DEVELOPMENT
• The idea of development or progress has
always been with us.
• Aspirations and desires about our lives and
the way we want to live.
• Ideas about what a country should be like.
Introduction to
Development
Developmental Goals / Aspirations
Varied Aspirations: Different persons have different
notions of development and progress based on their
unique needs and aspirations.
• Landless rural labourers seek employment and education.
• Prosperous farmers desire high income and opportunities for their
children.
• Farmers dependent on rain seek reliable irrigation.
• Rural women from landowning families want freedom and equal
opportunities.
• Urban unemployed youth look for education and employment.
• Rich urban boys and girls aspire for education and personal freedom.
• Adivasis focus on land preservation and basic amenities.
A girl's aspiration for equal freedom
and household work sharing might
conflict with her brother's
preferences.
Conflicting
Interests: Industrialists’ desire for large dams
for electricity can conflict with
tribals' preference for small check
dams to prevent displacement.
Different Developmental Goals:
• Each individual or group has unique
developmental goals based on their
circumstances and desires.
Key
Takeaways Conflicting Developmental
Goals:
• What may be development for one group
can be destructive for another,
highlighting the need for balanced and
inclusive development policies.
Common Desires for Development
Income-Related Goals:
• Regular work
• Better wages
Income and • Decent prices for crops or other products
Other Goals Non-Income Goals:
• Equal treatment
• Freedom
• Security
• Respect from others
• Absence of discrimination
Non-material aspects, such as
friendship and respect, significantly
impact the quality of life.
Importance of
Non-Material These aspects are often overlooked
Goals but are crucial for overall well-being.
Life quality is influenced by a
combination of income and non-
material factors.
Decision-making involves factors beyond
income, such as:Facilities for family
Working atmosphere
Considerations
Opportunities to learn
Beyond Income
Sense of security
Freedom and work-life balance
Job Location and Facilities:
Examples of Proximity to family
Non-Income Availability of amenities
Factors in Job Job Security vs. High Pay:
Choices A job with regular employment and lower pay can provide
more security and stability.
A high-paying job with no security and excessive hours
can reduce freedom and affect family life.
• Development involves a mix of goals,
including both income and non-material
factors.
• Women’s Dignity and Employment: Paid
work increases women’s dignity in the
Mixed Goals household and society.
for • Respect for women leads to more
equitable sharing of housework and
Development acceptance of women working outside.
• A safe and secure environment
encourages more women to take up jobs
or run businesses.
Diverse Notions of Development
National Individual Goals and National Development:
Development • Individuals have different goals based on their personal
aspirations and circumstances.
• Consequently, their views on national development also vary.
Equity and Fairness:
Are all ideas of development equally important?
Key Questions How to resolve conflicts between different development
ideas?
in National What is a fair and just path for national development?
Development
Evaluation of Ideas:
Assess whether an idea benefits a large number of
people or only a small group.
Consider if there is a better way of achieving
development goals.
Inclusive Development:
• National development should aim to include diverse
perspectives and needs.
• Policies should be designed to benefit a broad segment of
the population.
Considerations Resolving Conflicts:
for National • Develop mechanisms to address conflicting development
goals.
Development • Ensure that the development process is transparent and
participatory.
Criteria for Fairness:
• Evaluate development ideas based on their impact on
equity, inclusivity, and sustainability.
• Prioritize actions that provide widespread benefits and
reduce disparities.
Understanding Development
Comparisons
How to Compare
Different
Countries or Development Varies:
States?
• Different countries and states have
different levels of development.
• Development can mean different things,
but generally, some countries are called
developed and others under-developed.
Income as a Measure of Development
Income Comparison:
• For comparing countries, income is considered a
crucial attribute.
Comparison • Higher income countries are more developed because
more income means access to more resources.
Criteria Total Income and Per Capita Income:
• The income of a country is the sum of incomes of all its
residents (total income).
• Total income is not useful for comparison due to
varying populations.
• Average income (per capita income) is used, calculated
by dividing the total income by the total population.
World Development Reports:
Per capita income is used to classify countries.
High-income (rich) countries have a per capita income of
World Bank US$ 49,300 or above (2019 data).
Classification Low-income countries have a per capita income of US$
2500 or less.
India is a low middle-income country with a per capita
income of US$ 6700 (2019 data).
Rich countries (excluding some Middle Eastern and small
countries) are generally called developed countries.
Limitations of Average Income
Disparities Hidden by Averages:Averages are Example:
useful but hide income disparities within countries.
Consider two countries, A and B, with five citizens each.
Calculate the average income using provided data.
Although both countries have the same average income, country
A is preferred due to more equitable distribution.
In country A, people are neither very rich nor extremely poor,
whereas in country B, most citizens are poor with one extremely
rich person.
Example Table
for Average
Income
Calculation
Citizen 1 Citizen 2 Citizen 3 Citizen 4 Citizen 5 Average
Country
Income Income Income Income Income Income
A 10500 10500 10500 10500 10500 10500
B 500 500 500 500 50000 10500
• Choosing Countries Based on
Preference for Distribution:
• Even with identical average
Equitable incomes, country A is preferred for
its equitable distribution.
Distribution • Country B, despite the same
average income, has high inequality
with most citizens being poor and
one extremely rich.
Individual and National Aspirations
Individual Goals:
• Better income
• Security
Income and •
•
Respect for others
Equal treatment
Other Criteria • Freedom
National Goals:
• Similar to individual aspirations, nations also
consider attributes beyond income.
• Development of a region or nation includes
diverse metrics.
Holistic View of Development:
Analysis of While Haryana has the highest per capita income, it
lags in IMR compared to Kerala.
Comparative
Data Kerala’s lower IMR and higher literacy and attendance
rates indicate better overall social development despite
lower per capita income than Haryana.
Bihar's low per capita income, high IMR, low literacy
rate, and poor school attendance indicate multiple
development challenges.
Importance
Development cannot be
assessed solely on income;
health, education, and equitable
of Non- opportunities are crucial.
Income Policies should aim at improving
Indicators:
all aspects of human
development, not just economic
growth.
Income vs. Access to Services
Income Limitations:
• Higher income does not guarantee
Public access to all necessary goods and
services.
Facilities • Income alone cannot ensure a pollution-
free environment or unadulterated
medicines.
• Protection from infectious diseases
often requires community-wide
preventive measures.
Collective Services:
Many essential services and goods are best provided collectively.
Importance of Collective security for a locality is cheaper than individual
household security.
Collective Education is facilitated by community interest and government
Provision provision of schools.
Examples of Collective Benefits:
Individual study opportunities depend on the availability of
schools supported by government initiatives.
In many areas, lack of adequate public facilities prevents
children, especially girls, from attending high school.
• Health and Education:
• Kerala has a low Infant Mortality
Case Study: Rate due to adequate health and
educational facilities.
Kerala • The state's Public Distribution
System (PDS) functions well,
contributing to better health and
nutritional status.
Human Development Report
and Body Mass Index (BMI)
Body Mass Index (BMI)
• Calculation of BMI:
• Step 1: Measure weight in kilograms (kg).
• Step 2: Measure height in centimeters (cm) and
convert it to meters (m).
• Step 3: Calculate BMI using the formula:
Inadequacy of Income as Sole Measure:
Income is an important but insufficient measure of development.
Human Other crucial criteria include health and education indicators.
Development Health and Education Indicators:
Report (HDR) Widely used along with income to measure development.
Examples: Life expectancy, mean years of schooling, and gross national
income (GNI) per capita.
Human Development Report by UNDP:
• Compares countries based on educational levels, health status, and per capita income.
• Provides a more comprehensive view of development than income alone.
GNI per
Life Expectancy at Mean Years of HDI Rank (2021-
Country capita (2017
Birth Schooling (25+) 22)
PPP $)
Sri Lanka 12,578 76.4 10.8 73
India 6,590 67.2 6.7 132
Myanmar 3,851 65.7 6.4 149
Pakistan 4,624 66.1 4.5 161
Nepal 3,877 68.4 5.1 143
Bangladesh 5,472 72.4 7.4 129
• Data from Human Development Report 2021-22
• Table 1.6: Data for India and Neighbors (2021)
Key Indicators:
• Gross National Income (GNI) per capita: Measures average income.
• Life Expectancy at Birth: Indicates average expected lifespan.
• Mean Years of Schooling: Reflects average educational attainment.
• HDI Rank: Overall ranking based on Human Development Index.
Notes
HDI: Human Development Index ranks are out of 189 countries.
Life Expectancy at Birth: Average expected length of life at birth.
Per Capita Income: Calculated in dollars for uniform comparison
across countries. Adjusted to reflect purchasing power parity (PPP).
The Human Development Report
emphasizes the importance of health
Importance of and education along with income.
Human-
Centered The HDI reflects how a country is
doing in providing a better quality of
Development life for its people.
Even countries with lower per capita
income can have better life
expectancy and education indicators.
Surprising Data: Sri Lanka, a small
neighboring country, ranks much higher
than India in HDI.
Comparison: Nepal and Bangladesh,
Discussion despite lower per capita income, have
Points higher life expectancy than India.
Focus on People: The HDI underscores
that the well-being of citizens, their
health, and their education are central to
development.
Environmental Quality: Clean air, water, and a
Air healthy environment.
Additional Access to Technology: Availability of internet and
Access
Aspects for digital services.
Measuring
Human Low Social Stability and Security: Low crime rates,
political stability.
Development
Cultural and Recreational Opportunities: Access to
Access arts, culture, and leisure activities.
Gender Equality: Opportunities and rights for all
Gender genders.
Understanding Sustainability:
Sustainability means maintaining the current level of
development without depleting resources for future
Sustainability generations.
of Both renewable and non-renewable resources are at risk
of being overused, leading to environmental degradation.
Development
Renewable Resources:
Renewable resources, like groundwater, are replenished
naturally. However, overuse can lead to depletion faster
than replenishment.
• Non-Renewable Resources:
• Non-renewable resources, like crude oil, have a
finite stock that cannot be replenished once
exhausted.
• Discovery of new resources can temporarily
add to the stock, but this is not a long-term
solution.
• Environmental Degradation:
• Environmental degradation affects everyone,
transcending national and state boundaries.
• It requires a global effort involving scientists,
economists, philosophers, and social scientists
to address sustainability issues.
Crude Oil Reserves and Sustainability:
• The given data shows that the world's crude oil
reserves will last only about 50 years at the
current extraction rate.
• Different countries face different challenges
based on their reserves and dependency on oil
imports.
