課程片段︰

https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzDe9mOi1K8ptJB8WVTLLcbAfUw6kkMi7

筆記內容︰
Binomial Theorem 二項式定理︰ p.2 ~ 9

Differentiation 微分︰ p.10 ~ 39

Tangent 切線︰ p.40 ~ 42

Rate of change 改變率︰ p.43 ~ 46

Maximum, minimum, greatest, least

極大、極小、最大、最小︰ p.47 ~ 49

Integration 積分︰ p.50 ~ 64

Area 面積︰ p.65 ~ 67

Trapezoidal Rule 梯形法則︰ p.68 ~ 69

Curve  Straight line 曲線  直線︰ p.70 ~ 72

Bayes’ Theorem 貝葉斯定理︰ p.73 ~ 76

Normal Distribution 正態分佈︰ p.77 ~ 84

Binomial Distribution 二項分佈︰ p.85 ~ 87

Poisson Distribution 泊松分佈︰ p.88 ~ 89

E(X), Var (X) E(X), Var (X)︰ p.90 ~ 92

Central limit theorem 中心極限定理 p.93 ~ 94

Confidence interval 置信區間 p.95 ~ 96

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 Content

Binomial Theorem 二項式定理

A. Factorial 階乘

B. Exponential Series 指數數列

C. nCr nCr

D. Binomial Theorem 二項式定理

E. Question Demo 題目示範

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 A. Factorial 階乘

n !  n  n  1  n  2  ...  1 where n is non-negative integer

其中 n 為非負整數

B. Exponential Series 指數數列

x x2 x3 x 4
ex  1      ...
1! 2! 3! 4 !
f x  f x  f x   f x   ...
2 3 4
e f x   1   
1! 2! 3! 4!
ax ax 2 ax 3 ax 4
e ax  1      ...
1! 2! 3! 4!

Calculator Program 計數機程式

?X:1 X X2  2 X3  6 X^(4)  24

Review 重溫

1
 a p 
ap
 a p  a q  a p q
ap
  a p q
a q

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 C. nCr nCr

n!
Crn 
r ! n  r  !

Properties of Crn / Crn 的特徵:

 n, r  non-negative integer 非負整數
 nr
 C 0n  Cnn  1
 C1n  n
 Crn  Cnnr

秘技:
上下㇐齊數、件數睇 r 盧

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D. Binomial Theorem 二項式定理

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 D. Binomial Theorem 二項式定理

 Pascal’s Triangle 楊輝三角

(a  b) 0 = 1 ..….…………………………………………………... 1

(a  b)1 = (1)a  (1)b …………………………………………… 1 1

(a  b)2 = (1)a 2  (2)ab  (1)b 2 ………………………………. 1 2 1

(a  b)3 = (1)a 3  (3)a 2 b  (3)ab 2  (1)b 3 …………………. 1 3 3 1

( a  b) 4 = (1)a 4  (4)a 3 b  (6)a 2 b 2  (4)ab 3  (1)b 4 …….. 1 4 6 4 1

……

 Expand by Binomial Theorem 用二項式定理展開

C 00  ……...….……………………………………………. C 00

C 01  C11  …………………………………………. C 01 C11

C 02  C12  C 22  …………………………….. C 02 C12 C 22

C 03  C13  C 23  C 33  ……………….. C 03 C13 C 23 C 33

C 04  C14  C 24  C 34  C 44  … C 04 C14 C 24 C 34 C 44
……
Binomial Theorem 二項式定理:

(a  b)n  C0na n  C1na n 1b  C2na n  2b 2    Crna n  rbr    Cnn1ab n1  Cnnbn

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 D. Binomial Theorem 二項式定理

 Calculator Programme 計算機程式

ClrMemory : ?  A : ?  B : ?  C : Lbl 1 :
CCX x A^(C – X) x B^(X X + 1  X : C  X : Goto 1 : 0

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 E. Various Examination Format 不同考試類型

1
x
Expand 1  2x   e
6 3 in ascending powers of x up to and including the
term containing x 3
term.
1
x
按 x 的升冪次序，展開 1  2x   e 6 3 至 x 3 項。

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 E. Various Examination Format 不同考試類型

Expand
1  3x 5
in ascending powers of x up to and including the term
e 2x
containing x 3 term.

按 x 的升冪次序，展開
1  3x 5 至 x 3 項。
e 2x

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 Content

Differentiation 微分

A. Concept of Limit 極限的概念

B. Concept of Slope 斜率的概念

C. Concept of Differentiation 微分的概念

D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

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 A. Concept of Limit 極限的概念

x2  x  6
Draw the graph of 描繪圖像 y  .
x 2

x 0 1 2 3
y 3 4 Undef 6

x 1.9999 2 2.0001
y 4.9999 5.0001

x2  x  6
 lim 
x 2 x 2

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 A. Concept of Limit 極限的概念

Rules of Limit 極限的法則:

f x  , g x  are functions 函數. c is a constant 常數.

Assume 假設 lim f x   F , lim g x   G

x a x a

(1) lim c  c
x a

(2) lim cf x   c lim f x   cF

x a x a

(3) lim f x   g x   lim f x   lim g x   F  G

x a x a x a

 
(4) lim f x g x   lim f x  lim g x   F  G
x a x a x a

f x  lim f x  F
(5) lim  x a  if G  0
x  a g x  lim g x  G
x a

 
(6) lim f g x   f lim g x   f G 
x a x a

Remarks 備註︰

After a very long time 經過㇐段⾧時間 : t  

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 A. Concept of Limit 極限的概念

Find the following limits. 求以下的極限。

x3
 lim
x  1  x
6

x3
 lim
x  1  x
6

 2 
 lim  2  7
x  3x  24x  49 

 
1.5 
 lim 4  t 
t 
 2 8  0.5 

32
 lim
t  2 8
5  4t

t
 1 
   
 1 t  2t  1  3  1 
2
 lim ln 2  5
t  2 2 t  2t  1 ln 3 ln 3 
 
 

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 A. Concept of Limit 極限的概念

Find the following limits. 求以下的極限。

[Hint : You may use the fact that
t
lim mt  0 for any positive constant m.]
t  e

t
[提示︰可利用以下事實 – 對任何正常數 m， lim mt  0 。]
t  e

t t
 
 lim 9630  480te  9600e  
 20 20
t 
 

 25
 lim
t   2
  
ln 1  4te 0.04t  10  


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 B. Concept of Slope 斜率的概念

y
y2  y1 B (x2, y2)
Slope 斜率  m 
x 2  x1
A (x1, y1)

 x

(0, 3)
(1, 2)

(2, 1)
x
(3, 0)
(2, –1)
(1, –2)

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 C. Concept of Differentiation 微分概念

(a) Find the slopes of the chords joining the points on the curve y  x 2
for which
求在曲線 y  x 2 上由以下兩點所組成的弦的斜率
(i) x  3 and x  3.1 ,
(ii) x  3 and x  3.01 .
(b) (i) Expand 展開 3  h  .
2

(ii) Simplify 簡化
3  h 2  32 .
h
(iii) By (b)(ii), find the slope of y  x 2 at x  3 .
根據 (b)(ii)，求於 x  3 時， y  x 2 的斜率。
(c) Find the slope of the curve y  x 2 .
求曲線 y  x 2 的斜率。

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 C. Concept of Differentiation 微分概念

Let A(1, 12) and B(1.1, 1.12)

y 1.12  12
  2.1
x 1.1  1

Let A(1, 12) and B(1.01, 1.012)

B y 1.012  12
  2.01
x 1.01  1

∆y Let A(1, 12) and B(1.001, 1.0012)

y  x2 A y 1.0012  12
∆x x

1.001  1
 2.001

y
Slope 斜率 of AB 
x
y
Slope of tangent at A 在 A 點的切線的斜率  lim
x 0 x

e.g. Find slope 求斜率: y  3  4x .

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 C. Concept of Differentiation 微分概念

Demo 1 (Out-of-M1-Syllabus)
Find the slope of y  3 . 求 y  3 的斜率。
d d
Find 3 . 求 3 。
dx dx
dy dy
If y  3 , find . 若 y  3 ，求 。
dx dx

Solution:
dy d 33 0
 3  lim  lim  0
dx dx h  0 h h  0 h

Demo 2 (Out-of-M1-Syllabus)
Find the slope of y  4x . 求 y  4x 的斜率。
d d
Find 4x  . 求 4x  。
dx dx
dy dy
If y  4x , find . 若 y  4x ，求 。
dx dx

Solution:
dy d 4x  h   4x 4h
 4x   lim  lim  lim 4  4
dx dx h  0 h h  0 h h 0

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 C. Concept of Differentiation 微分概念

Demo 3 (Out-of-M1-Syllabus)
Find the slope of y  x 3 . 求 y  x 3 的斜率。
d d
Find
dx
x 3  . 求
dx
x 3  。
dy dy
If y  x 3 , find . 若 y  x 3 ，求 。
dx dx

Solution:
dy

d
x   lim
3 x  h  x 3
3

dx dx h 0 h
x  3x h  3xh  h 3  x 3
3 2 2
 lim
h0 h
3x h  3xh  h 3
2 2
 lim
h0 h
 lim3x  3xh  h 2 
2
h0

 3x 2

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 C. Concept of Differentiation 微分概念

Demo 4 (Out-of-M1-Syllabus)
Find the slope of y  e x . 求 y  e x 的斜率。
d d
Find e x . 求 e x 。
dx dx
dy dy
If y  e x , find . 若 y  e x ，求 。
dx dx

Solution:
dy

d x
 
e  lim
e x h   e x
 lim

e x eh  1 
dx dx h 0 h h 0 h
 h h 2
h 3

e x  1     ...  1 
1! 2! 3!
 lim  
h0 h
h h 2
h3 
e x     ... 
1! 2! 3!
 lim  
h0 h
x1 h h2 
 lim e   
  ... 
h0
 1! 2! 3! 
 ex

符號介紹：
dy d 2y
 y, ,
dx dx 2
 y, y, y 
 f x  , f x  , f x 
dy dy
 ,
dx x 3 dx 3,6 
 f 3 , f 7 

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

Rule 1
d d du d
 c   0  cu   c  x n   nx n1
dx dx dx dx
d x d 1
 e  ex  ln x 
dx dx x
d x d 1
 a  a x ln a  loga x 
dx dx x ln a

Rule 2
d du dv
 u  v   
dx dx dx
d dv du
 uv   u v (Product rule 積法則)
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
d u   dx dx (Quotient rule 商法則)
  
dx v  v 2

ln x
log a x 
ln a
d 1 1
log a x  
dx ln a x
let y  a x
ln y  x ln a
1 dy
 ln a
y dx
dy
 y ln a  a x ln a
dx

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

Rule 3 (Chain Rule 鏈式法則)

dy dy du
 
dx du dx

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

dy
Find 求
dx

(a) y  x 3  7

1
(b) y  x x  23

1
(c) y  x 2x  12

(d) y  x 2x 2  1

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

dy
Find 求
dx
3
(a) y  2x  82  3x 2

x
(b) y 
x 2

(c) y  x  2 3x  6  8x

9  4x 2
(d) y 
6  2x 2

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

6x
(a) If 若 f x   , find 求 f x  .
x 3
2 dr
(b) If 若 r 3 , find 求 .
2t dt
4 dV
(c) If 若 V  πr 3 , find 求 .
3 dr
dV
(d) If 若 V  243πr  πr 3 , find 求 .
dr
5π 2 dA
(e) If 若 A r , find 求 .
3 dr

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

(a) If 若 y  x 2 h  x where 其中 h  constant 常數.

dy
Find 求 .
dx
2.1 dp
(b) If 若 p  8  , find 求 .
t4 dt
3k
(c) If 若 x  4  λt where 其中 k, λ  constant 常數.
2 k
dx
Find 求 .
dt

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

d
(a) If 若 g u   e u u 2  2u  2 , find 求 g u  .
du
dx
(b) If 若 x  2u , find 求 .
du
(c) If 若 y  1  ax 
4
 3e2x where 其中 a  constant 常數.
dy
Find 求 .
dx

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

340 dy
(a) If 若 y  , find 求 .
2  e t  2e 2t dt

(b) Let h be a constant 設 h 為㇐常數

dy
y  x 2 h  x , find 求 .
dx
5
(c) If 若 g x   x   ln x 4 , find 求 g x  .
x

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

ex dy
(a) If 若 y  3 , find 求 .
x x 2 dx

(b) Let a be a constant 設 a 為㇐常數

f x   ax 8  152x 5  4320x 2 , find 求 f x  .

du
(c) If 若 u  e 62t , find 求 .
dt

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

(a) If 若 N  Ae u , where A is a constant 其中 A 為常數,

dN
find 求 .
du
dy
(b) If 若 y  1  7 x 4  3e 2x , find 求 .
dx
3k dx
(c) If 若 x  4  , where 其中 k, λ =constant 常數, find 求 .
2 k
λt
dt

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

(a) If 若 f x  
ln x 
2

, find 求 f x  .
x
dV d 2V
(b) If 若  t  1 3  t  1 , find 求 .
dt dt 2
t t
   
(c) If 若 R t  4 4  e   9 2  e  , find 求 R t  .
   5   10

   

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

x3
(a) If 若 g x   , find 求 g x  and 及 g x  .
1  x6
40 dN d 2N
(b) If 若 N  , find 求 and 及 .
3 1  0. 2t  1 dt dt 2
5
(c) If 若 g x   x   4 ln x , find 求 g x  and 及 g x  .
x

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

2 1
(a) If 若 f x   x x  23 , find 求 f x  and 及 f x  .
3

2
33 15 t
(b) If 若 g t   te , find 求 g t  and 及 g t  .
10
15 lnt 2  100
(c) If 若 y t   , find 求 y t  and 及 y t  .
16

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

1 2t
(a) If 若 f t   e , find 求 f t  and 及 f t  .
t

(b) If 若 f t   lne t  t  , find 求 f t  and 及 f t  .

e 0.1x
(c) If 若 f x   , find 求 f x  and 及 f x  .
x

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

 
(a) If 若 f x   ln x 2  16  ln3x  20 , find 求 f x  and 及 f x  .

ln x
(b) If 若 f x   , find 求 f x  and 及 f x  .
x2
x
(c) If 若 f x   , find 求 f x  and 及 f x  .
2x

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

(a) If 若 f x   e x ln x , find 求 f x  and 及 f x  .

 
(b) If 若 At   ln t 2  8t  95 , find 求 At  and 及 At  .

 
(c) If 若 At   5 ln t 2  8t  20 , find 求 At  and 及 At  .

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

601  10t 
(a) If 若 At   , find 求 At  and 及 At  .
e 2t

(b) If 若 pt   2t ln t 2  4  , find 求 p t  and 及 p t  .

200 dS d 2S
(c) If 若 S  , find 求 and 及 .
1
t dt dt 2
1  42 2

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

27 dN d 2N
(a) If 若 N  , find 求 and 及 .
2  0.03te 0.1t dt dt 2
40 dN d 2N
(b) If 若 N  10.2t , find 求 and 及 .
3 1 dt dt 2

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 D. Rule of Differentiation 微分法則

64 dV d 2V
(a) If 若 V  , find 求 and 及 .
1
t dt dt 2
e 2 4

32 dP d 2P
(b) If 若 P  54t , find 求 and 及 .
2 8 dt dt 2

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 Content

Tangent 切線

A. Properties of Tangent 切線的特性

B. Type 1 : Given Internal Point 已知內點

C. Type 2 : Given Slope 已知斜率

D. Type 3 : Given External Point 已知外點

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 A. Properties of Tangent 切線的特性

Tangent Properties 切線特徵:

 Each point on the curve has one tangent only.

每㇐點在曲線上只有㇐條切線。

 A line can only touch the curve at one point.

㇐直線只能相切於曲線上的㇐點。

  0

B. Type 1: Given Internal Point 已知內點

Given Point Presentation 已知點演繹:

 (3, 4)
 (a, a)
 when x = 3 / when y = 3
 x-coordinate = 3 / y-coordinate = 2
 cut y-axis / cut x-axis

 Point – Given
 Slope – f '  x1 
Use point-slope form to find the tangent

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 C. Type 2: Given Slope 已知斜率

Given that Slope of required tangent  α

已知所需切線的斜率  α

D. Type 3: Given External Point 已知外點

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 Content

Rate of change 改變率

A. Relation Chart 關係圖

B. Translate 翻譯

C. 3 Steps 三個步驟

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 A. Relation Chart 關係圖

1
dg u 
(a) g u   e u
u 2
 2u  2 , u  x .
3 Find 求 .
dx
2 4 dV
(b) r  3  , V  πr 3 . Find 求 .
2t 3 dt r 2.5
4 3 5π 2 dV dA
(c) V  πr , A  r ,  2π . Find 求 .
9 3 dt dt r 3
2.1 dC
(d) p  8  , C  2p . Find 求 .
t4 dt t 5

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 A. Relation Chart 關係圖

4 3 dV dr
(a) V  πr ,  100 . Find 求 .
3 dt dt r 10

(b) u  e , N  Ae , where A is a constant 其中 A 為常數

62t u

dN dN
Find in terms of u. 求以 u 表 。
dt dt
dy
(c) y  1  7 x 4  3e 2x , x  2 u . Find 求 .
du u  0

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 B. Translate 翻譯

 f(x) is increasing f(x) 遞增

 f(x) is decreasing f(x) 遞減

 Rate of change of A A 的變率

 Leaking at a constant rate of 100 cm3/s

以每秒 100 cm3 的恆速漏氣

C. 3 Steps 三個步驟

Translate question

Connect relationship

Find the answer

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 Content

Maximum, Minimum, Greatest, Least

極大、極小、最大、最小

A. Concept 概念

B. Vocabulary 生字

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 A. Concept 概念

a b

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 B. Vocabulary 生字

y  x2

Q1: Find the minimum value?

求極小值？

Q2: Find the minimum point?

求極小點？

Q3: y attain minimum when x  x 0 , find x 0 .

y 達致極小當 x  x 0 ，求 x 0 。

Find the maximum slope.

求極大斜率？

Rate of change of volume attain maximum when t  1 .

當 t  1 時，體積的改變率達致極大。

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 Content

Integration 積分

A. Concept of Integration 積分概念

B. Basic Integration Rule 基本積分技巧

C. Integration by substitution 代換積分法

D. Integration Training 積分訓練

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 A. Concept of Integration 積分概念

Integration ~ Reverse of Differentiation

d
dx
x 2  3x  9  2x  3
 2x  3 dx  x  3x  C
2

d
dx
x 2  3x  5   2x  3  where C is a constant

d 其中 C 為常數
dx
x 2  3x  k   2x  3

Indefinite Integral 不定積分 :  2x  3 dx  x  3x  C

2

Definite Integral 定積分 : 

b

a

2x  3 dx  x 2  3x   b
b
a
2
 3b   a 2  3a 

B. Basic Integration Rule 基本積分技巧

x n 1
 x dx  C
n

n 1
x 0 1
 1 dx   x dx  C  x C
0

0 1
  f x   g x dx   f x dx   g x dx
  kf x dx  k  f x dx
 e dx  e  C
x x

ax
 a dx  ln a  C
x

1
  x dx  ln x  C

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C. Integration by substitution 代換積分法

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

 x  7   12x  9 dx
3


e dx
2x


e  6e 0.5t  8dt
t

3
 1
   2x  x  dx

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

t
  1  t dt
501  10t 
  1  2t
dt
6x
  x  3dx

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

t
  4t  1
dt

t 8
  t  3dt
61t
  5
dt
t  12

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

t 9  t2
  3 dt
t 2
  t 2  4t  11dt
t 2  3t  9
  t 2  4t  11dt
12x  48
  3x 2
 24x  49
2
dx

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

ln x
  x
dx

ln x 2 dx
  x
1 e
  x ln x dx
ln x 2  3ln x  2 dx
  x

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

1
 x 2  3 x dx
23 x
  1  23x dx
  t  1 3  t  1 dt

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

230  t   10
  t  35
2
 25
dt

t t
   4e 5  9e 10  2dt

3  10  3x  9dx
2x


32t 2
  1  32t dt

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

d
 By considering 考慮 x ln x  , find 求  ln xdx .
dx
d
 By considering 考慮 ve v , find 求  ve v dv .
dv
d
 By considering 考慮 xemx  , find 求  xe mx dx .
dx

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

d
 By considering 考慮 x  7 x  , find 求  x  7 x dx .
dx
d
 By considering 考慮 xe x ln x  , find 求  x  1e x ln x  1 dx .
dx x

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

d
 By considering 考慮 x 6  1lnx 2  1 , find 求  x 5 lnx 2  1dx .
dx
1 1
d  20 t  t
 By considering 考慮  te  , find 求  te dt . 20

dt  


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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

dN 225  t 
 0.04 t ,
dt e  4t
dv
By considering v  1  4te 0.04t and , find N in terms of t.
dt
dv
考慮 v  1  4te 0.04t 及 ，求以 t 表 N。
dt

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 D. Integration Training 積分訓練

t 2  2t  1 du
By considering u  and .
t  2t  1
2
dt
t2  1
Find  
t 2  2t  1 t 2  2t  1
dt .

t 2  2t  1 du
考慮 u  及 。
t  2t  1
2
dt
t2  1
求   
t 2  2t  1 t 2  2t  1
dt 。

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 Content

Area 面積

A. Concept of Area 面積概念

B. Area Training 面積訓練

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 A. Concept of Area 面積概念

y  f x 

x
a b

b
Shaded Area 陰影面積   f x dx
a

a
  f x dx  0
a
 no area is included 沒有面積
b a
  f x dx    f x dx
a b
b b
  kf x dx  k  f x dx
a a
b b b
  f x   gx dx   f x dx   g x dx
a a a
 vertical add-up 垂直增加
b c b
  f x dx   f x dx   f x dx
a a c
 2 parts of area 兩部份的面積

Remarks 備註:
y

+ve
+ve
x
–ve –ve

If the curve is above the x-axis, the value is positive, or else is negative.
若曲線在 x 軸上，它的值為正數，否則為負數。

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 B. Area Training 面積訓練

5
3
x
4 1

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 Content

Trapezoidal Rule 梯形法則

A. Concept of Trapezoidal Rule 梯形法則的概念

B. Over-estimate, under-estimate 高估、低估

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 A. Concept of Trapezoidal Rule 梯形法則的概念

b a
f0  fn  2f1  f2  ...  fn 1 
b
 f x dx 
a 2n

B. Over-estimate, under-estimate 高估、低估

f x   0 for a  x  b  under-estimate 低估

f x   0 for a  x  b  over-estimate 高估

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 Content

Curve  Straight line

曲線直線

A. Demo 示範

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 A. Demo 示範

Demo 1:
Curve : y  ae bx  8 where a, b  integers
曲線 : y  ae bx  8 其中 a, b  整數

x 1 4 7
y 30 8951 3607821

Find a, b. 求 a、b。

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 A. Demo 示範

Demo 2:
400
Curve : y  where b, k  integers
ke bt  3
400
曲線 : y  bt 其中 b, k  整數
ke  3

t 0.2 0.4 0.6

y 19.8 5.4 1.6

Find b, k. 求 b、k。

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 Content

Bayes’ Theorem 貝葉斯定理

A. Concept of Bayes’ Theorem 貝葉斯定理概念

B. Formula of Bayes’ Theorem 貝葉斯公式

C. Reverse Tree Diagram 反樹形圖

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A. Concept of Bayes’ Theorem 貝葉斯定理概念

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 B. Formula of Bayes’ Theorem 貝葉斯公式

P A  B  P B  A
 P A B   
P B  P B 
P A  B 
P B A 
P A
 P A  B   P B   P A B   P A  P B A

 P A  P A  1

 P A  P A  B   P A  B 

 P A  B   P A  P B   P A  B 

 Independent 獨立
P A  B   P A  P B 
P A B   P A B   P A

 Mutually Exclusive 互斥
P A  B   0
P A  B   P A  P B 

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C. Reverse Tree Diagram 反樹形圖

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 Content

Normal Distribution 正態分佈

A. Properties of normal distribution 正態分佈特性

B. Normal Distribution Table 正態分佈表

C. Training 練習

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 A. Properties of Normal Distribution 正態分佈特性

 Symmetry 對稱

 Mean 平均 = Mode 眾數 = Median 中位數

 Tend to infinity and negative infinity 兩邊無限伸延

 x   , f x   0


  f x dx  1


 Bell-shape curve 鐘形曲線

 X ~ N μ, σ 2 

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 B. Normal Distribution Normal
TableDistribution
正態分佈表 正態分佈 02

2
1  x 
1   
f x   e 2  

2

z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .0000 .0040 .0080 .0120 .0160 .0199 .0239 .0279 .0319 .0359
0.1 .0398 .0438 .0478 .0517 .0557 .0596 .0636 .0675 .0714 .0753
0.2 .0793 .0832 .0871 .0910 .0948 .0987 .1026 .1064 .1103 .1141
0.3 .1179 .1217 .1255 .1293 .1331 .1368 .1406 .1443 .1480 .1517
0.4 .1554 .1591 .1628 .1664 .1700 .1736 .1772 .1808 .1844 .1879

0.5 .1915 .1950 .1985 .2019 .2054 .2088 .2123 .2157 .2190 .2224
0.6 .2257 .2291 .2324 .2357 .2389 .2422 .2454 .2486 .2517 .2549
0.7 .2580 .2611 .2642 .2673 .2704 .2734 .2764 .2794 .2823 .2852
0.8 .2881 .2910 .2939 .2967 .2995 .3023 .3051 .3078 .3106 .3133
0.9 .3159 .3186 .3212 .3238 .3264 .3289 .3315 .3340 .3365 .3389

1.0 .3413 .3438 .3461 .3485 .3508 .3531 .3554 .3577 .3599 .3621
1.1 .3643 .3665 .3686 .3708 .3729 .3749 .3770 .3790 .3810 .3830
1.2 .3849 .3869 .3888 .3907 .3925 .3944 .3962 .3980 .3997 .4015
1.3 .4032 .4049 .4066 .4082 .4099 .4115 .4131 .4147 .4162 .4177
1.4 .4192 .4207 .4222 .4236 .4251 .4265 .4279 .4292 .4306 .4319

1.5 .4332 .4345 .4357 .4370 .4382 .4394 .4406 .4418 .4429 .4441
1.6 .4452 .4463 .4474 .4484 .4495 .4505 .4515 .4525 .4535 .4545
1.7 .4554 .4564 .4573 .4582 .4591 .4599 .4608 .4616 .4625 .4633
1.8 .4641 .4649 .4656 .4664 .4671 .4678 .4686 .4693 .4699 .4706
1.9 .4713 .4719 .4726 .4732 .4738 .4744 .4750 .4756 .4761 .4767

2.0 .4772 .4778 .4783 .4788 .4793 .4798 .4803 .4808 .4812 .4817
2.1 .4821 .4826 .4830 .4834 .4838 .4842 .4846 .4850 .4854 .4857
2.2 .4861 .4864 .4868 .4871 .4875 .4878 .4881 .4884 .4887 .4890
2.3 .4893 .4896 .4898 .4901 .4904 .4906 .4909 .4911 .4913 .4916
2.4 .4918 .4920 .4922 .4925 .4927 .4929 .4931 .4932 .4934 .4936

2.5 .4938 .4940 .4941 .4943 .4945 .4946 .4948 .4949 .4951 .4952
2.6 .4953 .4955 .4956 .4957 .4959 .4960 .4961 .4962 .4963 .4964
2.7 .4965 .4966 .4967 .4968 .4969 .4970 .4971 .4972 .4973 .4974
2.8 .4974 .4975 .4976 .4977 .4977 .4978 .4979 .4979 .4980 .4981
2.9 .4981 .4982 .4982 .4983 .4984 .4984 .4985 .4985 .4986 .4986

3.0 .4987 .4987 .4987 .4988 .4988 .4989 .4989 .4989 .4990 .4990
3.1 .4990 .4991 .4991 .4991 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4992 .4993 .4993
3.2 .4993 .4993 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4994 .4995 .4995 .4995
3.3 .4995 .4995 .4995 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4996 .4997
3.4 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4997 .4998

3.5 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998 .4998

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 C. Training 練習

 P 0  Z  2

 P 0  Z  0.63

 P 0  Z  4 

 P  1.5  Z  0 

 P Z  2.46

 P Z  1.4 

 P Z  2.16

 P Z  0.78

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 C. Training 練習

 P 1.3  Z  1.16

 P 1.3  Z  1.16

 P  2.1  Z  1.15

 P 0  Z  a   0.3438

 P a  Z  0   0.3264

 P Z  a   0.0606

 P Z  a   0.3974

 P b  Z  b   0.663

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 C. Normal Distribution Basic Training 正態分佈特訓

X ~ N 100,400 

 P 100  X  150 

 P X  120 

 P 55  X  65

 P 105  X  85

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 C. Normal Distribution Basic Training 正態分佈特訓

X ~ N 20,4 

 P X  a   0.6026

 P X  a   0.9066

 P X  a   0.1587

 P 20  a  X  20  a   0.668

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 C. Normal Distribution Basic Training 正態分佈特訓

X ~ N μ, σ 2 

 P 35  X  65  0.5468 & P X  65  0.2266

 P 18  X  24   0.2746 & P X  18  0.119

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 Content

Binomial Distribution 二項分布

A. Continuous vs. Discrete 連續 vs. 離散

B. Binomial vs. Poisson Distribution 二項 vs. 泊松分佈

C. Origin of Binomial Distribution 二項分佈由來

D. Formula of Binomial Distribution 二項分佈公式

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 A. Continuous vs Discrete 連續 vs 離散

Continuous: Lifetime, concentration, Intelligent quantity level, weight,

length…
Discrete: number of passenger, number of accident, population,
number of complaint…

連續︰ 壽命、濃度、智商、體重、⾧度 …
離散︰ 乘客人數、意外數字、人口、投訴個案 …

B. Binomial vs. Poisson Distribution 二項 vs.泊松分佈

with upper limit: Binomial Distribution

e.g. number of even numbers outcome out of 10 dice
drawings
without upper limit: Poisson Distribution
e.g. number of typhoons in the next year

有上限 : 二項分佈 例: 擲 10 次骰子，出現雙數的次數

無上限 : 泊松分佈 例: 明年會出現的颱風數目

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 C. Origin of Binomial Distribution 二項分佈由來

A game winning probability is p. 遊戲勝出的概率為 p

A game losing probability is q. 遊戲落敗的概率為 q
(p+q=1)

Play 2 times 玩 2 次 p  q 2  p 2  2pq  q 2

win 2 win 1 win 0

Play n times 玩 n 次 p  q n  C 0n p n q 0  C1n p n 1 q 1  ...  C nn p n n q n

N X  0   C 0n  P X  0   C 0n p n 0 q 0
N X  1  C1n  P X  1  C1n p n 1 q 1
N X  2  C2n  P X  2  C2n p n 2 q 2
…
N X  r   Crn  P X  r   Crn p n r q r
…
N X  n   Cnn  P X  n   Cnn p n n q n

D. Formula of Binomial Distribution 二項分佈公式

P X  r   Crn p n r q r

Expected Value 期望值︰ E X   np

Variance 方差︰ Var X   np 1  p 

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 Content

Poisson Distribution 泊松分佈

A. Conditions of Poisson Distribution 泊松分佈條件

B. Formula of Poisson Distribution 泊松分佈公式

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 A. Conditions of Poisson Distribution 泊松分佈條件

Satisfy 3 conditions: 滿足 3 大要求︰

Binomial Distribution  Poisson Distribution 二項分佈  泊松分佈

(a) n  
(b) p  0
(c) λ  np

e.g. number of typhoons, number of telephone calls,

number people entering lift
例: 颱風數目、電話接聽數目、入升降機人數

B. Formula of Poisson Distribution 泊松分佈公式

For x  0, 1, 2, 3, ... 對於 x  0, 1, 2, 3, ...

e λ
λ x
e  λ λx
P X  x   P X  x  
x! x!
where λ = mean 其中 λ = 平均值

Expected Value 期望值︰ E X   λ

Variance 方差︰ Var X   λ

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 Content

E(X), Var(X)
A. Formula of E(X), Var(X) E(X), Var(X) 公式

B. Demo 示範

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 A. Formula of E(X), Var(X) E(X), Var(X) 公式

x k
 E X   k 1

n
n

 x  E X 
2
k
 Var X   k 1

n
n n n

x  2 xk E X    E X 
2 2
k
Var X   k 1 k 1 k 1

n
n n n

 xk 2  xk E X   E X 
2

Var X   k 1
 2 k 1  k 1

n n n
n
 
n E X 
2  x k 
Var X   E X 2   2E X E X    E X   k 1 
n  n 
 
 
Var X   E X 2   2E X   E X 
2 2

Var X   E X 2   E X 
2

Var X   E X 2   E X 
2


 E aX  b   aE X   b

E X 2   E X 
2


 Var aX  b   a 2Var X 

 Var X 2   Var X 2

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 B. Demo 示範

The table below shows the probability distribution of a discrete random

variable X , where a and b are constants.
下表顯示㇐離散隨機變量 X 的概率分佈，其中 a 及 b 均為常數。

x 1 2 5
P X  x  0.3 a b

It is given that E X   2.9 .

(a) Find a , b and Var X  .
(b) Find E 5  3X  and Var 5  3X  .
(c) Find E 5  3X 3  and Var 5  3X 3  .

已知 E X   2.9 。
(a) 求 a 、b 及 Var X  。
(b) 求 E 5  3X  及 Var 5  3X  。
(c) 求 E 5  3X 3  及 Var 5  3X 3  。

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 Content

Central limit theorem

中心極限定理

A. Central limit theorem 中心極限定理

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 A. Central limit theorem 中心極限定理

Any Distributions
任何分佈

A random sample of size n

隨機抽取㇐個容量為 n 的樣本

Normal Distribution 正態分佈

X  Sample Mean 樣本平均
Var X 
 
Var X 
n

[ X  the mean of n independent random observation of X]

[ X  n 個 X 的獨立隨機觀察的平均值]

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 Content

Confidence interval 置信區間

A. Confidence interval 置信區間

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 A. Confidence interval 置信區間

Population
- Mean μ
- Standard Deviation σ
總體
- 平均 μ
- 標準差 σ

A random sample of n
隨機抽 n 個樣本

Sample
 
- Sample Mean  E X  unbiased estimate for μ

  σ2
- Var X 
n
樣本
-  
樣本平均  E X  μ 的無偏估計值

-  
Var X 
σ2
n

95% Confidence interval for μ

μ 的 95% 置信區間
σ σ 

 
  E X  1.96 
n
 
, E X  1.96  
n


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