LINUX
WHAT IS LINUX?
• LINUX IS AN OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM BASED ON UNIX.
• IT IS CALLED AS KERNEL THAT MANAGES HOW SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE WORK TOGETHER
• OPEN SOURCE : IT IS FREE T0 USE AND MODIFY.ITS CODE IS PUBLIC.
• IT IS STABLE AND SECURE,WIDELY USED,CUSTOMIZABLE.
LINUX FLAVORS (OR) DISTRIBUTIONS:
• UBUNTU : POPULAR FOR DESKTOPS.
• FEDORA :FOCUSES ON INNOVATION AND OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE.
• DEBIAN : FOR STABILITY AND ROBUSTNESS.
• CENTOS : PREFERRED FOR ENTERPRISE AND SERVER ENVIRONMENTS.
HISTOTY OF LINUX:
EARLY DAYS (1980s – 1991)
• LINUS TORVALDS,A STUDENT FROM FINLAND, WANTED TO CREATE A FREE COMPUTER
OPERATING SYSTEM.
• HE WAS INSPIRED BY ANOTHER OPERATING SYSTEM CALLED MINIX.
LINUX IS BORN (1991)
• LINUS CREATED THE FIRST VERSION OF LINUX,CALLED VERSION 0.01.
• HE SHARED WITH IN WORLD ON THE INTERNET.
LINUX GROWS (1992 – 1998)
• MORE PEOPLE STARTED AND HELPING TO IMPROVE LINUX.
• THE FIRST DISTRIBUTION LIKE SLACKWARE AND DEBIAN WERE CREATED.
LINUX BECOMES POPULAR (1999 -2005)
• BIG COMPANIES ARE STARTED USING LINUX.
• LLINUX BECOME EASIER TO USE WITH NICER LOOKING INTERFACE.
MODERN LINUX (2006 – PRESENT)
• LINUX CONTINUOUSTO EVOLVE WITH NEW FEATURES AND IMPROVEMENTS.
• USED IN CLOUD COMPUTING,ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,INTERNET OF THINGS.
IMPORTANT DATES:
• 1993 : LINUX IS LICENSED UNDER THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE(GPL).
• 1994 : THE FIRST LINUX CONFERENCE IS HELD.
• 1998 :LINUX KERNEL VERSION 2.0 RELEASED.
IMPORTANCE OF LINUX:
• OPEN SOURCE AND FREE : LINUX IS FREE TO USE AND MODIFY.
• SECURE : IT IS A SECURE OPERATING SYSTEM.
• CUSTOMIZABLE : LINUX CAN BE CUSTOMIZED TO FIT YOUR NEEDS.
• STABILITY AND RELIABLITY : LINUX IS A STABLE OPERATING SYSTEM.
• COMMUNITY SUPPORT : LARGE COMMUNITY OF USERS AND DEVELOPERS.
• INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT : LINUX IS CONSTANTLY BEING IMPROVED AND UPDATED.
• COST EFFECTIVE : REDUCING SOFTWARE COSTS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS.
• SCALABLE : LINUX CAN HANDLE LARGE AND COMPLEX TASKS.
• IMPROVES TECHNOLOGY : LINUX HELPS TO IMPROVE TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION.
WHAT IS THE PACKAGE MANAGER FOR WINDOWS?
• WINGET(WINDOWS PACKAGE MANAGER) : A BUILT-IN PACKAGE MANAGER FOR WINDOWS 10+.
• CHOCOLATELY : A FREE,OPEN SOURCE PACKAGE FOR WINDOWS.
• SCOOP : A COMMAND LINE PACKAGE MANAGER FOR WINDOWS FOCUSSED ON SIMPLICITY
• BOXSTARTER : A PACKAGE MANAGER AUTOMATING SOFTWARE SETUP ON NEW WINDOWS
INSTALLATIONS.
• NUGET : A PACKAGE MANAGER FOR .NET DEVELOPMENT LIBRARIES AND FRAMEWORKS.
LINUX COMMANDS:
NAVIGATION:
• PWD
PRINT WORKING DIRECTORY TO DISPLAY THE CURRENT DIRECTORY.
• CD
USING CD AND VALIDATE THE LOCATION.
• CD ..
ONE STEP BACK FROM WORKING DIRECTORY.
• LS (ls -a, ls -l, ls -lrth)
TO EXPLORE FILES.
• LS -LL
TO LIST THE FILE PERMISSIONS
FILE AND DIRECTORY OPERATIONS:
• TOUCH
CREAYE FILES NAMED FILE1.TXT TO FILE5.TXT.
• RM
REMOVE A SPECIFIC FILE.
• MKDIR
CREATE NESTED DIRECTORIES USING mkdir –P DIR1/DIR2/DIR3.
VIEWING AND EDITING FILES:
• CAT
TO CREATE A FILE NAMED SIMPLE.TXT AND ADD CONTENT TO IT.
• HEAD
THE FIRST 5LINES OF NOTES.
• TAIL
THE LAST 5LINES OF NOTES.
• VI (OR) NANO
OPEN AMD EDIT NOTES.
• CHMOD
CHANGE THE PERMISSIONS FOR THE FILE
SYSTEM INFORMATION:
• UNAME
TO CHECK THE USER NAME.
• :W
TO SAVE THE DATA.
• :Q!
TO QUIT THE DATA.
• HOSTNAME
TO DISPLAY THE SYSTEM HOSTNAME.
• IS –IRTH
ALL THE FILES IN REVERSE ORDER
• DATE
TO CHECH THE DATE
• RM FILE.TXT
TO REMOVE THE FILE
• RMDIR
TO REMOVE DIRECTORY
• TOUCH FILE{1..40}
TO CREATE A NORE THAN ONE FILE AT A TIME
• UPTIME
TO VIEW HOW LONG THE SYSTEM HAS BEEN RUNNING
• MV
TO UPDATE THE FILE 0R FOLDER
• CAL
TO PRINT THE CALENDAR
• MKDIR –P
TO CREATE A MULTIPLE FOLDERS LIKE PARENT
• CAT OR MORE
TO VIEW THE CONTENT ON THE FILE
• NANO (OR) VI
TO CREATE OR EDIT TEXT FILES
• SED
IT IS REPLACE,PRINT,SEARCH,DELETE
• #!
SHEBANG
• .SH
BASH
• IFCONFIG
TO VIEW THE IP ADDRESS OF OUR COMPUTER.
• MAN
IT WILL SHOW THE DISCRIPTION OF THE COMMAND AND HOW TO USE THE
GIVEN PARTICULAR COMMAND.
• TOP
TO SEE THE HOW MANY PROCESSES SYSTEM HAS BEEN RUNNING.
• FIND
TO CHECK THE PARTICULAR FILE OR FOLDER PRESENT AT ANY LOCATION.
• FIND . –NAME <FILE*>
TO PRINT ALL THE FILES.
• FIND . –TYPE D/F
TO PRINT DIRECTORIES AND FILES.
• DU
TO DISPLAY THE USAGE OF THE SYSTEM IN THE PRESENT WORKING DIRECTOTU.
IT WILL PRINT ONLY FOLDERS.
• DU –A
TO PRINT FOLDERS AND FILES.
• DU –AH
TO PRINT IN HUMAN READABLE FORMAT OF BYTES.
• DF
TO DISPLAY THE DISK SPACE USAGE OF ALL FILESYSREMS.
• DF –AH
TO DISPLAY THE DISK SPACE USAGE OF ALL FILESYSREMS IN A HUMAN READABLE
FORMAT.
• ECHO $RANDOM
TO PRINT ANY RANDOM NUMBER.
IT IS A PRE-DEFINED VARIABLES.
• ECHO $((RANDOM % 11))
TO PRINT UPTO 11
• ECHO $((RANDOM % 11 +ANY NUMBER))
T O PRINT IN BETWEEN THE NUMBERS.