CPU SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS

1. FIRST COME FIRST SERVE

AIM: To write a c program to simulate the CPU scheduling algorithm First Come First
Serve (FCFS)

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the process

Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process name and the burst time
Step 4: Set the waiting of the first process as ‗0‘and its burst time as its turnaround time
Step 5: for each process in the Ready Q calculate
a). Waiting time (n) = waiting time (n-1) + Burst time (n-1)
b). Turnaround time (n)= waiting time(n)+Burst time(n)
Step 6: Calculate
a) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
b) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 7: Stop the process

Page 1
SOURCE CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int bt[20], wt[20], tat[20], i, n;
float wtavg, tatavg;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of processes -- ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter Burst Time for Process %d -- ", i);
scanf("%d", &bt[i]);
}
wt[0] = wtavg = 0;
tat[0] = tatavg = bt[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i] = wt[i-1] +bt[i-1];
tat[i] = tat[i-1] +bt[i];
wtavg = wtavg + wt[i];
tatavg = tatavg + tat[i];
}
printf("\t PROCESS \tBURST TIME \t WAITING TIME\t TURNAROUND TIME\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n\t P%d \t\t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d", i, bt[i], wt[i], tat[i]);
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time -- %f", wtavg/n);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time -- %f", tatavg/n);
getch();
}

Page 2
INPUT
Enter the number of processes -- 3
Enter Burst Time for Process 0 -- 24
Enter Burst Time for Process 1 -- 3
Enter Burst Time for Process 2 -- 3

OUTPUT
PROCESS BURST TIME WAITING TIME TURNAROUND
TIME
P0 24 0 24
P1 3 24 27
P2 3 27 30
Average Waiting Time-- 17.000000
Average Turnaround Time -- 27.000000

Page 3
 2. SHORTEST JOB FIRST

AIM: To write a program to stimulate the CPU scheduling algorithm Shortest job first
(Non- Preemption)

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the process

Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU
burst time
Step 4: Start the Ready Q according the shortest Burst time by sorting according to
lowest to highest burst time.
Step 5: Set the waiting time of the first process as ‗0‘ and its turnaround time as its burst
time.
Step 6: Sort the processes names based on their Burt time
Step 7: For each process in the ready queue, calculate
a) Waiting time(n)= waiting time (n-1) + Burst time (n-1)
b) Turnaround time (n)= waiting time(n)+Burst time(n)
Step 8: Calculate
c) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
d) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number
of processStep 9: Stop the process

Page 4
SOURCE CODE :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int p[20], bt[20], wt[20], tat[20], i, k, n, temp; float wtavg,
tatavg;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of processes -- ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
p[i]=i;
printf("Enter Burst Time for Process %d -- ", i);
scanf("%d", &bt[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(k=i+1;k<n;k++)
if(bt[i]>bt[k])
{
temp=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[k];
bt[k]=temp;
temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[k];
p[k]=temp;
}
wt[0] = wtavg = 0;
tat[0] = tatavg = bt[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i] = wt[i-1] +bt[i-1];
tat[i] = tat[i-1] +bt[i];
wtavg = wtavg + wt[i];
tatavg = tatavg + tat[i];
}
printf("\n\t PROCESS \tBURST TIME \t WAITING TIME\t TURNAROUND TIME\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n\t P%d \t\t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d", p[i], bt[i], wt[i], tat[i]);
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time -- %f", wtavg/n);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time -- %f", tatavg/n);
getch();
}

Page 5
INPUT
Enter the number of processes -- 4
Enter Burst Time for Process 0 -- 6
Enter Burst Time for Process 1 -- 8
Enter Burst Time for Process 2 -- 7
Enter Burst Time for Process 3 -- 3
OUTPUT
PROCESS BURST WAITING TURN ARO
TIME TIME UND TIME
P3 3 0 3
P0 6 3 9
P2 7 9 16
P1 8 16 24
Average Waiting Time -- 7.000000
Average Turnaround Time -- 13.000000

Page 6
 3. ROUND ROBIN

AIM: To simulate the CPU scheduling algorithm round-robin.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the process
Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue and time quantum (or) time
slice
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU burst
time
Step 4: Calculate the no. of time slices for each process where No. of time
slice for process (n) = burst time process (n)/time slice
Step 5: If the burst time is less than the time slice then the no. of time slices =1.
Step 6: Consider the ready queue is a circular Q, calculate
a) Waiting time for process (n) = waiting time of process(n-1)+ burst time ofprocess(n-1 )
+ the time difference in getting the CPU fromprocess(n-1)
b) Turnaround time for process(n) = waiting time of process(n) + burst time of
process(n)+ the time difference in getting CPU from process(n).
Step 7: Calculate
c) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
d) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step8: Stop the process

Page 7
SOURCE CODE
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,n,bu[10],wa[10],tat[10],t,ct[10],max;
float awt=0,att=0,temp=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no of processes -- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter Burst Time for process %d -- ", i+1);
scanf("%d",&bu[i]);
ct[i]=bu[i];
}
printf("\nEnter the size of time slice -- ");
scanf("%d",&t);
max=bu[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
if(max<bu[i])
max=bu[i];
for(j=0;j<(max/t)+1;j++)
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(bu[i]!=0)
if(bu[i]<=t)
{
tat[i]=temp+bu[i];
temp=temp+bu[i];
bu[i]=0;
}
else
{
bu[i]=bu[i]-t;
temp=temp+t;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
wa[i]=tat[i]-
ct[i]; att+=tat[i];
awt+=wa[i];
}
printf("\nThe Average Turnaround time is -- %f",att/n);
printf("\nThe Average Waiting time is -- %f ",awt/n);
printf("\n\tPROCESS\t BURST TIME \t WAITING TIME\tTURNAROUND TIME\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\t%d \t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d \n",i+1,ct[i],wa[i],tat[i]);
Page 8
getch();
}

INPUT:

Enter the no of processes – 3

Enter Burst Time for process 1 – 24
Enter Burst Time for process 2 -- 3
Enter Burst Time for process 3 – 3
Enter the size of time slice – 3

OUTPUT:
PROCESS BURST TIME WAITING TIME TURN AROUNDTIME
1 24 6 30
2 3 4 7
3 3 7 10
The Average Turnaround time is – 15.666667
TheAverage Waiting time is --------5.666667

Page 9
 4. PRIORITY

AIM: To write a c program to simulate the CPU scheduling priority algorithm.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the process

Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU burst
time
Step 4: Sort the ready queue according to the priority number.
Step 5: Set the waiting of the first process as ‗0‘ and its burst time as its turnaround time
Step 6: Arrange the processes based on process priority
Step 7: For each process in the Ready Q calculate
Step 8:for each process in the Ready Q calculate
a) Waiting time(n)= waiting time (n-1) + Burst time (n-1)
b) Turnaround time (n)= waiting time(n)+Burst time(n)
Step 9: Calculate
c) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
d) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process Print the
results in an order.
Step10: Stop

Page 10
SOURCE CODE:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int p[20],bt[20],pri[20], wt[20],tat[20],i, k, n, temp; float wtavg,tatavg;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of processes --- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
p[i] = i;
printf("Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process %d --- ",i);
scanf("%d%d",&bt[i], &pri[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(k=i+1;k<n;k++)
if(pri[i] > pri[k])
{
temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[k];
p[k]=temp;
temp=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[k];
bt[k]=temp;
temp=pri[i];
pri[i]=pri[k];
pri[k]=temp;
}
wtavg = wt[0] = 0;
tatavg = tat[0] = bt[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i] = wt[i-1] + bt[i-1];
tat[i] = tat[i-1] + bt[i];
wtavg = wtavg + wt[i];
tatavg = tatavg + tat[i];
}
printf("\nPROCESS\t\tPRIORITY\tBURST TIME\tWAITING TIME\tTURNAROUND
TIME");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n%d \t\t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d ",p[i],pri[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time is --- %f",wtavg/n); printf("\nAverage
Turnaround Time is --- %f",tatavg/n);
getch();
}

Page 11
INPUT
Enter the number of processes -- 5
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 0 --- 10 3
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 1 --- 1 1
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 2 --- 2 4
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 3 --- 1 5
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 4 --- 5 2
OUTPUT
PROCESS PRIORITY BURST TIME WAITING TIME TURN AROUND
TIME
1 1 1 0 1
4 2 5 1 6
0 3 10 6 16
2 4 2 16 18
3 5 1 18 19
Average Waiting Time is --- 8.200000
Average Turnaround Time is ---------------- 12.000000

Page 12
 5. Producer-Consumer problem

AIM: To Write a C program to simulate producer-consumer problem using semaphores.

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.>
void main()
{
int buffer[10], bufsize, in, out, produce, consume,
choice=0; in = 0;
out = 0;
bufsize = 10;
while(choice !=3)
{
printf(“\n1. Produce \t 2. Consume \t3. Exit”);
printf(“\nEnter your choice: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1: if((in+1)%bufsize==out)
printf(“\nBuffer is Full”);
else
{
printf(“\nEnter the value: “);
scanf(“%d”, &produce);
buffer[in] = produce;
in = (in+1)%bufsize;
}
break;;;
case 2: if(in == out)
printf(“\nBuffer is Empty”);
else
{
consume = buffer[out];
printf(“\nThe consumed value is %d”, consume);
out = (out+1)%bufsize;
}
break;

Page 13
OUTPUT
1. Produce
2. Consume
3.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Buffer is Empty

1. Produce
2. Consume
3. Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter the value: 100

1. Produce
2. Consume
3.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
The consumed value is 100

1. Produce
2. Consume
3. Exit
Enter your choice: 3

Page 14
 6. Dining-Philosophers problem

AIM: To Write a C program to simulate the concept of Dining-Philosophers problem.

PROGRAM
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int tph, philname[20], status[20], howhung, hu[20], cho;
main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf("\n\nDINING PHILOSOPHER PROBLEM");
printf("\nEnter the total no. of philosophers: ");
scanf("%d",&tph);
for(i=0;i<tph;i++)
{
philname[i]=(i+1); status[i]=1;
}
printf("How many are hungry : ");
scanf("%d", &howhung);
if(howhung==tph)
{
printf(“\n All are hungry..\nDead lock stage will occur”);
printf(\n”Exiting\n”);
else
{
for(i=0;i<howhung;i++)
{
printf(“Enterphilosopher%dposition:”,(i+1));
scanf(“%d”,&hu[i]);
status[hu[i]]=2;
}
do
{
printf("1.One can eat at a time\t2.Two can eat at a time
\t3.Exit\nEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d", &cho);
switch(cho)
{
case 1: one();
break;
case 2: two();
break;
case 3: exit(0);

Page 15
 default: printf("\nInvalid option..");
}
}while(1);
}
}

int one()
{
int pos=0, x, i;
printf("\nAllow one philosopher to eat at any time\n");
for(i=0;i<howhung; i++, pos++)
{
printf("\nP %d is granted to eat", philname[hu[pos]]);
for(x=pos;x<howhung;x++)
printf("\nP %d is waiting", philname[hu[x]]);

}
}

two()
{
int i, j, s=0, t, r, x;
printf("\n Allow two philosophers to eat at sametime\n");
for(i=0;i<howhung;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<howhung;j++)
{
if(abs(hu[i]-hu[j])>=1&& abs(hu[i]-hu[j])!=4)
{
printf("\n\ncombination %d \n", (s+1));
t=hu[i];
r=hu[j]; s++;
printf("\nP %d and P %d are granted to eat", philname[hu[i]], philname[hu[j]]);
for(x=0;x<howhung;x++)
{
if((hu[x]!=t)&&(hu[x]!=r))
printf("\nP %d is waiting", philname[hu[x]]);
}
}
}
}
}

Page 16
INPUT
DINING PHILOSOPHER PROBLEM
Enter the total no. of philosophers: 5
How many are hungry : 3
Enter philosopher 1 position: 2
Enter philosopher 2 position: 4
Enter philosopher 3 position: 5

OUTPUT
1. One can eat at a time
2. Two can eat at a time
3.Exit
Enter your choice: 1

Allow one philosopher to eat at any time

P 3 is granted to eat
P 3 is waiting
P 5 is waiting
P 0 is waiting
P 5 is granted to eat
P 5 is waiting
P 0 is waiting
P 0 is granted to eat
P 0 is waiting

Page 17
 MEMORY ALLOCATION TECHNIQUES
7. Worst-fit
AIM: To Write a C program to simulate the Worst-fit contiguous memory allocation techniques

Algorithm:
1. Start the process
2. Read number of blocks
3. Read number of files
4. Read the size of the block.
5. Read the size of the files
6. Check the all the blocks and fit the highest block hole.
7. Print the results.
8. Stop the process

PROGRAM

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int
frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,t
emp; static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - First Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];

Page 18
 if(temp>=0)
{
ff[i]=j;
break;
}
}
}
frag[i]=temp;
bf[ff[i]]=1;
}
}
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size :\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();

INPUT
Enter the number of blocks: 3
Enter the number of files: 2

Enter the size of the blocks:-

Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7

Enter the size of the files:-

File 1: 1
File 2: 4

OUTPUT
File No File Size Block No Block Size Fragment
1 1 1 5 4
2 4 3 7 3

Page 19
 8. Best-fit
AIM: To Write a C program to simulate the Best-fit contiguous memory allocation
techniques
Algorithm:
1. Start the process
2. Read number of blocks
3. Read number of files
4. Read the size of the block.
5. Read the size of the files
6. Check the all the blocks and fit the best block hole.
7. Print the results.
8. Stop the process

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,lowest=10000;
static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
if(lowest>temp)
{
ff[i]=j;
Page 20
 lowest=temp;
}
}
}
frag[i]=lowest; bf[ff[i]]=1; lowest=10000;
}
printf("\nFile No\tFile Size \tBlock No\tBlock
Size\tFragment");
for(i=1;i<=nf && ff[i]!=0;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}

Page 21
INPUT
Enter the number of blocks: 3
Enter the number of files: 2

Enter the size of the blocks:-

Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7

Enter the size of the files:-

File 1: 1
File 2: 4

OUTPUT
File No File Size Block No Block Size Fragment
1 1 2 2 1
2 4 1 5 1

Page 22
 9. First-fit
AIM: To Write a C program to simulate the Worst-fit contiguous memory allocation
techniques.

Algorithm:
1. Start the process
2. Read number of blocks
3. Read number of files
4. Read the size of the block.
5. Read the size of the files
6. Check the first blocks to fit the block hole.
7. Print the results.
Stop the process
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,highes t=0;
static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - Worst Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n"); for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
if(highest<temp)
{

Page 23
 }
}
frag[i]=highest;
bf[ff[i]]=1;
highest=0;
}
ff[i]=j;
highest=temp;
}
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size:\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement"); for(i=1;i<=nf; i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}

INPUT
Enter the number of blocks: 3
Enter the number of files: 2

Enter the size of the blocks:-

Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7

Enter the size of the files:-

File 1: 1
File 2: 4

OUTPUT
File No File Size Block No Block Size Fragment
1 1 3 7 6
2 4 1 5 1

Page 24
 PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS

10. FIRST IN FIRST OUT

AIM: To implement FIFO page replacement technique.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the process
2. Read number of pages n
3. Read number of pages no
4. Read page numbers into an array a[i]
5. Initialize avail[i]=0 .to check page hit
6. Replace the page with circular queue, while re-placing check page availability in the frame
Place avail[i]=1 if page is placed in the frame Count page faults
7. Print the results.
8. Stop the process.

Page 25
FIRST IN FIRST OUTSOURCE CODE :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fr[3];
void main()
{
void display();
int i,j,page[12]={2,3,2,1,5,2,4,5,3,2,5,2};
int flag1=0,flag2=0,pf=0,frsize=3,top=0;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
fr[i]=-1;
}
for(j=0;j<12;j++)
{
flag1=0;
flag2=0;
for(i=0;i<12;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==page[j])
{
flag1=1;
flag2=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag1==0)
{
for(i=0;i<frsize;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==-1)
{
fr[i]=page[j];
flag2=1;
break;
}
}
}
if(flag2==0)
{
fr[top]=page[j];
top++;
pf++;
if(top>=frsize)
Page 26
 top=0;
}
display();
}
printf("Number of page faults : %d ",pf+frsize);
getch();
}
void display()
{
int i;
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
printf("%d\t",fr[i]);
}

Page 27
OUTPUT:

2 -1 -1
2 3 -1
2 3 -1
2 3 1
5 3 1
5 2 1
5 2 4
5 2 4
3 2 4
3 2 4
3 5 4
3 5 2

Number of page faults: 9

Page 28
 11. LEAST RECENTLY USED

AIM: To implement LRU page replacement technique.

ALGORITHM:

1. Start the process

2. Declare the size
3. Get the number of pages to be inserted
4. Get the value
5. Declare counter and stack
6. Select the least recently used page by counter value
7. Stack them according the selection.
8. Display the values
9. Stop the process

Page 29
SOURCE CODE :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fr[3];
void main()
{
void display();
int p[12]={2,3,2,1,5,2,4,5,3,2,5,2},i,j,fs[3];
int index,k,l,flag1=0,flag2=0,pf=0,frsize=3;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
fr[i]=-1;
}
for(j=0;j<12;j++)
{
flag1=0,flag2=0;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==p[j])
{
flag1=1;
flag2=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag1==0)
{
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==-1)
{
fr[i]=p[j];
flag2=1;
break;
}
}
}
if(flag2==0)
{
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
fs[i]=0;
for(k=j-1,l=1;l<=frsize-1;l++,k--)
{
for(i=0;i<3;i++)

Page 30
 {
if(fr[i]==p[k])
fs[i]=1;
}
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
if(fs[i]==0)
index=i;
}
fr[index]=p[j];
pf++;
}
display();
}
printf("\n no of page faults :%d",pf+frsize);
getch();
}
void display()
{
int i; printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
printf("\t%d",fr[i]);
}

Page 31
OUTPUT:

2 -1 -1
2 3 -1
2 3 -1
2 3 1
2 5 1
2 5 1
2 5 4
2 5 4
3 5 4
3 5 2
3 5 2
3 5 2

No of page faults: 7

Page 32
 12. OPTIMAL PAGE REPLACEMENT

AIM: To implement optimal page replacement technique.

ALGORTHIM:

1. Start Program
2. Read Number Of Pages And Frames
3. 3.Read Each Page Value
4. Search For Page In The Frames
5. If Not Available Allocate Free Frame
6. If No Frames Is Free Repalce The Page With The Page That Is Leastly Used
7.Print Page Number Of Page Faults
8.Stop process.

Page 33
SOURCE CODE:

/* Program to simulate optimal page replacement */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fr[3], n, m;
void
display();
void main()
{
int i,j,page[20],fs[10];
int
max,found=0,lg[3],index,k,l,flag1=0,flag2=0,pf=0;
float pr;
clrscr();
printf("Enter length of the reference string: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the reference string: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&page[i]);
printf("Enter no of frames: ");
scanf("%d",&m);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
fr[i]=-1;
pf=m;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
flag1=0;
flag2=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==page[j])
{
flag1=1;
flag2=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag1==0)
{
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==-1)
{
fr[i]=page[j];
flag2=1;break;

Page 34
 }
}
}
if(flag2==0)
{
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
lg[i]=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(k=j+1;k<=n;k++)
{
if(fr[i]==page[k])
{
lg[i]=k-j;
break;
}
}
}
found=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
if(lg[i]==0)
{
index=i;
found = 1;
break;
}
}
if(found==0)
{
max=lg[0]; index=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
if(max<lg[i])
{
max=lg[i];
index=i;
}
}
}
fr[index]=page[j];
pf++;
}
display();
}
printf("Number of page faults : %d\n", pf);

Page 35
pr=(float)pf/n*100;
printf("Page fault rate = %f \n", pr); getch();
}
void display()
{
int i; for(i=0;i<m;i++)
printf("%d\t",fr[i]);
printf("\n");
}

Page 36
 OUTPUT:
Enter length of the reference string: 12
Enter the reference string: 1 2 3 4 1 2 5 1 2 3 4 5
Enter no of frames: 3
1 -1 -1
1 2 -1
123
124
124
124
125
125
125
325
425
425
Number of page faults : 7 Page fault rate = 58.333332

Page 37
 13. DEAD LOCK AVOIDANCE

AIM: To Simulate bankers algorithm for Dead Lock Avoidance (Banker‘s Algorithm)

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the values of resources and processes.
3. Get the avail value.
4. After allocation find the need value.
5. Check whether its possible to allocate.
6. If it is possible then the system is in safe state.
7. Else system is not in safety state.
8. If the new request comes then check that the system is in safety.
9. or not if we allow the request.
10. stop the program.
11. end

Page 38
SOURCE CODE :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int alloc[10][10],max[10][10];
int avail[10],work[10],total[10];
int i,j,k,n,need[10][10];
int m;
int count=0,c=0;
char finish[10];
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of processes and resources:");
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
finish[i]='n';
printf("Enter the claim matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
scanf("%d",&max[i][j]);
printf("Enter the allocation matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
scanf("%d",&alloc[i][j]);
printf("Resource vector:");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
scanf("%d",&total[i]);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
avail[i]=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
avail[j]+=alloc[i][j];
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
work[i]=avail[i];
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
work[j]=total[j]-work[j];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-alloc[i][j];
A:
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
c=0;
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
if((need[i][j]<=work[j])&&(finish[i]=='n'))
Page 39
c++;
if(c==m)
{
printf("All the resources can be allocated to Process %d", i+1);
printf("\n\nAvailable resources are:");
for(k=0;k<m;k++)
{
work[k]+=alloc[i][k];
printf("%4d",work[k]);
}
printf("\n");
finish[i]='y';
printf("\nProcess %d executed?:%c \n",i+1,finish[i]);
count++;
}
}
if(count!=n)
goto A;
else
printf("\n System is in safe mode");
printf("\n The given state is safe state");
getch();
}

Page 40
OUTPUT

Enter the no. of

processes and resources:
4 3Enter the claim
matrix:
322
613
314
422
Enter the allocation matrix:
100
612
211
002
Resource vector:9 3 6
All the resources can be allocated to Process 2
Available resources are: 6 2 3
Process 2 executed?:y
All the resources can be allocated to Process 3
Available resourcesare: 8 3 4
Process 3 executed?:y
All the resources can be allocated to Process 4
Available resourcesare: 8 3 6
Process 4 executed?:y
All the resources can be allocated to Process 1
Available resources are: 9 3 6
Process 1 executed?:y
System is in safe mode
The given state is safe state
14. DEAD LOCK PREVENTION

AIM: To implement deadlock prevention technique

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the values of resources and processes.
3. Get the avail value.
4. After allocation find the need value.
5. Check whether its possible to allocate.
6. If it is possible then the system is in safe state.
7. Else system is not in safety state
8. Stop the process.
 SOURCE CODE :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char job[10][10];
int time[10],avail,tem[10],temp[10];
int safe[10];
int ind=1,i,j,q,n,t;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no of jobs: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter name and time: ");
scanf("%s%d",&job[i],&time[i]);
}
printf("Enter the available resources:");
scanf("%d",&avail);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
temp[i]=time[i];
tem[i]=i;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(temp[i]>temp[j])
{
t=temp[i];
temp[i]=temp[j];
temp[j]=t; t=tem[i];
tem[i]=tem[j];
tem[j]=t;
}
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
 q=tem[i];
if(time[q]<=avail)
{
safe[ind]=tem[i];
avail=avail-tem[q];
printf("%s",job[safe[ind]]);
ind++;
}
else
{
printf("No safe sequence\n");
}
}
printf("Safe sequence is:");for(i=1;i<ind; i++)
printf("%s %d\n",job[safe[i]],time[safe[i]]);getch();
}
OUTPUT:

Enter no of jobs:4
Enter name and time: A 1
Enter name and time: B 4
Enter name and time: C 2
Enter name and time: D 3
Enter the available resources: 20
Safe sequence is: A 1, C 2, D 3, B 4.