girl shouts and ears an echo after 0.6 seconds later from a cliff. If velocity of sound is 330m/s, calculate
the distance between her and the cliff. (3mks)
2d
V=
t
2d
330=
0.6
d=99 m
2. Why is repulsion the surest way of testing for polarity of a magnet? (1 mark)
Attraction can occur between two unlike poles or between a magnet P a magnetic material but repulsion ONLY
occurs between2 like poles of a magnet
3. (a)The Speed of sound in air determined on a warm day is 330m/s. Explain any difference you would expect
in the results if the measurement is done on a cold day. (2 marks)
The speed will be lower because of low temperature
(b) In an experiment to determine the speed of sound, an observer stood in front of a high wall at a distance
of 80m. He clapped two boards together at such a rate that each clap coincided with the echofrom the wall. A
second observer noted a time of 9.5 seconds starting with first clap and ending with the 21st clap.
(i) Calculate the speed of sound under these conditions. (3 marks)
20× 2× 80
V = n × 2d = = 336.8 m/s
9.5
(ii) Describe one probable source of error in this experiment. (1 mark)
The time for the 20 claps might not be accurate
iii) State one way in which sound wave differs from light waves. (1 mark)
Requires a material medium to travel through
(iv)The figure 9.0 below is a sketch of ripples caused by a vibrator in a ripple tank whose frequency is 50Hz.

24cm

Using the above information, determine the speed of the wave motion. (3 marks)
24 cm
λ= = 8cm
3
v = f
8
= 50 × /100 1
= 4 m/s 1
(c) Give one reason why sound is not classified as an electromagnetic wave. (1 mark)
8
Sound does not travel at the speed of light(3×10 m/s)
- Not a transverse wave.
- Not affected by electric and magnetic field.

4. Two pins are hanging from a magnet as shown in the diagram below (figure 3)

fig 3
Explain why they do not hang vertically downwards.(2mks
They acquire North poles at the ends thus they repel.

Two similar razor blades were placed on a wooden block and the other on an iron block as in the figure.

Magnets
It was observed that the razor blade on the wooden block is attracted by the magnet while that on the iron
block was not. Explain. (2mk)

The figure below shows a wave profile

Displ a d
4
acem b e
ent(
mm) c f 6s Time
(s)
-4

(a)Name two sets of points that are

(i)One wavelength apart (2mk)
(ii)In phase
(b)Determine the frequency of the wave. (3mk)

Figure below shows an object placed in front of a concave mirror. Using ray diagram, locate the image
position. (3mk)

O C F

Two students investigated how the strength of an electromagnet depended on the current. The set up is as
shown in the figure below.

100 turns

Soft iron
A
Load

They plotted the following graph showing how the load varies with the magnetizing current.

160
(a). From the graph determine the load that can be supported by the electromagnet when the current was
(i)2.5 A (1mks)
(ii)6.0A (1mks)
(b). Sketch on the same axis a graph you would expect if coil of 50 turns was used. (1mk)
(c). (i) Using the domain theory explain what happens to the iron. (2mks)
(d). State any other two ways the strength of the electromagnet can be increased (2mks)
(e). Give any two practical applications of an electromagnet (2mks)
(a) State one difference between light and sound waves (1mk)
(b)In determining the depth of a sea, an echo sounder produces ultrasonic sound. Give two reasons why this
sound is preferred. (2mks)
(c) Explain how an increase in temperature affects the velocity of sound in air. (2mks)
(d) The figure below shows a set up made by a Form 2 student to study an aspect of a wave.

Electric bell

Steam from boiling water

Water

(i)State what happens to the sound from the bell as the bottle and its contents are cooled to 0°C(1 mk)
(ii)Explain the observation in (i) above. (2 mks)

A boy stands some distance from a high wall and claps his hands. He claps again each time he hears an echo.
(i)What two measurements would need to be made in order to determine the speed of sound?
(2mks)
(ii)Explain how the above measurements can be used to determine the speed of sound in air.(1mks)
(iii)The boy’s friend notes that it takes 10 s to make 11 claps. Determine how far the boy is from the wall, given
that the speed of sound in air is 330 m/s. (3mks)

Figure 5 below shows a ferromagnetic material PQ being magnetized.

Path of magnet Permanen

t magnet
S

N
P Q (1 mark)

(I)State the method of magnetization being used.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
(II)State the pole acquired at P. (1 mark)
-