POWER RESOURCES

Areas to be covered in this unit

Sources:
• Diagram of extraction: Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas
• Difference between:
Renewable and non-renewable sources of electricity
• Electricity generation: from renewable resources
• Hydel, Wind, Solar, Wave, Tidal, Biofuels, Geothermal
• Importance of power sources: for development
• Common Terms

1
 POWER RESOURCES
Areas to be covered in this unit
Non-renewable Resources:
• Coal: Types, Quality, Amount/Reserves, Transportation
• Natural Gas: Amount/Reserves, Transportation/Limits
• Oil: Reserves, Import/Causes, Transportation/Limits
• Electricity Generation: Thermal, Nuclear
Renewable Resources:
• Advantages and Disadvantages: Electricity Generation
• Hydel Schemes: Favorable conditions, physical/Human
• Feasibility: Small scale renewable power generation
• Causes: Power breakdown/outage
• Causes: Not sufficient development of power

2
POWER RESOURCES
Types and Quality of Coal

3
POWER RESOURCES
Types and Quality of Coal

4
POWER RESOURCES
Types and Quality of Coal

5
POWER RESOURCES
Types and Quality of Coal

6
POWER RESOURCES
Diagram of extraction of Coal

7
POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Coal

8
POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Coal

9
POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Coal

10
POWER RESOURCES
Coal Reserves in Pakistan

11
 POWER RESOURCES
Coal as preferred source of power:
• Abundant reserves:
The Black Treasure
• Rising price of oil / uncertainty surrounding the price:
Saving tremendous foreign exchange
• Alternative source of energy:
Energy resource

12
 POWER RESOURCES
Coal producing areas in Pakistan
• Sindh:
Lower Sindh/Lakhra/Jhimpir/Sonda/Thar/Thar desert
• Balochistan:
N/NW/Balochistan/Quetta/Sor/Mach/Degari/Khost/Shahrig/
Harnal/Duki/ Chamalang
• Punjab:
Salt Range/Dandot Pidh/Potwar plateau/Makerwal
• KPK:
Hangu/Cherat/Shirani

13
 POWER RESOURCES
Oil: Extraction
• Mineral Oil: also known as BLACK GOLD
• It occurs: in porous spaces of sedimentary rocks
• Porous: having small holes that allow air or liquid to pass through
• Sedimentary rocks: formed by the deposition and cementation of
mineral
• Derived from: decomposition of marine animal and vegetative
matter over several million years
• Location: hundreds of metres underground or under seabed

14
POWER RESOURCES
Oil: Extraction

15
POWER RESOURCES
Oil: Extraction

16
 POWER RESOURCES
Oil Refining
• Crude Oil: cannot be used in raw form has to be refined
• Processing: Oil Refineries
• Products: Diesel, Petrol, Kerosene
• Uses: Source of Power, Motor Fuel, Lubricant for Machines
• Location 1: Near the Oil Fields Attock Oil Refinery Morga, Potwar
Plateau
• Location 2: At the port of import National Refinery Karachi

17
 POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Oil
• Transport at Sea
• Transport on Land:
• By pipeline
• By road tanker
• By rail tanker

18
 POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Oil: By Pipeline
Advantages:
• Cheaper mode of transportation
• Pipelines can be laid through difficult terrains as well as under
water.
• It involves very low energy consumption.
• It needs very little maintenance.
• Pipelines are safe, accident-free and environmental friendly.

19
 POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Oil: By Pipeline
Disadvantages:
• Its capacity cannot be increased once it is laid.
• It is difficult to make security arrangements for pipelines.
• Underground pipelines cannot be easily repaired and detection of
leakage is also difficult.

20
 POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Oil: By road tanker
Advantages:
• Door to door services
• Ideal for short distances
• Easy access: Most of the areas are well-connected by road

21
 POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Oil: By road tanker
Disadvantages:
• Costly
• Time consuming
• Dangerous for traffic
• Degradation to existing road surface / weight
• Dangerous to Human lives
• Limited quantity can be transported

22
 POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Oil: By rail tanker
Advantages:
• Larger capacity / quantity
• Weather conditions do not affect like rain, fog etc
• Safety, least chances of accidents

23
 POWER RESOURCES
Transportation of Oil: By rail tanker
Disadvantages:
• Lack of door to door service
• Not suitable for shorter distances
• Non availability: distant locations / rural areas

24
 POWER RESOURCES
Extraction of Gas
• Location: in oil-bearing rocks above the oil
• Mashallah You have studied already under oil extraction.
• Lets have a recap here.
• Rocks (porous): have millions of tiny holes.
• Tiny Holes: act like a sponge and soak up the gas as it is formed.
• Above this rock: there is non-porous rock that trap the gas
underground and stop it from leaking out to the surface.
Remember:
• Natural Gas has no smell, it is added for safety reasons.

25
 POWER RESOURCES
Extraction of Gas
• OGDC: Oil & Gas Development Corporation
• OGRA: Oil & Gas Regulatory Authority
• Discovery in 1952 at Sui (Balochistan):
By Pakistan Petroleum Limited (PPL) while drilling in
search of oil.
• Importance of Sui Gas field: one of the largest in the world.

26
POWER RESOURCES
Sectoral Consumption of Gas & OIL

27
POWER RESOURCES
Sectoral Consumption of Gas & OIL

28
POWER RESOURCES
Sectoral Consumption of Gas & OIL

29
POWER RESOURCES
Sectoral Consumption of Gas & OIL

30
POWER RESOURCES
Supply of Natural Gas

31
 POWER RESOURCES
Supply of Gas
• LPG: (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
• Formed: When Natural Gas is cooled down to a very low
temperature it turns into a liquid.
• CNG: (Compressed Natural Gas)

Where there is no gas pipeline:

• It can be moved from place to place in special Cylinders.
• Examples: Mountain areas like Murree, Gilgit, Abbotabad
• Use: Heating & Cooking

32
 POWER RESOURCES
Non-Renewable Resources

• Thermal Power
• Nuclear Power

33
 POWER RESOURCES
Non-Renewable Resources of Energy
Advantages:
1. High in energy.
Provide more energy per unit than do renewable energy sources such as solar or wind
energy.
2. Able to move across the world.
Solid, physical form such as lumps of coal or barrels of oil, non-renewable energy
sources can usually easily be taken from place to place.
3. Profitable.
There are many profits to be made in the mining of coal, the selling of oil or the
construction of natural gas pipelines.
4. Easy to use.
pretty easy to burn, whether in a home or in a large factory

34
 POWER RESOURCES
Non-Renewable Resources of Energy
Disadvantages:
1. Time consuming to extract.
Mining coal, searching for oil, and building drills and pipes to extract and transport natural
gas, are all very time consuming processes.
2. Not viable for future generations.
will eventually run out. That means that humans will not be able to base our lives on them
forever.
3. Not environment friendly (Climatic Changes)
Global warming, air pollution, dangerous for humans.
4. Dirty.
They are quite dirty, leaving soot and dirt on furnishings in the home. When used in
factories, they release soot and other dirty substances into the air.

35
 POWER RESOURCES
Thermal Power
Advantages:
• Economical: low initial cost than any generating plant.
• Land required: less
• Maintenance: Easier
• Installation: in any location where transportation & bulk of water are
available.

36
 POWER RESOURCES
Thermal Power
Disadvantages:
• Large amount of smoke causes air pollution: The thermal power
station is responsible for Global warming.
• The running cost: comparatively high due to fuel.
• The heated water that comes from thermal power plant: has an
adverse effect on the lives in the water and disturbs the ecology.

37
 POWER RESOURCES
Nuclear Power
Advantages:
• Clean energy source: No carbon emissions released.
• Reliable source: The nuclear reactors used today have a pretty long
life (they work for decades).
• Very powerful source: Efficient (nuclear power has the highest energy
density known by man).
• Huge amount of electricity: in a pretty small space.

38
 POWER RESOURCES
Nuclear Power
Disadvantages:
• Nuclear waste: very hazardous for the environment and for any living
being.
• Non-renewable: energy source because uranium, plutonium and
thorium are finite resources.
• Disposing nuclear waste: expensive activity that requires both high
expenses and heavy military guard for the objective.
• Radioactive disasters: (already produced) that affected both human
life and the environment.

39
 POWER RESOURCES (HYDEL POWER)

Advantages:
Renewable.
This means that it will never have to run out of supply and it will not become scarce.
Source of Clean Energy.
It is a clean and green alternative source of energy. It will not produce any greenhouse
gases or toxins that will pollute the environment.
Stable and Reliable.
This type of energy source is considered dependable as there are no issues so far as
electric power generation is concerned. It provides high output.
Requires Low Operating Cost.
it requires low maintenance and operating cost. It also require minimal replacements due
to the fewer parts that are present in it.
Matches Current Demand.
If the demand for water is low in a particular area, it will be lowered, redirected and stored
until the need arises.
40
 POWER RESOURCES (HYDEL POWER)

Disadvantages:
Specific Location Required.
It cannot be built any where, it needs certain geographical location for building.
Cost of Building is high (Expensive).
The building cost is high and time consuming.
Evacuation.
For making reservoir and changing the flow of water may affect the settlements of people.

41
 POWER RESOURCES (SOLAR POWER)

Advantages:
Environment friendly.
It is pollution free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation.
Economic.
It reduces dependence on expensive foreign oil and fossil fuels.
Renewable.
It is clean power that is available every sunny day of the year.
Not required certain location.
It can be installed virtually anywhere; in a field or on a building.

42
 POWER RESOURCES (SOLAR POWER)

Disadvantages:
Installation Cost .
High initial costs for material and installation.
Larger Space.
Needs lots of space as efficiency is not 100% yet.
Generation Daytime only.
No solar power at night so there is a need for a large battery bank.
Weather Conditions.
Cloudy days do not produce much energy.

43
 POWER RESOURCES (WIND POWER)

Advantages:
Renewable.
The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently.
Environment Friendly.
Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces, does not cause green house gases
or other pollutants.
Alternative Source for distant locations.
Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines
to produce their own supply.

44
 POWER RESOURCES (WIND POWER)

Disadvantages:
The wind fluctuates.
• The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. So it do
not produce the same amount of electricity all the time.
• There will be times when they produce no electricity at all.
Lower output (Higher input).
Large wind farms are needed to provide entire communities with enough electricity.
Installation cost is high.
Needs many poles to build

45
 POWER RESOURCES (WAVE POWER)

Advantages:
High output.
• Capable of high efficiency (60-80%) in ideal conditions.
• obtained by wind via the Sun’s heating of our atmosphere.
Lower running cost.
• Low operation and maintenance costs after construction.
Lower Building Cost.
• Low upfront construction costs.
Clean Energy.
• No emissions during operation.
Renewable energy source.

46
 POWER RESOURCES (WAVE POWER)

Disadvantages:
Can affect ecosystem.
• Improperly placed wave power plants can damage the marine ecosystem.
Weather can affect efficiency.
• Efficiency drops significantly in rough weather due to safety mechanisms.
Cannot be built anywhere.
• Limited locations where waves are strong enough to produce electricity without
damaging equipment.
Supply to limited area.
• Power only produced near oceans making transmission to inland customers difficult.

47
POWER RESOURCES (WAVE POWER)

48
 POWER RESOURCES (TIDAL POWER)

Advantages:
Efficient at low speeds
• Since water is 1,000 times more dense than air, electricity can be generated from
tides much more efficiently at slower speeds than wind turbines can.
Long lifespan of plants
• The estimated lifespan of tidal energy plants is about 75-100 years, which is much
longer than nuclear plants.
Low cost to run
• They are relatively inexpensive to run, and require few staff to run them.
Renewable
• Unlike fossil fuels, tides are a nearly unlimited resource that would not run out.
Clean Energy
• This type of energy does not generate greenhouse gases or cause pollution.
49
 POWER RESOURCES (TIDAL POWER)

Disadvantages:
Limited locations
• Tidal energy plants require specific site characteristics.
Expensive to Construct
• The construction of tidal energy plants requires very large initial capital investments.
Weather effects
• Bad weather and storm events such as hurricanes that occur along coastlines can
damage tidal power equipment.
Distance from the grid
• The energy generated by the tides is a long distance from where the electricity will be
consumed inland. This makes it difficult for tidal energy to provide electricity for any
communities but those that are close to coastlines.

50
 POWER RESOURCES (BIOGAS ENERGY)

Difference between Biomass and Biogas:

Biomass.
• Biomass is literally ‘mass’, in the physical sense, which is composed of biologically -
formed material.
Examples:
• animal manure,
• dried plant material,
• kitchen scraps,
• discarded cotton clothing ( sheets, curtains, towels, etc. ),
• slaughter house discards ( hide, hair, lung, intestines, feet, claws )
• sun dried algae, peat, lignite, Tree barks,
• fallen leaves etc
Biogas.
• Biogas refers to the gas produced when biomass breaks down.

51
 POWER RESOURCES (BIOGAS ENERGY)

Advantages:
Renewable energy source
• The raw materials used in the production of biogas are renewable. Trees and crops
will continually grow, which means manure, food scraps, and crop remains will
constantly be available.
Reduces the amount of waste going to landfills
• Filthy waste smells and toxic liquids draining into underground water sources. Instead
of disposing of these organic materials to landfills, they can be used to produce
biogas.
Requires low capital investment
• The technology used to produce biogas is pretty cheap. Biogas plants can be
developed right at home using locally sourced materials. The resultant gas can be
used directly for cooking and generation of electricity.

52
 POWER RESOURCES (BIOGAS ENERGY)

Disadvantages:
Contains impurities
• Biogas still contains impurities even after refining and compression. When utilized as
fuel to power automobiles, it can destroy engines and lead to extraordinary
maintenance costs.
It can’t work in all locations
• Biogas production is only feasible in certain locations where raw materials are in
plentiful supply.
Not economically viable
• Production of biogas is not attractive economically, especially on a large scale.

53
 POWER RESOURCES (GEOTHERMAL ENERGY)

Advantages:
Renewable and Sustainable
• Geothermal energy is both renewable and sustainable. The thermal resources of the
Earth will never run out.
Constant Supply
• Unlike other renewable energy technologies (such as solar and wind power),
geothermal power can provide a constant, uninterrupted supply of electricity. Solar
panels can only produce electricity during the day and wind turbines only produce
power when there is enough wind.
Low Maintenance
• Once these plants are built, they are considered to be very low maintenance when
compared with other mainstream power plants (Coal, Oil and Nuclear)

54
 POWER RESOURCES (GEOTHERMAL ENERGY)

Disadvantages:
Geographical Limitations
• It cannot be built anywhere, it is built on tectonic fault lines.
Large Investment Needed
• It is considerably high, a large proportion of this cost is associated with the
exploration and drilling for geothermal energy resources.
Potential emissions
• Greenhouse gas below Earth’s surface can potentially migrate to the surface and into
the atmosphere.
• Such emissions tend to be higher near geothermal power plants, which are
associated with sulfur dioxide and silica emissions.

55
 POWER RESOURCES (CAUSES OF OUTAGE IN PAKISTAN)

Not working to full capacity

• Due to financial constraints, lack of technical expertise and maintenance facilities.
Reduced flow of water in rivers
• In winter season the hydel power generation decreases.
Long transmission lines
• National Grid system supplies electricity to all provinces so long transmission lines
causes losses of electricity
Power Theft
• It occurs on a large scale which causes 21% losses in transmission and distribution.
Demand for supply
• Industrialization, urbanization and rural electrification have increased the demand
which do not match the available resources.

56
 POWER RESOURCES (RURAL ELECTRIFICATION)

Advantages:
Tubewells
• Can be installed for irrigation.
• It will also help to control water logging and salinity that can increase the agricultural
production.
Small-scale industries
• Can be developed to provide employment.
• Also can meet the demand of industrial goods.
Standard of living
• Increases and people can use electric appliances.
Information Technology
• People can receive the electronic media.

57
 POWER RESOURCES (RURAL ELECTRIFICATION)

Problems:
Remote Areas / Distant locations
• Many of the small villages especially in KPK and Baluchistan are away from
transmission lines.
High cost
• The cost of laying and maintaining transmission lines is high and extra burden on the
country’s weaker economy.
Economic feasibility
• It is not economically feasible to provide electricity to very small villages where
population is less than 1000.

58
 POWER RESOURCES (NATIONAL GRID SYSTEM)

The System:

Power Generation Grid Stations Consumers

• It has power generating stations and load centres which are linked with each other.
• It consists of a large network of transmission lines and grid stations to transmit power
to consumers.

Purpose
• To supply electricity to different areas according to their requirements.

59
 POWER RESOURCES (SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT)

Measures that can be taken:

• The non-productive use and wastage of power resources must be checked strictly to
save energy.
• Faulty and damaged transmission lines should be replaced on emergency basis to
avoid losses in electricity.
• Working for alternative renewable power resources, reducing dependence on fossil
fuels which would be exhausted in future.
• The public awareness programme should be introduced through media, public and
private institutions regarding saving energy.

Purpose:
• Sustainable development of power resources in the country.

60