MODULE 11

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
In this module you will learn about:

General Objectives:
☞ Compressed Air Systems

COMPRESSED AIR
Specific Objectives:
☞ Compressed Air Fundamentals
☞ Air Compressor Controls
☞ High Cost of Air Leaks and Misuse
☞ Simple Compressor Tests for System Air Leaks
☞ Compressor Plant Efficiency Optimization
☞ How to Evaluate Energy Management Measures

Performance Objectives:
After successfully completing this module you will be able to:
☞ Conduct simple air system leak tests,
SYSTEMS
☞ Evaluate the cost of air leaks,
☞ Optimize the compressor plant efficiency,
☞ Evaluate benefits of compressed air systems
energy conservation strategies.

SADC Industrial Energy Management Project

Implemented by AGRA Monenco Atlantic Limited for the Canadian International Development Agency
 Module 11
Compressed Air Systems

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................1

2.0 COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS..........................................................1

3.0 COMPRESSION FUNDAMENTALS....................................................1

3.1 Ideal Gas Laws...................................................................1

3.2 Adiabatic and Isothermal Compression..............................2
3.3 Free Air Basis.....................................................................3
3.4 Theoretical Power Requirement.........................................4

4.0 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES.....................................4

4.1 Air Usage...........................................................................4

4.2 Air Leakage........................................................................5
4.3 System Operating Pressure................................................5
4.4 Inlet Air Temperature.........................................................5
4.5 Inlet Air Pressure................................................................6

5.0 ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES.............................................6

5.1 Testing for Air Leaks (Compressor with Load/Unload Control) 6

5.2 Testing for Air Leaks (Compressor with Modular Control)...8
5.3 Reducing Intake Air Temperature.....................................10
5.4 Increasing Intake Air Pressure..........................................11

6.0 ASSIGNMENT...............................................................................12

6.1 Inlet Air Temperature Reduction......................................12

6.2 Leakage Test....................................................................12

7.0 SUMMARY - Module 11...............................................................14

 MODULE 11
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Compressed air systems are widely used in industry, accounting for some
10% of all industrial electrical power consumption. There are many
reasons why compressed air as a source of power is preferred over
other forms of energy. It is clean to use, can be stored, and does not
pose a health or fire hazard. There is a tendency to treat it as a free
commodity. It is not a cheap power source and its mismanagement
can result in significant energy waste. The factors most commonly
found responsible for this energy loss are air leaks, unnecessary use of
compressed air for cleaning, and improper system layout. A properly
designed and maintained compressed air system can contribute
significantly to improving the energy efficiency of an operation.

2.0 COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS

Compressed air systems comprise three main components:

▸ Compressor plant (compressor, storage tank, dryers, and coolers),

▸ Distribution piping network,
▸ Equipment service lines.

Air Compressors are mechanical devices which draw in air and discharge it
at a higher pressure, usually into a piping system or storage tank.
Compressors can be described as either positive displacement (using
pistons or rotors) or dynamic (using impellers or blades). In the former
group, reciprocating and rotary screw compressors are the most
common types utilized in the SADC Region. Although compressors are
driven by a variety of prime movers, including internal combustion and
steam engines, in this procedure only electric motor drives are
considered.

Three methods are used to control the output of a compressor:

▸ Constant Speed Unloading Controls: usually pressure

sensitive, to reduce the output of the compressor to match the
load.

▸ Start-stop controls: usually a pressure sensing switch, to stop

and start the compressor as required to meet system load.

▸ Dual controls: a combination of the two methods above.

One type of unloading control cycles the compressor between full output
and idle,
i.e. full output when the system pressure falls to the low pressure set point,

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 and no load mode when the upper pressure set point is reached. This
control mode is commonly applied to both reciprocating and screw
compressors. Energy consumption is proportional to the reduced load.

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 Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

Another type of unloading control, modulated output, continuously

regulates the compressor output to maintain a set system pressure.
Inlet throttling employs a variable-opening valve at the compressor inlet.
This method has relatively high unloaded energy consumption. With
bypass control the compressor operates at full load all the time and
excess air from the discharge is bypassed back to the inlet. Energy
consumption is high and excess heat is generated which must be
removed from the air.

3.0 COMPRESSION FUNDAMENTALS

-- Delivered Air Mass = Intake Air Mass --

3.1 Ideal Gas Laws

The behaviour of air generally conforms to the Ideal Gas Laws. Thus for
changes in pressure, temperature or volume in a given air mass, the
initial and final conditions may be equated as follows:
P1 x V1
P2 x V2
T1 = T2

where:
P1, P2 = initial and final pressures (kPa
absolute) [kPaabsolute = kPagauge + 101.325]
V1, V2 = initial and final volumes (L)
T1, T2 = initial and final temperatures (°K) [°K = °C + 273.15]

For convenience the Ideal Gas Law can be rewritten in terms of

volumetric flow rate as follows:
P 1 x Q1
P2 x Q
T1 = T2

where:
Q1, Q2 = initial and final air flow rates (L/s)

3.2 Adiabatic and Isothermal Compression

The work cycle for a typical positive displacement air compressor,

Figure 11.1, shows both adiabatic and isothermal compression
processes. During adiabatic compression no heat is extracted from or
added to the system; the air temperature rises steadily during
compression requiring more work. An isothermal process occurs at
constant temperature; an ideal condition that can only be approached
in practice.

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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

The processes are represented on the diagram:

4-1 Volume of air
aspirated into compressor at an
V1 temperature
pressure P1 d
T1.
1-2 Air compressed adiabatically from pressure P1 to P2. Volume
decreases from V1 to V2. Temperature increases from T1 to T2.
2-3 Compressed air of volume V2 and pressure P2 with
temperature T2 delivered from the compressor.

The work done by the compressor on the air is represented by the

area of the
diagram. (The dotted to represents the valve clearance
line 3I 4 I space in
reciprocating
compressors)

Removal of heat from the compressor will make the compression

process approach the isothermal and thus more efficient, as is done
with interstage coolers on multistage reciprocating compressors.

Figure 11.1
AIR COMPRESSOR P.V. DIAGRAM

3.3 Free Air Basis

Free air is a term commonly used in discussing compressed air systems.

It is defined as the equivalent air volume or air flow rate at standard
conditions, i.e 20°C (293.15°K) and 101.325 kPaabsolute. Capacity ratings
for compressors are typically expressed in terms of their free air
delivery. The equivalent free air flow rate (Qfa) or free air volume (Vfa)
can be determined for any measured system conditions by applying
the Ideal Gas Law equation, rearranged as follows:

Qfa = P x Q x 293.15 or Vfa = P x V x 293.15

T x 101.325 T x 101.325
where:
Qfa
Vfa = equivalent free air flow rate (L/s)
= equivalent free air volume (L)
P = measured pressure (kPaabsolute)
Q = measured flow rate (L/s)

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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

V = measured volume (L)

T = measured temperature (°K)
293.15 = standard air temperature (°K)
101.325 = standard air pressure (kPaabsolute)

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3.4 Theoretical Power Requirement

The theoretical power or ideal compression power is the power required to

compress air, assuming 100% efficiency (i.e. no losses). The ideal
compression power can be determined by the following equation:

0.231
Pd
Wt = 0.00433 x Pi x Q x N x N
– 1
fa Pi

wher
e: Wt = ideal compression power (kW)
Pi = inlet pressure (kPaabsolute)
Qf = equivalent free air flow rate (L/s)
a
N = number of compression stages
Pd = discharge pressure (kPaabsolute)
("0.00433", "0.231" and "1" are equation constants taking into account the specific heat of air
and unit conversions)

4.0 ENERGY CONSERVATION OPPORTUNITIES

Compressed air is costly because of the power and energy required to

operate the compressor. The required power is for the most part
determined by the system pressure, the air initial temperature and
pressure, and the integrity of the system. All these factors can be
controlled within given constraints to minimise energy costs.

▸ Reduce Air Usage

▸ Reduce Air Leakage
▸ Reduce System Operating Pressure
▸ Reduce Compressor Inlet Temperature
▸ Increase Compressor Inlet Pressure
▸ Heat Recovery

4.1 Air Usage

The air utilized by the plant systems is the largest component of the
overall compressed air cost. Assuming process requirements for
compressed air are fixed, there is little that can be done to reduce this
cost factor. However, personnel often use compressed air for such
activities as cleaning dusty surfaces and clothes. As illustrated in
Figure 11.2, this misuse can lead to unnecessary energy consumption
which reults in increased energy cost to the plant.

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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

Figure 11.2
AIR LEAKAGE COST
Hole Air Power Required Annual
Diameter Leakage for Cost of
(mm) at 6 bar Compression Leak ($/y)
(L/s) (kW)
1 1 0.3 150
3 10 3.1 1,550
5 27 8.3 4,150
10 105 33.0 16,500
Costs are based on 2,000 h/y operation with an electrical demand cost of
US$300/kW/y and an energy cost of US$0.10/kWh.

4.2 Air Leakage

Although compressed air leaks often go unnoticed because they are

invisible and usually masked by plant noise, they are the most frequent
and expensive defect in compressed air systems, resulting in loss of air
capacity and increased energy consumption. It is not practical to
maintain compressed air systems completely leak free but as a rule of
thumb, leakage should not exceed 5% of compressor capacity.
However, it is not unusual in industrial systems for leakage to account
for 20% of the rated compressor capacity. As noted above leakage
from even a very small hole can be costly.

4.3 System Operating Pressure

The system operating pressure is usually set as required by the

processes and there is often little scope for improving performance in
this area except to ensure the system is not operating at a pressure
greater than that actually required. Air piping losses cause a reduction
in delivered pressure which can be excessive if the distribution piping
is sized too small or is poorly routed. To provide the required end-use
pressure, distribution losses must be compensated by increasing the
system pressure at the compressor. Thus improved piping designs will
reduce power requirements.

4.4 Inlet Air Temperature

Reducing the temperature of the compressor intake air will reduce the
compressor power required to achieve the same air discharge pressure
and capacity. This can often be accomplished by simply installing an
air intake duct from outside the building instead of drawing air from the
warmer plant environment. The reduced power requirement can be
calculated from the following equation which is derived from the ideal
compression power equation:

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 Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

W2 = W1 x { 1 + [ 0.00341 x ( T2 – T1 )]}

where:
W1, W2 = initial and final ideal compression powers (kW)
T1, T2 = initial and final inlet air temperatures (°K)

4.5 Inlet Air Pressure

If the pressure of the inlet air can be raised (i.e. reduced pressure drop
at inlet), there will be a decrease in the required compression power for
the same air flow capacity and discharge pressure. This can be
accomplished in various ways, such as replacing intake filters, or
revising ductwork. The revised power requirement can be calculated
from the following equation which has been derived from the ideal
compression power equation:
W1 x P1 x F1
W2 =
P2 x F2
where:
W1, W2 = initial and final ideal compression powers (kW)
P1, P2 = initial and final inlet air pressures (kPaabsolute)
F1, F2 = factors of initial and final inlet air pressures, determined from
the ideal compression power equation as follows:

0.231 0.231
F1 = Pd N
– 1 and F2 = Pd N
– 1
P1 P2

5.0 ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES

5.1 Testing for Air Leaks (Compressor with Load/Unload Control)

This test consists of timing the "load" and "unload" cycle of the air
compressor as it supplies only the air lost through leakage in the
distribution system, i.e. with all users of compressed air shut off. When
switched on, the compressor brings up the air pressure to the
maximum set point and then unloads. With no air leakage the pressure
would remain constant and the compressor would remain in the
unloaded mode. Air leakage would cause the pressure to drop and
when the minimum set point is reached, the compressor would then
switch to the load mode. The compressor would cycle between the
load and unload modes as required to maintain air pressure. Typically,
the key requirement from a leakage test is the power and energy
usage associated with leakage. This information can be obtained by
measuring the power drawn by the compressor during both the load
and the unload cycles. The power required during the "unload" period
is usually much less than during the "load" part of the cycle.

The power associated with air leakage can then be calculated directly by
the
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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

following equation:
kW = ( Wloaded – Wunloaded ) T
x T + t

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 Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

where:
Wloaded
= Power requirement during "loaded" mode (kW)
Wunloaded = Power requirement during "unloaded" mode (kW)
T = Time running "loaded" (sec)
t = Time running "unloaded" (sec)

The annual energy consumption (kWh) due to leakage can then be

calculated, based on the additional power requirement and the annual
operating hours.

kWh = kW x h

(Note that in the above analysis, the additional power and energy loss associated
with leakage can be determined without knowing the quantity of air leaked or
even the capacity air flow of the compressor.)

• Worked Example

During a plant shut down a simplified air leakage test was carried
out on a compressed air system supplied by a reciprocating
compressor. The compressor was equipped with an on-line/off-line
output control. During the test, the compressor fed only the air
piping system; all equipment service lines being isolated. Air
leakage in the piping system resulted in the compressor cycling
between loaded and unloaded modes. Measurements made during
the load and unload modes are tabulated in Figure 11.3:

Figure 11.3
LEAKAGE TEST DATA
Electrical Data Cycle Time Data

Voltag Curren P.F. Deman Cycle/Time On-Line Off-Line

eV tA d kW

Phase A 220 162.3 0.70 25 Cycle # 1 Time 5.61 18.27

(sec)
Phase B 221 169.7 0.72 27
On-
Cycle # 2 Time 6.14 21.47
Lin Phase C 220 166.5 0.71 26 (sec)
e
Total Demand Power 78 Cycle # 3 Time 5.53 20.66
(sec)
Phase A 220 33.9 0.55 4.1
Cycle # 4 Time 6.54 22.40
(sec)
Off- Phase B 221 34.6 0.55 4.2
Lin Cycle # 5 Time 4.40 16.35
Phase C 220 38.8 0.55 4.7
e (sec)
Total Demand Power 13.0
Total Time (sec) 28.22 99.15

Average Time (sec) 5.64 19.83

From the measured time data the average on-line time (based on 5
full cycles) was 5.64 seconds and the average off-line time was
19.83 seconds for a total cycle time of 25.47 seconds [5.64 +
19.83]. The on-line time represents 22% of the total time [5.64 /
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25.47].

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The voltage, amperage and power factor were measured on each of

the three phases supplying the compressor motor during both the
on-line and off-line modes. The demand power was calculated for
each set of readings by using the formula :

Volts x Amps x Power Factor

Power(kW) = 1,000
The total demand power (sum of the three phases) is 78.0 kW
during on-line and 13.0 kW during off-line modes. The additional
demand associated with air leakage can be determined from the
given formula:
T
kW = ( T + t
loaded – Wunloaded ) x
W

5.64
= ( 78.0 – 13.0 ) x
5.64 + 19.83

= 14.4 kW

Intuitively, this can be thought of as an extra 65 kW [78 - 13]

occurring 22% of the time to give an average 14.4 kW [65 x 22%].
This is the power reduction that could be achieved, assuming the
existing air leaks can be completely eliminated. From previous
discussion however, it is not realistic to expect a completely air
tight system. Assuming 5% as an acceptable level of leakage, the
same approach is used to calculate a new power requirement for
5% leakage at 3.3 kW [65 x 5%]. Thus the net power reduction for
repairing "most" of the leaks is 11.1 kW [14.4 - 3.3].

5.2 Testing for Air Leaks (Compressor with Modular Control)

This air leakage test is suitable for positive displacement compressors having suction
valve unloading or similar linear modulation control. It cannot be used with centrifugal
or any compressors having non-linear inlet throttling.

The test must also be conducted during plant shutdown and with all air
users isolated from the air supply system. Measurements are taken of
the power input to the compressor motor when the compressor is
isolated from the air distribution system, i.e. with the compressor outlet
valve closed, and when the compressor is feeding only the air
distribution system. On an air tight system both power input
measurements should be the same. Any difference in the power inputs
will be due to the compressor supplying air leakage.

The next step is to determine the power requirement by the

compressor at its rated capacity. The best source for this information is
the manufacturer. The rated capacity and associated power
requirement are usually stamped on the compressor name plate or
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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

listed in the equipment shop drawings. (This condition cannot be measured

during the test since there is no way of assuring that the compressor is operating at full
capacity. If valves are opened to let a significant flow of compressed

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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

air escape from the system, the compressor will run at full capacity but the system
pressure will probably be less than at normal operation.) If manufacturer's data
are not available, the full load power can be estimated from the full
load amperage rating on the compressor motor. This approach will
produce erroneous results, however, if the motor is oversized.

With the compressor power determined at no-load, full-load and

"leakage" load conditions, it is possible to estimate the air flow due to
leakage by assuming a straight line interpolation between the no-load
and full-load conditions. (This procedure is illustrated in graphical form
in Figure 11.5.) As illustrated in the following example, the graph can
also be used to determine the compressor power at any given air flow
which is useful for predicting the compressor power at a new reduced
leakage level of say 5%.

• Worked Example

A simplified air leakage test was carried out during plant shut down
on a compressed air system which utilizes a single stage screw
compressor. The compressor was switched to the modulating
control mode. Two measurements of the electrical power input to
the compressor were taken: 1) when feeding the air piping system,
with all equipment service lines isolated (leakage air flow only); and
2) with the compressor air outlet valve closed, i.e. compressor off
line.

Figure 11.4
Voltage Amperage P.F. Demand
V A kW
On- Phase A 220 66.6 0.72 10.55
Line Phase B 221 68.5 0.72 10.90
Phase C 220 66.6 0.72 10.55
Total Demand Power 32.00
Off- Phase A 220 44.5 0.55 5.39
Line Phase B 221 44.5 0.55 5.31
Phase C 220 43.8 0.55 5.30
Total Demand Power 16.00

Figure 11.4 summarizes the measured compressor motor phase

currents, power factors and terminal volts, and calculated power
demands. The motor input power was calculated from the equation:

Volts x Amps x Power Factor

Power(kW) = 1,000

The rated capacity of the compressor and the associated full load
power demand, obtained from manufacturer's data, are 124 L/s free
air flow and 52 kW, respectively.

A diagram is compiled as shown in Figure 11.5 representing the

Compressor Power Input (kW) versus Delivered Air Flow (L/s). A

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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

straight line is used to join

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 Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

the two extreme operating points on the diagram: no-load (at 0 L/s
and 16 kW), and full-load (at 124 L/s and 52 kW).

A straight line is used to join the two extreme operating points on

the diagram: no-load (at 0 L/s and 16 kW), and full-load (at 124 L/s
and 52 kW).

Figure 11.5
POWER DEMAND vs AIR OUTPUT

The unit demand when the compressor was supplying air leaks was
measured at 32 kW. The corresponding air flow is determined from
the diagram by starting with the measured 32 kW power, moving
across to the performance line, then down to read 54 L/s delivered
air. This is the existing air leakage in the system, representing
about 44% of the compressor's rated capacity [54 / 124].

Assuming the leakage can be reduced to 5% of the compressor's

rated cap- acity, the reduced leakage will be 6.2 L/s [124 L/s x 5%].
From the diagram, a
6.2 L/s air flow has a corresponding power requirement of 17.8 kW.
Thus by reducing the air leakage to an acceptable level, the
compressor power can be reduced by 14.2 kW [32.0 - 17.8].

5.3 Reducing Intake Air Temperature

The efficiency of an existing air compressor can be improved by

installing additional air intake ductwork (one straight section) directly
through a nearby wall to the exterior of the compressor house,
resulting in cooler air being supplied to the compressor. The normal
intake air temperature from inside the compressor house is 30°C while
the average outdoor air temperature is 20 °C. System data for the
existing and proposed operating conditions are summarized below.

• Summary of the data:

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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

▸ Input power to motor: W1 = 142.0 kW

▸ Existing air intake temperature: T1 = 30°C (or 303.15°K)

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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

▸ Proposed air intake temperature: T2 = 20°C (or 293.15°K)

▸ Hours of operation: hr = 5,840 h/yr

• Calculate revised motor input power:

W2 = W1 x [1 + 0.00341 x (T2 - T1)]

= 142.0 x [1 + 0.00341 x (293.15 - 303.15)]
= 137.2 kW

• Power reduction:

Ws = W1 - W2 = 142.0 - 137.2 = 4.8 kW reduction

• Annual energy savings:

= Ws x hours = 4.8 kW x 5,840 h/y = 28,032 kWh/y

(Note: It is assumed the additional ductwork would not reduce the inlet pressure of the air
to the compressor. If the additional duckwork does add significant static pressure loss,
the effect of the reduced intake pressure on the compressor power consumption must be
accounted for using the procedure outlined below.)

5.4 Increasing Intake Air Pressure

It is estimated that by replacing the intake air filter on an existing air

compressor, the pressure drop can be reduced by about 1 kPa which
will increase the inlet air pressure to the compressor. System data for
the existing and proposed operating conditions are summarized below.

• Summary of the data:

▸ Compression stages: N =2
▸ Input power to motor: W1 = 142.0 kW
▸ Existing air intake pressure: P1 = -1.5 kPagauge (or 99.825 aabsolute)
▸ Proposed air intake pressure: P2 = 100.825 kPaabsolute (99.825 + 1)
▸ Air discharge pressure: Pd = 700 kPagauge (or 801.325
kPaabsolute)
▸ Hours of operation: hr = 5,840 h/yr

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Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

• Calculate pressure power factors F1

and F2:
0.231
0.231
Pd 801.325
F1 = N
– 1 = 2
– 1 = 0.2720
P1 99.825

0.231 0.231
F2 = Pd N 801.325 2
– 1 = – 1 = 0.2705
P2 100.825

• Calculate revised motor power input:

W2 = W1 x P1 x F1
P2 x F2

99.825 x 0.2720
= 142 x
100.825 x 0.2705

= 141.4 kW

• Calculate power reduction:

Ws = W1 - W2 = 142.0 - 141.4 = 0.6 kW reduction

• Calculate Annual Energy Savings:

= Ws x hours = 0.6 kW x 5,840 h/y = 3,504 kWh/y

6.0 ASSIGNMENT

6.1 Inlet Air Temperature Reduction

If the air inlet to your compressor is inside the compressor house,

investigate the merits of reducing the compressor inlet air
temperature. Monitor the compressor house air temperature and the
outside ambient temperature. Using the procedure detailed in Section
5.3, calculate the energy cost savings that would result by ducting
outside air to the compressor inlet.

7.2 Leakage Test

Test for air leaks in the compressed air system using the procedure
outlined in Section 5.1 (Compressors with Load/Unload Control) or
Section 5.2 (Compressor with Modular Control) as dictated by your
compressor control system. Establish the demand and energy required
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 Module 11 - Compressed Air Systems ....

to feed air leaks in your plant compressed air system. Blank tables (per
Figure 11.6) are provided for your convenience.

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Figure 11.6
LEAKAGE TEST DATA SHEET

a) Compressor With Load/Unload Controls

Electrical Data Cycle Time Data

Voltag Curren P.F. Deman Cycle/Time On-Line Off-Line

eV tA d kW

Phase A Cycle # 1 Time

(sec)
On- Phase B
Lin Cycle # 2 Time
e Phase C (sec)

Cycle # 3 Time
Total Demand Power (sec)

Phase A Cycle # 4 Time

(sec)
Off- Phase B
Lin Cycle # 5 Time
e (sec)
Phase C
Total Time (sec)
Total Demand Power
Average Time (sec)

% of Total Time

b) Compressor with Modular Control

Voltag Amperag P.F. Deman
eV eA d kW

On- Phase A
Lin
e Phase B

Phase C

Total Demand Power

Off- Phase A
Lin
e Phase B

Phase C

Total Demand Power

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7.0 SUMMARY - Module 11

In this module you learned

about:
☞ Compressed Air Systems
☞ Ideal Gas Laws
☞ Free Air Basis
☞ Theoretical Power
☞ Requirements Air Usage
☞ Air Leakage
☞ System Operating
☞ Pressure Inlet Air Pressure
☞ Testing for Air Leaks
☞ Benefits of Reducing Intake Air
☞ Temperature Benefits of Reducing

You should now be able to complete the following

tasks:
☞ Test for air leaks,
☞ Compile leakage test data,
☞ Evaluate the benefit of an air system energy
conservation strategy.

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 AIR LEAKAGE TEST DATA SHEET
a) Compressor With Load/Unload Controls
Electrical Data Cycle Time Data
Voltage Current P.F. Deman Cycle/Time On- Off-
V A d kW Line Line
Phase Cycle # 1

On- Phase Cycle # 2

Line
Phase Cycle # 3

Total Demand Power

Cycle # 4
Phase
Cycle # 5
Off- Phase
Line Total Time
Phase
Average Time
Total Demand Power
% of Total

b) Compressor with Modular Control

Voltage Amperag P.F. Deman

V eA d kW
On- Phase
Line
Phase

Phase

Total Demand Power

Off- Phase
Line
Phase

Phase

Total Demand Power

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