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Linux Essentials - Basics, Commands & Importance

Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix, known for its stability, security, and customizability. It has various distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian, and has evolved significantly since its inception by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linux is widely used in cloud computing and AI, and offers a range of commands for file management and system operations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
18 views9 pages

Linux Essentials - Basics, Commands & Importance

Linux is an open-source operating system based on Unix, known for its stability, security, and customizability. It has various distributions like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian, and has evolved significantly since its inception by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Linux is widely used in cloud computing and AI, and offers a range of commands for file management and system operations.

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LINUX

WHAT IS LINUX?
• LINUX IS AN OPEN SOURCE OPERATING SYSTEM BASED ON UNIX.
• IT IS CALLED AS KERNEL THAT MANAGES HOW SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE WORK TOGETHER
• OPEN SOURCE : IT IS FREE T0 USE AND MODIFY.ITS CODE IS PUBLIC.
• IT IS STABLE AND SECURE,WIDELY USED,CUSTOMIZABLE.

LINUX FLAVORS (OR) DISTRIBUTIONS:

• UBUNTU : POPULAR FOR DESKTOPS.


• FEDORA :FOCUSES ON INNOVATION AND OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE.
• DEBIAN : FOR STABILITY AND ROBUSTNESS.
• CENTOS : PREFERRED FOR ENTERPRISE AND SERVER ENVIRONMENTS.

HISTOTY OF LINUX:
EARLY DAYS (1980s – 1991)
• LINUS TORVALDS,A STUDENT FROM FINLAND, WANTED TO CREATE A FREE COMPUTER
OPERATING SYSTEM.
• HE WAS INSPIRED BY ANOTHER OPERATING SYSTEM CALLED MINIX.

LINUX IS BORN (1991)


• LINUS CREATED THE FIRST VERSION OF LINUX,CALLED VERSION 0.01.
• HE SHARED WITH IN WORLD ON THE INTERNET.

LINUX GROWS (1992 – 1998)


• MORE PEOPLE STARTED AND HELPING TO IMPROVE LINUX.
• THE FIRST DISTRIBUTION LIKE SLACKWARE AND DEBIAN WERE CREATED.

LINUX BECOMES POPULAR (1999 -2005)


• BIG COMPANIES ARE STARTED USING LINUX.
• LLINUX BECOME EASIER TO USE WITH NICER LOOKING INTERFACE.

MODERN LINUX (2006 – PRESENT)


• LINUX CONTINUOUSTO EVOLVE WITH NEW FEATURES AND IMPROVEMENTS.
• USED IN CLOUD COMPUTING,ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE,INTERNET OF THINGS.
IMPORTANT DATES:

• 1993 : LINUX IS LICENSED UNDER THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE(GPL).


• 1994 : THE FIRST LINUX CONFERENCE IS HELD.
• 1998 :LINUX KERNEL VERSION 2.0 RELEASED.

IMPORTANCE OF LINUX:
• OPEN SOURCE AND FREE : LINUX IS FREE TO USE AND MODIFY.
• SECURE : IT IS A SECURE OPERATING SYSTEM.
• CUSTOMIZABLE : LINUX CAN BE CUSTOMIZED TO FIT YOUR NEEDS.
• STABILITY AND RELIABLITY : LINUX IS A STABLE OPERATING SYSTEM.
• COMMUNITY SUPPORT : LARGE COMMUNITY OF USERS AND DEVELOPERS.
• INNOVATION AND DEVELOPMENT : LINUX IS CONSTANTLY BEING IMPROVED AND UPDATED.
• COST EFFECTIVE : REDUCING SOFTWARE COSTS FOR INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS.
• SCALABLE : LINUX CAN HANDLE LARGE AND COMPLEX TASKS.
• IMPROVES TECHNOLOGY : LINUX HELPS TO IMPROVE TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION.

WHAT IS THE PACKAGE MANAGER FOR WINDOWS?


• WINGET(WINDOWS PACKAGE MANAGER) : A BUILT-IN PACKAGE MANAGER FOR WINDOWS 10+.
• CHOCOLATELY : A FREE,OPEN SOURCE PACKAGE FOR WINDOWS.
• SCOOP : A COMMAND LINE PACKAGE MANAGER FOR WINDOWS FOCUSSED ON SIMPLICITY
• BOXSTARTER : A PACKAGE MANAGER AUTOMATING SOFTWARE SETUP ON NEW WINDOWS
INSTALLATIONS.
• NUGET : A PACKAGE MANAGER FOR .NET DEVELOPMENT LIBRARIES AND FRAMEWORKS.
LINUX COMMANDS:
NAVIGATION:

• PWD
PRINT WORKING DIRECTORY TO DISPLAY THE CURRENT DIRECTORY.

• CD
USING CD AND VALIDATE THE LOCATION.

• CD ..
ONE STEP BACK FROM WORKING DIRECTORY.

• LS (ls -a, ls -l, ls -lrth)


TO EXPLORE FILES.

• LS -LL
TO LIST THE FILE PERMISSIONS

FILE AND DIRECTORY OPERATIONS:

• TOUCH
CREAYE FILES NAMED FILE1.TXT TO FILE5.TXT.

• RM
REMOVE A SPECIFIC FILE.

• MKDIR
CREATE NESTED DIRECTORIES USING mkdir –P DIR1/DIR2/DIR3.

VIEWING AND EDITING FILES:

• CAT
TO CREATE A FILE NAMED SIMPLE.TXT AND ADD CONTENT TO IT.

• HEAD
THE FIRST 5LINES OF NOTES.

• TAIL
THE LAST 5LINES OF NOTES.

• VI (OR) NANO
OPEN AMD EDIT NOTES.

• CHMOD
CHANGE THE PERMISSIONS FOR THE FILE
SYSTEM INFORMATION:

• UNAME
TO CHECK THE USER NAME.

• :W
TO SAVE THE DATA.

• :Q!
TO QUIT THE DATA.

• HOSTNAME
TO DISPLAY THE SYSTEM HOSTNAME.

• IS –IRTH
ALL THE FILES IN REVERSE ORDER

• DATE
TO CHECH THE DATE

• RM FILE.TXT
TO REMOVE THE FILE

• RMDIR
TO REMOVE DIRECTORY

• TOUCH FILE{1..40}
TO CREATE A NORE THAN ONE FILE AT A TIME

• UPTIME
TO VIEW HOW LONG THE SYSTEM HAS BEEN RUNNING

• MV
TO UPDATE THE FILE 0R FOLDER

• CAL
TO PRINT THE CALENDAR

• MKDIR –P
TO CREATE A MULTIPLE FOLDERS LIKE PARENT

• CAT OR MORE
TO VIEW THE CONTENT ON THE FILE

• NANO (OR) VI
TO CREATE OR EDIT TEXT FILES

• SED
IT IS REPLACE,PRINT,SEARCH,DELETE

• #!
SHEBANG

• .SH
BASH

• IFCONFIG
TO VIEW THE IP ADDRESS OF OUR COMPUTER.

• MAN
IT WILL SHOW THE DISCRIPTION OF THE COMMAND AND HOW TO USE THE
GIVEN PARTICULAR COMMAND.

• TOP
TO SEE THE HOW MANY PROCESSES SYSTEM HAS BEEN RUNNING.

• FIND
TO CHECK THE PARTICULAR FILE OR FOLDER PRESENT AT ANY LOCATION.

• FIND . –NAME <FILE*>


TO PRINT ALL THE FILES.

• FIND . –TYPE D/F


TO PRINT DIRECTORIES AND FILES.

• DU
TO DISPLAY THE USAGE OF THE SYSTEM IN THE PRESENT WORKING DIRECTOTU.
IT WILL PRINT ONLY FOLDERS.

• DU –A
TO PRINT FOLDERS AND FILES.

• DU –AH
TO PRINT IN HUMAN READABLE FORMAT OF BYTES.

• DF
TO DISPLAY THE DISK SPACE USAGE OF ALL FILESYSREMS.

• DF –AH
TO DISPLAY THE DISK SPACE USAGE OF ALL FILESYSREMS IN A HUMAN READABLE
FORMAT.

• ECHO $RANDOM
TO PRINT ANY RANDOM NUMBER.
IT IS A PRE-DEFINED VARIABLES.

• ECHO $((RANDOM % 11))


TO PRINT UPTO 11

• ECHO $((RANDOM % 11 +ANY NUMBER))


T O PRINT IN BETWEEN THE NUMBERS.

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