Battery Management System

Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan,

Jaipur,Rajsthan

Anupam Jain Project Guide

Dept. Electronic and communication Dr.Jaiprakash Vijay
21ESKEC014 (Associate Professor)
SKIT M& G, Jaipur Dept. Electronic and communication
City, Jaipur (India) SKIT M& G, Jaipur
[email protected] City, Jaipur (India)

Abstract-A Battery Management System The paper concludes with a discussion on

(BMS) plays a critical role in ensuring the potential future enhancements, such as
safety, efficiency, and longevity of lithium- cloud-based analytics, wireless BMS
ion batteries used across various expansion, and AI-enabled predictive
applications, including electric vehicles and maintenance. This work demonstrates the
portable electronics. In this paper, we viability of building an affordable and
present a modular and cost-effective BMS functional BMS for educational and
prototype developed using the ESP32 prototyping purposes.
microcontroller, INA219 current sensor,
Keywords-Battery Management System,
shunt resistors, and other supporting
ESP32, INA219, Lithium-ion, Embedded
components. The system is designed to
Systems, IoT
monitor key battery parameters such as
voltage, current, and temperature in real- Introduction
time, displaying data on an OLED screen
The global transition toward electric
and transmitting it wirelessly for remote
mobility and renewable energy storage has
access. Our approach emphasizes
significantly increased the demand for
flexibility, modularity, and IoT integration,
reliable and intelligent battery systems.
allowing the system to be scalable for
Among various technologies, lithium-ion
different battery configurations. The design
batteries have emerged as the preferred
addresses common challenges in BMS
choice due to their high energy density, low
systems, such as thermal runaway,
self-discharge rate, and long cycle life.
overcharging, and communication latency,
However, their sensitivity to overcharging,
using hardware protection and efficient
over-discharging, and temperature
firmware design. We also discuss the
fluctuations necessitates the use of a
limitations faced during implementation,
Battery Management System (BMS) to
including calibration accuracy, component
ensure operational safety and efficiency. A
tolerance, and power supply management.
BMS serves as the central controller in a The system comprises the following major
battery-powered system, performing components:
functions such as monitoring voltage,
• ESP32 Development Board –
current, and temperature, estimating the
Serves as the central processing unit
state of charge (SoC), protecting cells from
and communication hub.
unsafe conditions, and communicating with
external systems. Commercial BMS • INA219 Sensor – Measures current
solutions, while feature-rich, are often and voltage using an internal shunt
expensive, closed-source, and not easily resistor and I2C interface.
customizable for academic or prototyping
• Shunt Resistor – Enables accurate
applications. To address this gap, our
current measurement through
project presents a modular and cost-
voltage drop sensing.
effective BMS prototype using open-source
hardware. The system is built around the • OLED Display (0.96-inch) –
ESP32 microcontroller, which offers dual- Provides local readouts of voltage,
core processing and Wi-Fi capabilities, current, and state of charge (SoC).
enabling both real-time monitoring and
• Temperature Sensor – Monitors
wireless data transmission. Sensors such as
thermal conditions to protect the
INA219 and temperature probes are used to
battery from overheating.
gather key electrical parameters, which are
displayed locally via OLED screens and • Voltage Divider – Used to safely
can be accessed remotely. This paper scale down voltage levels for analog
outlines the architecture, implementation, inputs (if required).
and performance of the proposed BMS,
highlighting its suitability for small-scale
and educational applications. It also
explores the challenges encountered during
development and proposes future directions
for enhancing system functionality.
System design and architecture-

The proposed Battery Management System

(BMS) is designed as a modular, scalable,
and cost-effective solution using widely
available components. The architecture is
centered around the ESP32 microcontroller,
chosen for its integrated Wi-Fi, low power
consumption, and dual-core processing
capabilities, making it ideal for both real-
time control and IoT-based monitoring.

2.1 Components
 While the current implementation
successfully demonstrates the core
functionality of a modular Battery
Management System using ESP32 and
common sensors, several enhancements can
2.2 Power Supply Design
be explored to improve its scalability,
The ESP32 is powered using a 5V intelligence, and commercial relevance.
USB input or external regulated supply.
9.1 Wireless BMS Architecture
The INA219 sensor is powered via the 3.3V
Eliminating wired connections between
rail from the ESP32 and communicates
modules can reduce complexity, especially
through the I2C bus. Careful power routing
in multi-cell battery packs. Future iterations
and bypass capacitors are used to minimize
can explore mesh networking protocols like
noise, especially in analog sections.
Zigbee or ESP-NOW to implement cell-
2.3 Communication Protocols level wireless communication, improving
system modularity and fault isolation.
• I2C Bus: Used for communication
between the ESP32 and the INA219 9.2 Cloud Integration for Data Logging
sensor as well as the OLED display. and Remote Monitoring Integrating cloud
platforms such as AWS IoT, Firebase, or
• Serial Communication: Employed
ThingsBoard can enable real-time remote
for debugging and monitoring via a
monitoring, data logging, and visualization.
serial terminal.
This would enhance the system's utility in
• Wi-Fi: Enabled for remote data remote or industrial applications and
transmission, logging, or future provide historical insights for maintenance
cloud integration. planning.

2.4 System Features 9.3 Solid-State Battery Support As solid-

state batteries emerge as a next-generation
• Real-time monitoring of battery
energy storage solution, the BMS can be
voltage, current, and temperature.
adapted to manage their unique
• Local display of key parameters on requirements. This includes handling
the OLED screen. different voltage thresholds,
charge/discharge profiles, and thermal
• Protection features against
characteristics.
overcurrent, overheating, and low
voltage. 9.4 AI/ML-Based Battery Health
Prediction Machine learning algorithms
• Wireless connectivity for remote
can be employed to analyze usage patterns
data access and expansion.
and environmental data for predictive
This modular architecture ensures ease of maintenance. Models trained on voltage,
development, future expansion, and current, and temperature data could
adaptability to different battery chemistries estimate State of Health (SoH), predict
and configurations. failures, and optimize charging cycles.

Future Work and Scope

9.5 Energy Harvesting and Ultra-Low- Power Sources, vol. 241, pp. 680–689, Nov.
Power Modes To extend usability in 2013.
remote environments, the BMS can
[2] D. Andrea, Battery Management
incorporate energy harvesting (e.g., solar)
Systems for Large Lithium Ion Battery
and implement ultra-low-power modes
Packs. Boston, MA, USA: Artech House,
using the ESP32’s deep sleep features.
2010.
Conclusion
[3] Texas Instruments, “INA219: Zero-
This paper presents a modular, cost- Drift, Bidirectional Current/Power
effective Battery Management System Monitor,” Datasheet, [Online]. Available:
(BMS) prototype built around the ESP32 https://www.ti.com/product/INA219
microcontroller, demonstrating essential
[4] Espressif Systems, “ESP32 Series
functions such as current, voltage, and
Datasheet,” [Online]. Available:
temperature monitoring, real-time display,
https://www.espressif.com/en/products/soc
and basic protection mechanisms. The
s/esp32/resources
system successfully integrates hardware
and firmware components to offer a viable [5] J. Cao and A. Emadi, “A New
solution for educational and small-scale Battery/UltraCapacitor Hybrid Energy
prototyping purposes. Storage System for Electric, Hybrid, and
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles,” IEEE
The flexibility of the ESP32 platform
Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 1, pp.
combined with open-source components
122–132, Jan. 2012.
provides a strong foundation for further
development, such as wireless monitoring, [6] G. Pistoia, B. Liaw, and P. Zambon,
cloud integration, and intelligent Battery Management Systems and SOC
diagnostics. Despite limitations in precision Development. Springer, 2019.
and advanced protection features, the
[7] M. Chen and G. A. Rincon-Mora,
project validates the feasibility of building
“Accurate electrical battery model capable
an accessible BMS using readily available
of predicting runtime and I-V
components.
performance,” IEEE Trans. Energy
Future enhancements, including AI-based Convers., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 504–511, Jun.
battery health prediction and support for 2006.
solid-state batteries, can further increase the
[8] Arduino, “ESP32 with OLED Display -
utility and sophistication of the system,
Voltage and Current Monitoring using
making it suitable for broader applications
INA219,” Tutorial, [Online]. Available:
in the evolving energy storage ecosystem.
https://randomnerdtutorials.com
References
[9] S. B. Nithya and A. G. Santhi, “IoT
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