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Population

The document outlines key aspects of population dynamics, including structure, growth, movements, distribution, density, and employment. It discusses causes and effects of rapid population growth, rural-urban migration, and international migration, along with terms related to population such as overpopulation and life expectancy. Additionally, it suggests solutions for controlling population growth and migration issues, emphasizing family planning, education, and improved infrastructure.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
23 views80 pages

Population

The document outlines key aspects of population dynamics, including structure, growth, movements, distribution, density, and employment. It discusses causes and effects of rapid population growth, rural-urban migration, and international migration, along with terms related to population such as overpopulation and life expectancy. Additionally, it suggests solutions for controlling population growth and migration issues, emphasizing family planning, education, and improved infrastructure.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POPULATION

Major Parts of the Unit


1. Structure and Growth of Population
2. Movements of Population
3. Distribution and Density of Population
4. Employment

1
POPULATION
1. Structure and Growth of population
• Causes: Rapid growth of population
• Effects: Rapid growth of population
• Suggestions: For controlling the rapid growth of population
• Advantages / Disadvantages: Family Planning Programme
Graph-based Questions:
• Understanding: Population Pyramid
• Understanding: Demographic Transition Model

2
POPULATION
2. Movements of population
• Causes: Rural-Urban Migration
• Effects: Rural-Urban Migration
• Causes: Pull and Push factors
• Causes: Seasonal Migration, Emigration, Refugees
• Problems: Slums, Shanty developments, tent-cities
• Advantages / Disadvantages: Out-Migration
• Solutions: Self-Help Schemes

3
POPULATION
3. Distribution & Density of Population
• Difference: distribution & density of population
• Map: description of above on map
• Factors which contribute to these variations: physical, economic,
social and political aspects.

4
POPULATION
4. Employment
• Terms: Unemployment, underemployment, disguised unemployment
• Causes: Unemployment
• Suggestions: Employment Generation Programmes
• Evaluate: Literacy, education and training for both males and
females, in rural as well as urban areas.

5
TERMS
POPULATION

6
POPULATION
TERMS
• Population: The total number of inhabitants of a country / city or any other area is
called population.
• Overpopulation: It refers to an area where its natural resources cannot support its
inhabitants for a long time.
• Natural Increase: The difference between birth rate and death rate is called
natural increase.
• Population Growth Rate: The annual increase in the total population is known as
population growth rate.
• Life Expectancy: The number of years a person is expected to live at the time of his
or her birth is called life expectancy.
• Infant Mortality Rate: The number of deaths per thousand babies within one year
of birth

7
POPULATION
TERMS
•Unemployment: The condition of one who is capable of working, actively seeking
work, but unable to find any work.
•Underemployment: The term is used to designate the situation of those who are able
to find employment only for shorter than normal periods, part-time workers, seasonal
workers, or day or casual workers.
•Disguised unemployment: When workers are employed but left without work or only
partially utilized for their available time.
(However, if these particular workers stop working, it does not necessarily
affect the output)

8
POPULATION
TERMS
Migration: Movement of the people from one place to another is called migration.

Types of Migration: There are THREE types of migration


1. Internal Migration
2. External / International Migration
3. Seasonal Migration

1. Internal Migration: Movement of the people within the country is called internal
migration. For example, rural-urban migration.
2. Out-Migration / External / International Migration: The movement of the people from one
country to another for purposes of settlement with the intention of staying a year or more. e.g.
Afghan Refugees.
3. Seasonal Migration: The movement of the people within the country due to climatic
changes. e.g. In winter season northern areas to plain areas.

9
POPULATION
TERMS
Emigration: The act of leaving a country is called emigration.
Immigration: The act of entering a country is called immigration.
Emigrant: Those who migrate / emigrate are called emigrants.
Immigrant: Those who immigrate are called immigrants.

10
1. Structure and Growth of population

Causes: Rapid growth of population

Effects: Rapid growth of population

Suggestions: For controlling the rapid growth of population

Advantages / Disadvantages: Family Planning Programme

Graph-based Questions:

Understanding: Population Pyramid

Understanding: Demographic Transition Model

11
Causes:
Rapid growth of population

12
POPULATION
CAUSES OF RAPID GROWTH OF POPULATION
• Early marriages (High productivity Span)
• Child labour (More Children means more earning hands)
• In migration (Afghan refugees)
• Strong desire for son.
• Polygamy
• Lack of awareness about the problems of population pressure.
• Lack of family planning / Lack of education about contraceptives.
• Contraceptives not readily available especially in remote rural areas.
• Contraceptives not affordable / expensive.
• Tradition of large family.
• Prestige about large family.
• Children work on farms / bring in money.
• Wanted as security for old age.
• Religious beliefs because Allah provide RIZQ to every one.
13
Effects of
Rapid growth of population

14
POPULATION
EFFECTS OF RAPID GROWTH OF POPULATION
Economy:
• Shortage of money / foreign exchange to buy food / negative balance of payments
• Need for foreign loans / Debts
• Lack of money for investment
Development:
• Shortage of Food, Water, Education, Health services
• Unemployment
• Poverty
• Pollution
• Traffic congestion
• Inflation / high prices
• Load shedding
• Little industrial development.
15
How to Control?
Rapid growth of population

16
POPULATION
HOW TO CONTROL THE RAPID GROWTH OF POPULATION?

• Family planning programmes. e.g. Green star clinics, Chabi ka Nishan, Sabz
Sitara,
• Free contraceptives available in rural areas.
• Education and awareness of population growth / how to improve living
standards.
• Education of women / jobs for women. (Delay / later marriage).
• More clinics and hospitals.
• Religious support for birth control.

17
Family Planning Programme
How to reduce
Problems in running the programme

18
POPULATION
FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME
How to reduce Population by Family planning?
• Policies to reduce family size effective in other countries (e.g. China’s one-child
policy)
• Family planning can be introduced through government and NGO programmes
(e.g.
women’s and children’s welfare associations, Behbud Association, Green Star
clinics)
• Contraceptives could be provided cheaply Is a direct approach/can be
enforced/monitored
Problems in reducing Population by Family planning?
• More people being skilled will generate income for country, decreasing the burden
of/outweighing the effect of population growth
• Population policies can be considered too harsh (unethical/too intrusive/ Population against
human rights)
• Traditional/religious opposition to contraception.
19
1. Structure and Growth of population

Graph-based Questions:
Understanding: Population Pyramid
Understanding: Demographic Transition Model

20
Population Pyramid

21
POPULATION
POPULATION PYRAMID
Study Fig.4, is a population pyramid for Pakistan in 1998.

22
POPULATION
HOW TO ASSESS POPULATION PYRAMID?
Pakistan’s Age Pyramid:
• It is a type of bar graph that illustrates the structure of population.
• Age pyramids are a useful indicator of age distribution.
• An age pyramid with a broad base and a narrowing peak is called an expansive or
progressive age pyramid.
• An age pyramid with a narrow base and broad in middle is called a regressive age
pyramid. It indicates a low birth rate, a low death rate and a large number of
people in the productive age groups. Such age pyramids belong to UK and USA.
Pakistan’s Age Pyramid:
• The Pakistan’s age pyramid has a broad base, which indicates the high proportion
of children to adults in the population.
• It also indicates that Pakistan has a high birth rate.
• The pyramid shrinks upwards quite sharply. This means that Pakistan also has a
high death rate amongst the older segments of the population.
Progressive: it tends to get better and more advanced.
Regressive: Something that gets less developed or returns to an older state.
23
POPULATION
HOW TO ASSESS POPULATION PYRAMID?

AGE COMPOSITION
The age composition can be divided into three groups.
Age Group
A 0 - 14 years Children
B 15 - 60 years Working population/ Active population
C 61 years and over Elderly persons

24
POPULATION
POPULATION PYRAMID
Study Fig.4, is a population pyramid for Pakistan in 1998.

Describe the overall Shape of the Graph (Population Pyramid).


• Concave.
• Mainly pyramidal / triangular
• Broad base and narrow top
• Bulge of males at 30 – 34 and 60 - 64
25
POPULATION
POPULATION PYRAMID
Study Fig.4, is a population pyramid for Pakistan in 1998.

• Effects on economy and development.


• Advantages
• Disadvantages

26
Demographic Transition Model

27
POPULATION
DEMOGRAHIC TRANSITION MODEL

28
POPULATION
DEMOGRAHIC TRANSITION MODEL
Causes of High Birth rate:
• ANSWER IS CAUSES OF HIGH GROWTH OF POPULATION.
Causes of Low Birth rate:
• Family planning programmes. e.g. Green star clinics, Chabi ka Nishan, Sabz sitara,
• Lady health worker programmes.
• Free contraceptives available in rural areas.
• Education and awareness of population growth / how to improve living standards.
• Education of women / jobs for women. (Delay / later marriage).
• More clinics and hospitals.
• Better living condition / Better sanitation.
• Clean water.
• Better food.
• Religious support for birth control.
29
POPULATION
DEMOGRAHIC TRANSITION MODEL
Causes of High Death rate:
• Wars.
• Unhygienic conditions.
• Incurable diseases.
• Lack of food / balance diet.
Causes of Low Death rate (Death rate fallen):
• More balanced died.
• Cleaner / fresh water.
• Improved sanitation.
• More doctors, more nurses, more medical colleges.
• More hospitals and more medical facilities.
• Better transport to get to medical centers.
• Spread of medical facilities to rural and remote areas.
• Free treatment in government hospitals.
• Improved facilities for / care of old people.
30
Causes of Improvement

Life Expectancy

31
POPULATION
CAUSES OF LIFE EXPECTANCY IMPROVED
• Improved medical facilities
• Number of hospitals, Medical Colleges and Doctors has increased
• Availability of fresh water
• Improvement in diet
• Better sanitation facilities
• Low infant mortality rate (The no. of deaths per thousand babies within one year
of birth)
• Vaccination programmes
• Advancement in surgery
• Better transport system for the movement of doctors.

32
2. Movements of population

Causes: Rural-Urban Migration


Effects: Rural-Urban Migration
Causes: Pull and Push factors
Causes: Seasonal Migration, Emigration, Refugees
Problems: Slums, Shanty developments, tent-cities
Advantages / Disadvantages: Out-Migration
Solutions: Self-Help Schemes

33
Causes of
Rural Urban Migration

34
POPULATION
CAUSES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
Rural Push Factors:
• Unemployment due to mechanization.
• Lack of health facilities.
• Lack of school / trained teachers.
• Natural disasters e.g. flood.
• Lack of named facilities e.g. shops, entertainment.
• Loss of land.
Urban Pull Factors:
• More jobs.
• Better pay.
• Better education.
• Better health facilities.
• Attractions of entertainment.
• More reliable food supply. 35
Effects of
Rural Urban Migration

36
POPULATION
EFFECTS / PROBLEMS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
What problems are caused in rural areas by migration to urban areas?
• Loss of workforce / only the old and young left.
• Fewer children.
• Loss of services e.g. education, medicines, public transport and shops.
• Loss of infrastructure. e.g. roads, electricity, telephone.
• Loss of educated people.
• Women left behind / unbalanced sex ratio.
• Lack of government investment.

37
POPULATION
EFFECTS / PROBLEMS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
What are the effects / problems of population movements from rural to urban areas
within Pakistan?
• Shortage of housing.
• Water / Air pollution.
• Unemployment in urban areas.
• Littering of streets.
• Traffic congestion.
• Spread of diseases.
• Crime / Violence / drugs increases.
• Burden increases over urban facilities, e.g. Schools, power supplies, food water.
• Depopulation in rural areas.
• Imbalance sex ratio / less agricultural production.

38
POPULATION
EFFECTS / PROBLEMS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
What are the environmental problems of overpopulation?
• Air pollution.
• Noise pollution. (due to traffic)
• Health problem. (Viral diseases)
• Polluted water.
• Cleaning problem.

39
How to Control?
Rural Urban Migration

40
POPULATION
HOW TO CONTROL RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION?
How can people be encouraged to stay in rural areas? [4]
• Land reform and consolidation
• Better infrastructure (named) e.g. Electricity, water, roads
• Better services (named) e.g. Schools, hospitals, clinics
• Development of Cottage/small-scale industries
• Better communications e.g. Radio, TV
• Government schemes
• Irrigation schemes

41
Causes of
International Migration

42
POPULATION
CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL EMIGRATION
Why do some people go to live in other countries? Or Why do some people emigrate
from Pakistan?
• Lack of jobs in Pakistan.
• For higher wages / higher standard of living.
• To support family in Pakistan.
• Opportunities such as construction in Middle East, unskilled to Malaysia and skilled
to Canada.
• To support family in Pakistan.
• For medical treatment.
• Political instability, Corruption, lack of security in Pakistan.
• Lack of development in rural areas.
• Government encouragement so that foreign exchange is sent back.

43
Advantages of
International Migration

44
POPULATION
ADVANTAGES OF INTERNATIONAL EMIGRATION
• Can earn higher income / better prospects.
• Remittances sent home.
• Jobs for educated e.g. doctors, engineers, university lecturer.
• Jobs for construction in Middle East / domestic, restaurants, shops in Population
Malaysia.
• Better living condition e.g. housing, electricity, sanitation etc.
• Social benefits e.g. education, healthcare etc.
• Religious freedom.
• Rate of unemployment decreases.
• Pressure is reduced on the jobs within the country.
• Strong cultural relations created.

45
Disadvantages of
International Migration

46
POPULATION
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNATIONAL EMIGRATION
• Loss of educated people.
• Loss of skilled workers, e.g. doctors, teachers, engineers.
• Loss of taxes.
• Qualifications may not be accepted .
• Language problems or barrier.
• High cost of living abroad.
• Prejudice e.g. thought to be extremist.
• Need for permits e.g. to enter country.
• Exploited by traffickers / poor working and living conditions etc.
• Homesickness.
• Cultural Problems / different culture etc.

47
Causes of
Seasonal Migration

48
POPULATION
CAUSES OF SEASONAL MIGRATION IN PAKISTAN
• To avoid from severe summers / winters.
• Move from mountainous areas in winter to find jobs in plains.
• Nomadic movements in search of pastures and water.
• In mountains take animals up to higher pastures in summer / when snow clears
• bring animals down to valley pastures for winter (TRANSHUMANCE).
• Work in cotton / sugar mills after harvests then return home when work finishes.
• Move from the active flood plain to save from flood.
• Enjoy holidays in summer and winter.

49
Slums & Shanty Developments

50
POPULATION
SLUMS / SHANTY DEVELOPMENTS

51
POPULATION
SLUMS / SHANTY DEVELOPMENTS
Evaluate the measures taken to improve the living conditions in shanty
developments in
urban areas of Pakistan.

SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE:
• Many shanty settlements have been improved by the government.
• Self-help schemes encourage community spirit as people will work together.
• People take pride in their environment.
• Clean water prevents spread of diseases.
• People will be healthier.
• Better standard of living.
• Housing is permanent and secure.
• Have directed where housing can be built.

52
POPULATION
SLUMS / SHANTY DEVELOPMENTS
Evaluate the measures taken to improve the living conditions in shanty
developments in
urban areas of Pakistan.

LESS SUCCESSFUL BECAUSE:


• Lack of money / investment
• Lack of support co-operation
• Lack of education / skills to do the task
• Corruption
• Change of governments/political instability
• Huge size of task / high cost
• Will take time
• Or more specific e.g. shortage of water, electricity, education

53
POPULATION
SLUMS / SHANTY DEVELOPMENTS
Explain why people live in areas such as those shown in Photographs.
• Rural-urban migrants
• Refugees
• Looking for work / safety
• Close to work
• Work for low pay / poor / work in informal sector / poverty
• Cheap / cannot afford housing / housing too expensive
• Unemployed
• Only space / land that is available
• Considered only to be temporary

54
POPULATION
SLUMS / SHANTY AREAS / PROBLEMS

With reference to the photograph and using your own knowledge, explain55
POPULATION
SLUMS / SHANTY AREAS / PROBLEMS
With reference to the photograph and using your own knowledge, explain why many
people become ill in homes like these.
• Pool of water encourages mosquitos, – risk of malaria.
• Water pollution / lack of clean water, Lack of sanitation / unhygienic, – risk of
typhoid, cholera, diarrhea etc. } named illness without explanation.
• Dust / air pollution, – risk of asthma / breathing difficulties.
• Waste dumped / lack of disposal of waste / dirty environment.
• Congested / high density / live close together, Kacha Abadi / Flimsy buildings /
leaky roofs / slums, – risk of flu, bronchitis, pneumonia etc., Spread of disease
• Malnutrition / poor food supply, No resistance to disease
• Poverty / no jobs, Illiteracy .

56
Advantages & Disadvantages
Self-Help Schemes

57
POPULATION
SELF-HELP SCHEMES (SLUMS / SHANTY AREAS)
ADVANTAGES:
• Reduces poverty
• Healthier environment / less disease / lower death rates
• Encourages people (to better themselves / work harder etc.) / improve skills / get
jobs
• Can build better housing / fewer slums
• Better care of the area, Removes unwanted people
• May reduce crime rates, Removes an eyesore / encourages tourism, Less labour
required

58
POPULATION
SELF-HELP SCHEMES (SLUMS / SHANTY AREAS)
DISADVANTAGES:
• High cost / lack of finance available, Corruption (money goes elsewhere)
• Takes time to achieve, High risk of failure in Pakistan
• Lack of resources to do this, Where do people go / moves the problem elsewhere
• May attract more people / more rural-urban migration, Need for education

59
3. Distribution & Density of Population

Difference: distribution & density of population


Map: description of above on map
Factors which contribute to these variations: physical,
economic, social and political aspects.

60
POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY
Population Distribution:
• Population distribution is the spreading of people over an area of land.
Population Density:
• Population density is the number of individuals per unit land.

61
POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY
Factors affecting distribution and density of population:

Physical / Natural Factors:


• Natural topography. (Flat land and Doabs)
• Climate.(Moderate)
• Soil.
• Water supply.
• Natural Routes (natural harbors, pass, road network)

Economic Factors:
• Efficient transport system.
• Port facilities.
• Industrial areas.
• Trade and business centres.
• Tourism development. 62
POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY
Factors affecting distribution and density of population:

Political Factors:
• Favorable Government policies.
• New towns.

Social Factors:
• Education and health facilities.
• Better accommodation facilities.

63
POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY
Give four reasons for the Low Density of population in Baluchistan.
• Very low rainfall / arid conditions
• Lack of water for domestic / industrial purposes
• Lack of sources for irrigation
• Very hot in summer
• Very high evapo-transpiration
• Mountainous areas / rugged
• Deep, steep sided valleys
• Large areas of bare rock / barren area
• Infertile soil e.g. sandy
• Limited mineral resources
• Lack of communications over vast areas
• Lack of education / health
• Lack of jobs 64
POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY
With the help of named examples explain why density of population varies
considerably in NWFP?
Low Densities due to:
• Very high areas
• Steep areas / steep slopes
• Areas of permanent snow
• Areas of severe cold
• Areas lacking communications
• Areas lacking water
• Areas lacking electricity
• Pastoral activities support few people
• Out migration from these areas.

65
POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY
With the help of named examples explain why density of population varies
considerably in NWFP?
Moderate Densities due to:
• Valleys with patches / areas of farming
• Areas with unmetalled road access
• Mining areas
• Minor defence sites
• Rural areas with tourist attractions.

66
POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY
With the help of named examples explain why density of population varies
considerably in NWFP?
Higher Densities due to:
• Farming areas / valleys
• Areas with metalled roads / railway access
• Industrial centers
• Administrative centers
• Market / shopping centers
• Main tourist centers
• In migration (Afghan refugees have settled)
• Major defence sites.

Seasonal variations in densities:


• Winter migration / nomadic due to severe cold, snow covered areas and being unable to
work. 67
POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY
Explain the causes of high density of population in :
(KARACHI AND LAHORE - SINDH AND PUNJAB)
• Provincial capitals
• Administrative offices
• Shopping centers / Big market
• Better education facilities
• Better health facilities
• Tourist attractions
• Good network of industry
• Good communication system
• Good network of roads and railway
• Availability of jobs
• Better infrastructure facilities
• Trade centers 68
POPULATION
MAP BASED QUESTIONS
DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY
Population Distribution (Map) (Sindh, Baluchistan, KPK, Punjab)
• Describe the population density of Pakistan.
• Describe the population density of Pakistan.
• Describe the distribution of towns and cities with a population of over 50
000.

Population density (Causes) (Low, high etc.)


• Describe 3 human factors that cause some areas to have a low population
density.
• Explain the reasons for a high population density in the Karachi area.

69
4. Employment

Terms: Unemployment, underemployment, disguised unemployment


Causes: Unemployment
Suggestions: Employment Generation Programmes
Evaluate: Literacy, education and training for both males and females, in rural as well
as urban areas.

70
POPULATION
EMPLOYMENT
Unemployment:
•The condition of one who is capable of working, actively seeking work, but unable to
find any work.
Underemployment:
•The term is used to designate the situation of those who are able to find employment
only for shorter than normal periods, part-time workers, seasonal workers, or day or
casual workers.
Disguised unemployment:
•When workers are employed but left without work or only partially utilized for their
available time.
(However, if these particular workers stop working, it does not necessarily
affect output)

71
Causes of
Unemployment

72
POPULATION
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
• High rate of population growth
• Illiteracy
• Mechanization in agriculture
• Revolution in information technology
• Rural urban migration
• Political instability
• Lack of skills
• Jobs needing qualification
• Machines in factories.

73
Solutions / How to Control?
Unemployment

74
POPULATION
HOW TO OVERCOME UNEMPLOYMENT / SOLUTIONS
• To provide technical education, training and skill facilities
• Establishment of heavy industries and invite foreign investors
• Establishment of cottage industries in rural areas
• Computer education
• To improve technology
• Establishment of technical institution
• Establishment of industrial estates
• Establishment of export processing zones
• Establishment of dry ports
• Establishment of other seasonal industries.
• Government schemes (Khushal Pakistan Programmes)
• Explore more overseas employment opportunities.

75
Questions on
Literacy / Education

76
POPULATION
LITERACY / EDUCATION
In 1995 male illiteracy was 50% and female illiteracy was 76%. Why is illiteracy so
high?
• Pakistan is a poor country / lack of money
• Lack of schools / colleges in rural areas
• Schooling is not free / parents cannot afford to pay for schooling
• Private schools are very expensive
• Insufficient teachers / not enough teacher training colleges
• Most of the population in rural areas
• Many in rural areas do not value education
• Some landlords do not allow tenants to send children to school
• Many people in remote areas are nomads / semi-nomadic.

77
POPULATION
LITERACY / EDUCATION
Give two reasons why female illiteracy is higher than male illiteracy.
• Traditional attitudes in rural areas and women ‘s place in the home
• Fewer girls given schooling
• Lack of girls school in rural areas
• Families spend money on boy’s education rather than girl’s
• Less number of teachers in school in rural areas.

78
POPULATION
LITERACY / EDUCATION
State two ways in which the high illiteracy rate affects industrial growth.
• Illiterate workers may produce low quality goods
• Illiterate worker more difficult to train
• Lack of skilled operators
• Lack of skilled management
• Illiterate bosses fail to plan properly
• Discourages investors
• May need to import skilled labor / expensive
• Illiterate workers provide cheap manual labor.

79
POPULATION
LITERACY / EDUCATION
Give two reasons why the percentage of literate people is larger in urban than in rural
areas.
• Jobs for literate / young people, Better schools / colleges /education, More educated
women
• Traditional farming does not require education, Can afford education

Using examples, explain why there are many jobs for illiterate and poorly educated
people in urban areas.
Examples:
• Cleaners, servants, street sellers, etc.

Explanation:
• It is a developed area so factories, building work etc.
• Rich people can afford this, Their labour is cheap, Unskilled work available, Low
standards of living
• Plenty of informal employment opportunities / lack of formal, regular waged
employment

80

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