Circle Theorems

Alternate segment theorem Angle at the centre theorem

The angle that lies
between a tangent The angle at the
and a chord is equal centre twice the
is

to the angle angle at the

21
subtended by the circumference.

same chord in the

alternate segment.

Angles in the same segment Angles in a semicircle

theorem

Angles in the same The angle in a

segmentare equal. semicircle is 90

degrees.

Chord of a circle Cyclic quadrilateral

The perpendicular
The opposite
from the centre ofa
angles in a cyclic
circle to a chord
B quadrilateral total
bisects the chord D 180.
(splits the chord into
two equal parts).

Tangent of a circle
Diagram A DiagramB
A.The angle between a tangent and
radius is 90 degrees.
B.Tangents which meet at the same
point are equal in length.
 Reply to Delacruz's comment

E. CHAUKE a Inimitable acad Ilove the quality of metry

Theorem1 your papers Sir,
great work!!!
EXAMPLE 5

In the diagram below, O is the centre ofthe larger circle ABC.F is a point on chord
AB such that FC1 AB. AB=FC=8 cm and OF=x cm. M is the centre of the
smaller circle.

Determine the length of the following:

(a) OA
(b) MC
(c) FC

sOLUTION

Statement Reason

(a) AF= FB=4cm Line from centre L chord

OA =0C=8-x Radi

AF+OF = A0° Pythagoras Theorem

Substitution
4'+**=(8-x)
16+x* =64-16x+*
16x=48
x=3
.OA=8-x
=8-3 FC-&
-5 cm

(b) OC=5 cm Radius ofa smaller circle.

.0C=2.5cm

(c) FC= FO+0C

.FC=X+8-x
-5 cm
 Cacheo
and Inettance

ieal genektten (G).

Lecus

fhe poftn o d qer on a chonoOome

All ks

homolbgs choabeomes Alele

TR
cknmant atlalot Gr)(SAtongas gene)
Teceasne tlele (t)(Wearer qene)
Dost allele

an dllek that i esacso m te deote (ohen furd m the

Beteiozygs (T) and tenozuue CT) onlton.

Recesav dlkle

an dlee thet ID
only esacal
Condttron

HelerozuccalS
Atuo chferertt aleeo fo a potticular chcettste,eq. T

tuo tdenteal alkko brd patruet cdaccetret, eq. TI/t

genete omoettn of an cjanem

he dhaplcal apoarane d an oIqe M baod cn ir gnce,

grotje (T) grotpe t) me rereONe (Tt)

Lprrakyje (tal) prote (sbt)

Monohabr cros

cnly cn cctcte oL tt s elren m the qcte

ohk (raund cedo otntkdseds).

Drhuubc coss
to diferent: claIctertotco. oloco m qerete

Ccniete chmicanc
qenete cICeo chnc te canant alek moo thre expcosbo
of a JerNe allee m eteozgaus odlfcon

chfftent paent btctucco Pierohype

cIta betoccn pherotxall

clfo lifeent ficm kuth jcnts bud uotih an nkmelate

conminanct

Cbos m ohch koth alkko ce capleoo enuall m the

enolete comance Lncompcte cbmimnceacominance

.Rod
TI ((al)x t lshort)
yetee
twhtte

yelks- foceae pont s a red Abuonee pant

commant.Ovei the allele

fbuoeird. chte-fhoe (ed pent.

offpn Nl b tall. Nith nompeie Nth co-damnance

brauee th domnat ckmt nant,offapilng

dlee () mako the Nll have hte punk

fucnoffh red

eshrsCn of he fbuwets-mteiedkte and ohte fhxoes

dllkle ).
 tats caig n ses chromaey

thedllele auea the clrooreler io oune on the X-chonceome

ame etampboi henorlta. and cobu - blndnecs

aufeiocaa n sex dromoecmes, eq. Xx (roumal femdk)

X'y (rounalmak), Xhx* Gemak oth haenojphula),
X*Y (romal mak). x'y Cmak inh hg henophtlia)
NB: Both demophrlre. end okur blneheeo ce Caieed b

TBATTS. CENES AND AELES

Herto Too elomaro ore fron the

P
R
heiso zgen glate

B
mtzyas comant siate

b hete ORATB oktte

Rektronahfp betoeen a gehe aned a bokm: Cnco code for atole rs.

Honolgctaus channecna; fo chooSoe, one fom the moffe anl

one fom the foffer, tat har the Sme krgtt, cverall appediae,
ane gero, althah the dleko lfea.
may
 nan hut)
kut rien

Meneel's fat
Fach tat B cntolkd by tuo fxoo allelee) afuate on

honalopuo choneecns
Wlhen qautteo fm dunq merCeIB, the huo fake allek) ae
oepektte. g ntam e of the tao factos (alea) ftn
art of allee: of a gene
lach palent. hiel

Sepevate ndeentlg dung gamat formatral

Meneel 'g Sernel

Ceitaim alkeo of dqee extst m ettaaconmant ofcSNR

foum

te pan of aleleo e difesent (one conuraat cne aastne)

He phenok ol calclon tte ctmant tef.

zDihgana.
Mendel's had kau d Lnbettance: Las of Iode brcknt Aootment

ofdifctent ChelrdCtrtotrs cáh ot temceib m anq eoey dlong the eeutr.

chakrtetote, (Hesgat<Stra Cdlau)

The alele of chffrent grs me metgenctntt of ch othe

n clfferc combmatros.

ujing letterr
MorahhidCoes
atsDs thet Nolue onty q

orgle chceite taf.

Morolore eirssm ath omblee domnone

The canat alek mko / blccko the expcoeen tereM
allek m te hetarops clfton.

ant t plthaje ef tie f grcrten en tuo leko ygan ants

ar qd, hdllee for rOuIt ereb comt

Roundt

R RrX
Canate R
Fetleton
amto R
RR R

frenckibe Rourd Round RaurdNimkkel

RR Rr R
Pheropr tfen: 3 Rourd ercb:LNntel oeel Co:)

Genokpsc tr: LRR: 2 Ra in (:a:)

Coraston:A caog
cbnmant (RR),
betcen

502 Ietccgco
2 (Ri) paicnts

(Ri) and
poctuceo

257
26}
homozygan
komoz4g

1 eSM.
 kth parnt ad the dlleko
Ik efot D dffnt to

e con e )
fo ooh

ardithta-tlr
Te plerk

Cerete ochkm

P Rod Whe
RR
Camato RR
afloeten.
lCaneteo
R
RB RW
RN RN

RN R RIN
A mk

Manchuhrrd cose Nh co-ckmmng

co le
Bth alkeo of te qerr at ull conrunt boti wall

Parsts bbkm
cIos betocen a red butl ane whte femak b
 P
Piercky
Nt
RR
Camate R& R

Fatfisatron

Gamats
R RW RN
R

RN RW RN.
A e whe
Stainret conttong

tothey fhs pld corcbnfanectes

at pa 23.
Nak parr 23
k Pat umb 23 RatDunbn ga
lgiione) qe

chonoscIs.
choncec.
 femak
fherckpe Mak
XX
X X

Fettliba tron

Gamat

XX
Oenckae
fmak (a)
Ratro

In hunmaE, he ee chionoson ek te chioncone anel

and Y chomoguf

mako tan n nb becat r ma hav onl