EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R-L load
• Single phase half wave rectifier with R-L load is shown below.
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R-L load
• The thyristor(T1) is forward biased in the positive half cycle of
the supply and is applied with the firing pulses in the positive
half cycle.
• When the SCR is triggered, the supply voltage appears across
load i.e. V0 = Vs
• The output voltage is same as supply voltage after wt = α.
• Because of the RL load, output current starts increasing slowly
from zero.
• The shape of io depends upon values of R and L.
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R-L load
• At wt = π, the supply voltage becomes zero and io is
maximum.
• Due to negative supply voltage after wt = π, thyristor(T1)
tries to turn-off.
• But energy stored in the load inductance generates the
voltage Ldi0/dt.
• This induced voltage is higher than negative supply voltage.
• Thyristor(T1) is forward biased and is in conduction.
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with R-L load
• After ωt = π, io flows against the supply, energy is consumed
in the supply.
• The stored energy in the inductor is partially fed to the
mains and to the load .
• At ωt = β the energy stored in the inductance is finished.
• Hence io goes to zero and thyristor(T1) turns-off.
• At 2π+α , thyristor(T1) is triggered again and the cycle Thyristor conduction due to
repeats.
inductance voltage after ωt = π
• Here io goes to zero at ωt = β, Hence this is called
discontinuous conduction
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Output Waveforms
Source voltage, current, Output voltage, current and triggering signal waveforms
Load current
• Kirchoff’s law in the circuit gives Vmsin(ωt) = Ri(t) + L di(t)/dt
• The load current consists of steady state(ist) and transient components(it).
𝑉𝑚
• Steady state component is given by is = sin (ωt – Ф)
𝑅2+𝑋2
𝑋
where Ф = tan- ( ) and X = ωL , ‘Ф’ is the angle between Is and Vs.
𝑅
• The transient component can be obtained from source free equation.
i.e. Ri(t) + L di(t)/dt = 0
−𝑅𝑡
Transient response, it = A 𝑒 𝐿
• Complete solution of load current is io = ist + it
−𝑅𝑡
𝑉𝑚
= sin (ωt – Ф) + A 𝑒 𝐿
𝑅2+𝑋2
• Constant ‘A’ can be obtained from the boundary condition at ωt = α.
Average and RMS values of load voltage
• Average voltage across the load is given as
1 β
Vavg = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚
𝑉𝑚
= ( cosα - cosβ)
2𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑚
• Average load current, Iavg = = (cosα - cosβ )
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
1 β
• RMS value of load voltage is Vor = [ [ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)]2 𝑑𝜔𝑡 ]1/2
2𝜋 𝛼
Vm 1
= [ (β -α) + (sin2β - sin2α) ]1/2
2 π 2
Vor
• RMS value of load current, Ior =
R
Input Power Factor
• Power delivered to resistive load = (RMS load voltage) * (RMS load current)
𝑉𝑜𝑟2
= Vor Ior = = Ior2 R
𝑅
• Input volt amperes = (RMS source voltage) * (RMS line current)
𝑉𝑠2 1
= Vs Ior = [ (β -α) + (sin2β - sin2α) ]1/2
𝑅 2𝜋 2
Power delivered to load 𝑉𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑟
• Input Power Factor = = =
Input VA 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑠
1 1
= [ (β -α) + (sin2β - sin2α) ]1/2
2π 2
EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with free wheeling diode
• Single phase half wave rectifier with free wheeling diode is shown below.
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with free wheeling diode
• The thyristor(T1) is triggered at firing angle of αin positive
half cycle of supply.
• Hence output voltage(v0) = source voltage(vs).
• from α to π, vo is same as supply voltage vs.
• The freewheeling diode (DFW) is reverse biased and does not
conduct.
• The output current io increases from zero.
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with free wheeling diode
• After ωt = π, the supply voltage becomes negative.
• Hence thyristor tries to turn-off and io tries to go to zero.
• Load current(io) is maximum at ωt = π. But the load inductance
does not allow io to go to zero.
• The energy stored in inductor generates the voltage Ldi0/dt.
• The induced inductance voltage forward biases freewheeling
diode as well as thyristor.
• But freewheeling diode(DFW) is more forward biased and
starts conducting. Therefore T1 turns-off.
• The output current now flows through the freewheeling diode.
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
EE 308/ Karthikeyan A/ NITK
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier with free wheeling diode
• The freewheeling current flows only due to energy stored in the load
inductance.
• The output current flows in the load itself and the inductance energy
is supplied back to the load itself.
• This process is called freewheeling.
• The energy of inductance goes on decreasing after ωt = π
• At β the inductance energy is finished. Hence io becomes zero at β.
• The freewheeling diode conducts from π to β.
• The output is shorted due to freewheeling diode. Hence Vo = 0
whenever freewheeling diode conducts.
• During freewheeling T1 is off and no supply current flows.
• Thyristor(T1) conducts from α to π.
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Output Waveforms
Average and RMS values of load voltage
• Average voltage across the load is given as
1 𝜋
Vavg = 𝑉 sin(𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝜔𝑡
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚
𝑉𝑚
= ( 1+cosα )
2𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑉𝑚
• Average load current, Iavg = = ( 1+cosα )
𝑅 2𝜋𝑅
1 𝜋
• RMS value of load voltage is Vor = [ [ 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)]2 𝑑𝜔𝑡 ]1/2
2𝜋 𝛼
Vm 1
= [ (π -α) + sin2α ]1/2
2 π 2
Vor
• RMS value of load current, Ior =
R
Input Power Factor
Power delivered to resistive load = (RMS load voltage) * (RMS load current)
𝑉𝑜𝑟2
= Vor Ior = = Ior2 R
𝑅
Input volt amperes = (RMS source voltage) * (RMS line current)
𝑉𝑠2 1
= Vs Ior = [ (π -α) + sin2α ]1/2
𝑅 2𝜋 2
Power delivered to load 𝑉𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑟
Input Power Factor = = =
Input VA 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑠
1 1
= [ (π -α) + sin2α ]1/2
2π 2
