Essay Study Guide

By: Chris Fung

3/11/11

-M9-

Describe error reduction, error capturing, and error tolerance.

- Error reductions
o Stop error directly at the sources
o Control error by reducing it
o Good for dealing with latent errors
o Examples
 Improving access to a part
 Improving lighting
 Providing better training
- Error tolerance
o Designed to included errors but will not result in catastrophe or serious
consequences
o Control error by tolerating and giving it multiple opportunities for detection
o Deal with both latent and active errors
o Examples
 Multiple hydraulic system
 Multiple electrical system
 Structural sampling inspection program
- Error capturing strategies
o Designed to capture error before aircraft departs
o Effective to deal with active errors (personal failures)
o Examples
 Post-task inspection
 Verification steps within a task
 Post-task functional and operational tests

Visual inspection requires good eyesight, judgment and concentration. Why are they
important? What can be done to carry out reliable visual inspection?

- primary method in identifying defects

- require a combination of distance and close inspection for large structure and small
components.
- visual inspection
o glasses or contact lenses prescribed
o regular eyesight checks
o proper lighting
o aids such as borescopes and magnifying glasses
- judgment
o training (familiarization of systems)
o experience (common location of defects)
 o common sense
- concentration
o low arousal due to long periods of continuous inspection
o lack of motivation
o take short breaks between inspections; coffee
o low expectation on finding defect on new aircraft
- high arousal and motivation for high level of concentration
- examine defects carefully and inspection defect prone areas
- visually search systematically to avoid missed spots

Give the definition of violation. What are the types and reasons for violation?

- Violation is when an engineer does a task against normal procedures or rules with
intention
- They are all magnified by time pressure and increase in workload
- Routine violation
o Items, which have become the normal way for a person or a group to do.
o Reasons may be normal procedures are too lengthy and cutting corners saves
times and effort
- Situational violation
o Due to factors existing at that one time such as time limit, high workload, poor
working conditions, no proper tooling
o Causes the engineer to not follow direct procedures
- Optimizing violation
o Breaking the rules just for personal fulfillment
o Unrelated to the actual task
- Exceptional violation
o Where an engineer is placed is a situation that forces them to violate no matter
how good their intentions are.

How do engineers keep their knowledge and skill up-to-date? What information is
required to help them accomplish this?

- It is essential for engineers to keep up-to-date with current information to avoid using
or making decision based on out-of-date information.
- What to update on:
o New aircraft types
o New laws
o New toolings
o New materials
o New or revised maintenance practices
o Airworthiness directives
- How to update:
o Training courses from 145 and manufacturer
o Newspaper, magazines
o Aircraft catalogues
o Briefing materials, memos, bulletins
What roll does the SHELL model play in a ground run?

- The SHELL model is the basis for most of the maintenance in the aviation industry
- Software – Liveware: procedures must be referenced to instructions from maintenance
procedures, maintenance manuals, checklist
- Hardware – Liveware: chocks, down lock pins, fire extinguishers, intercom, dual
language placards
- Environment – Liveware: weather, temperature, humidity, wind direction, FOD check,
illumination, fire extinguisher in proper location
- Liveware: mechanics, ATC, engineers overseeing the procedure
- Liveware – liveware: communication between mechanics and cockpit and ground
crew, engineers carry approved type authorizations, minimum two engineer in cockpit
in form of speech, writing or body language

List 4 physical environmental factors, which affect individual performance.

- Noise
o Annoyance
o Interfere with communication
o Damage hearing of workers
- Fumes
o Eye irritation
o Breathing problems and discomfort
o Maybe cause engineer to rush job to get away from fumes
- Illumination
o Affect visual inspections
o Light sources is not reflected as to produce glare and affect task
o Dangerous as poor lighting may hide dangerous surfaces and cause injury
- Climate and temperature
o Too cold and wet or too hot and dry diminishes performance
o Cold weather may make fingers numb reducing dexterity affect motor skills
o Extreme environment is fatiguing mentally and physically
o Working is strong winds can be distracting, especially working from height
- Motion and Vibration
o Working at height on unstable platform may cause engineer to lose
concentration on task while trying to keep balance
o Using tools that vibrate may induce vibratory induced white finger syndrome.

List 6 adverse working conditions and 6 steps to keep a healthy lifestyle

- 6 adverse working conditions:

o Noise – distraction and hearing damage
o Illumination – too bring may cause glare and too dark difficult to see effectively
o Vibration – causes white finger
 o Temperature – too hot causes dehydration and heat stroke, too cold numb
nerves and hypothermia
o Dangerous fumes: irritation to eyes and may cause respiration sickness, skin
irritation
o Insufficient time – cause short cut and possibly unsafe actions
- 6 steps to keep a healthy lifestyle:
o exercise
o healthy balanced diet
o sufficient sleep
o regular body checks
o avoid smoking and harmful drugs
o keep an open mind and seek help for personal problems if needed
o good time management to avoid stress

M7

Name three basic types of fire. What type of fire extinguisher do we use? Are there any
precautions?

- Flammable liquids
o Foam, CO2, BCF, Dry powder
- Electrical
o CO2, BCF, Dry Powder
- Metal
o Dry Powder
- Precautions to take
o Do not use water on class B fires
o Do not use water or foam on class C fires
o Do not attempt to extinguish a class D fire
 Leave for professional and a wrong agent will create a violent reaction
and may seriously harm you

What are the elements of fire? What happens when one of the elements are missing?
Name some fire precautions to take in the hanger

- In order for a fire to occur, three elements must be present:

o Heat
o Fuel
o Oxygen
- What happens when a element is missing
o We can stop a fire by
 Reducing head (cooling)
 Cutting of the fuel supply (starving)
 Stop the oxygen from reaching the fire (smothering)
o We can smother cool with fire extinguisher
o Starving is usually the most difficult to achieve
- Fire precautions in the hanger
 o Do not smoke
o Use only approved flame-proof torches and lights on aircraft
o Never use a naked flame when working inside or near an aircraft
o Dispose waste in the appropriate containers, especially waste contaminated by
flammable fluids
o Do not overload electrical sockets
o Do not use electrical tools in and around the fuel tanks
 Use pneumatic instead
o Switch off unattended electrical equipment
o Properly cleaned spilt paint or flammable liquids; flush with plenty of water
o Do not block fire escape routes from working area

When is required to inspect aircraft electrical wiring system and what are the
inspections criteria?

- Refer to maintenance procedures and read warnings and precautions

- Electrical wiring inspections is required
o Before carrying out tests or when specified in the approved maintenance
schedule
- Circuits together with plugs, sockets, terminals blocks should be examined for damage,
deterioration, chaffing, security of attachments, workmanship
- Inspect looms for metallic swarfs between cables if modifications or repairs were
made in the area
- When structure is opened over wires that are normally unseen through inspection
panels, do a through inspection.
- Main goal is to determine physical state of the wiring system
o Take special note at bends, support points, duct entries, high temperature or
contamination could cause local deterioration
- Cables in duct check for continuity and insulation and duct damage is indication of
possible wire damage
- Secure terminations and good electrical contact

What factors should be considered in order to maintain a good calibration system.

- Provide valid and consistent results, the facility is to provide controlled environmental
conditions
o Temperature
o Humidity
o Vibration
o Dust
o Cleanliness
o Electromagnetic interference
o Lighting
- In cases where controlled environment is not achievable, compensation correction
may be used
- Correlation charts for high accuracy equipment
 - HKAR 145 AMO should ensure that tools, equipment and test equipment are controlled
and calibrated to standards acceptable to director general at frequency to allow
accuracy and serviceability.
- Keep records of calibration and traceability

What tools require calibration? What information is contained in the certificate of

calibration?

- Tools that are affected by wear over time and require precision and accuracy but also
serviceability
- Tools that require calibration include
o Micrometer
o Vernier caliper
o Pressure gauges
o Torque wrenches
o Tensionmeter
o multimeter
- Name and address of the laboratory and client
- Description of item calibrated
- Characteristics and condition of the calibrated item
- Serial number
- File number
- Calibration method
- Reference to sampling procedure
- Date of receipt of calibration item
- Date of performance of calibration
- Test condition
- Calibration report
- Date of issue
- Signature by approval person
- Calibration summary

When jacking a wide-body aircraft, what are some precautions?

- Jack inside the hanger on hard ground

- If necessary, large aircraft can be jacked in the open provided they are headed into the
wind and the surface is level and strong enough to support the weight
o Maximum safe wind speed for outside jacking is in the MM
- all work is to be carried out in accordance with AMM
- check the CG and fuel distribution
- if necessary, use ballast to bring CG to acceptable means
- try to avoid removal of aircraft components to maintain aircraft in a weight
distribution suitable for jacking
- release brakes
- insert ground lock pin
- release chocks
 - use a suitable jack with jack pads and jack adapters if necessary
- put jack beneath aircraft at the different jack points
- arrange for proper number of manpower
- maintain constant and effective communication
- isolate the systems which are affected by air/ground mode by pulling the applicable
circuit breakers
- jacks are to be raised at the same time
- keep locknut close to the jack shoulders as a safety precaution
- tighten the locknut of the jack
- when lowering the aircraft to the ground, be sure all equipment, work stands, and
supports are moved to prevent damage
- lowered slowly in unison

Lightning strike inspection

- following a thunderstorm or usually flight through turbulence, lighting strike check

should be undergone.
- Critical areas to check are:
o Check for putting, burning discoloration at
 Nose radome, wing tip, leading edge, engine cowling, tail
o Check for hinge bearing damage
 All control surfaces including flaps, spoilers, and tabs
o Examine pitting or burning
 Fuselage skin and rivets
o Examine engine cowling and engines for signs of burning and pitting; if evident
 Bearings could have been damages, recommend checking oil filters and
MCD for contamination.
o If landing gear extended during strike
 Check landing gear for static discharge damage
o Functional check of radio and radar equipment, instruments, compasses, flying
controls IAW MM
o Bonding resistance check on radome

A lightning strike inspection should be conducted when the commander suspects a strike to
have occurred or the aircraft passes through heavy turbulence. It is best to follow the
procedure checklist in the maintenance manual for lighting inspection. The entry and exit
points of the strike should first be located; there make be more that a single exit point during
a single strike. Check for discoloration, burn, and pitting and aircraft extremities such as
radomes, leading edge, tail, landing gear, and wing tips. Inspected the flight surfaces bearing
hinges for damage and make sure that flight control surfaces in good operation. Check rivets
and and fuselage skin for burning or pitting marks. Check the engine cowling and engine for
pitting, burning or discoloration. If found, inspect the magnetic chip detector and oil filter to
verify if the engine bearings were damaged. If the landing gear was extended during the
strike, inspect the carriages for static discharge damage. Check the static discharge wicks for
damage as well. Verify that instruments, compass, radios, and radars are full functional in
accordance with maintenance manual. A radome bonding resistance check can also be done.
If it is necessary to install two adjacent bolt and safety wire locking in a gas turbine
engine hot section, discuss the tooling required and procedure for this maintenance
work.

- Tools required included duck bill pliers, appropriate lock wire for hot section specified
by MM, wire twister, diagonal cutters
- Procedure should refer to MM, standard practice, engine parts catalogue
- Steps:
1. Check the type of lockwire to be used from MM
2. Let engine cool down
3. Assure bolts are torqued appropriately
4. Cut lock wire to correct length and insert into the hole of one bolt taking into
consideration that the lock wire will “tighten” if the bolts are to loosen
5. Start lock wiring close to the beginning of the hole and the twist leaves at a 90
degrees angle to the bolt.
6. Twist CW and aim for 7 – 10 twists per inch
7. At the hole of the second bolt, insert the wire into the hole and using a duckbill,
pull the wire so it is taut.
8. Twist the two ends of wire anti clockwise about 3-6 twists, cut the excess lock
wire, and bend the pigtail inwards towards the bolt to prevent injury to persons
and aircraft components
9. Do proper house keeping

Question is asked in the following 3 ways:

1. Features and precautions of the ground power cart of a modern wide body
aircraft?
2. What are the precaution and checks during power connection and electrical test?
3. Describe the preparation and precaution for supplying external power to
aircrafts?

- Most wide body aircrafts can accept external AC or DC power

- Check that external supply is compatible with aircraft system
o Same voltage, frequency, and phase rotation as aircraft (115V, 3 phase, 400Hz)
o Is switched off
- Circuit breakers are in the correct position
- Check that the external plug and the socket is clean, dry and undamaged
- Connect the external plug to the socket, making sure it is fully mated and secured
- If applicable, have the cable of the plug hang on the hook provided to avoid the weight
of the cable from making the plug come loose
- Be sure to inform those around you that ground power is being applied and be sure
they are not working on electrical systems
- Disable electrical systems for flight controls
- Make sure fuel and oil doors are closed to prevent fire risk
- Check the voltage and frequency of the external supply on the electrical instruments in
the cockpit
- Follow the instructions specified in the maintenance manual to enable external power
to the aircraft’s AC system
- To disconnect, first disengage the external power from the aircraft electrical systems,
switch of the external power from the source, and then unplug the external power.
What are the preparations and precautions when towing an aircraft? Why is it
important?

1. Refer to the maintenance manual because different types of aircraft may have different
towing instructions
2. Tow-bar is fitted with a shear-pin or bolt which will break at a predetermined load to
prevent damage to the nose landing gear
3. Check the CG of the aircraft before towing to ensure sufficient weight on nose wheel;
ballast may be need to keep CG with range; check the extension of the landing gear to
see if it is within limits prescribed in the MM
4. Landing gear ground lock pins inserted to prevent land gear suddenly collapsing
5. Check that aircraft weight is within maximum towing weight; excessive weight will
damage tow bar and nose landing gear
6. Keep the radius of the turns large to prevent tire scrubbing which causes the tires to
wear prematurely
7. Before stopping, make sure to two the aircraft in a straight line a short distance to
remove stresses built up in the tire from turning
8. Make sure there is sufficient manpower to make sure aircraft does not collide with
anything, emergency braking; good communication
9. Remove the pin for the torque link if steering angle will be exceeded to prevent
damage to the NLG
10. Make sure anti-collision lights are on to make aircraft visible to others
11. Tow aircraft at a safe speed to prevent excessive load on landing gear
12. Make sure parking brakes are released before the tractor begins to move or prevent
damage to tow bar and NLG
13. Disconnect steering by tripping CB or inserting lock-out pin to prevent interference
14. Use appropriate tow bar to prevent damage to NLG
15. Maintain communication with tower, ground crew, and cockpit to inform aircraft is
moving or any danger

Under what circumstance do electrical cables require protection? How do we go about

protecting and routing electrical cables?

- The wiring needs to be adequately supports throughout the length

o Sufficient number of supports must be provided to prevent undue vibration of
unsupported lengths
- Protection against chafing
o Cable should be protected against chaffing and abrasion where insulation will
be damage by sharp edges with cable clamps and supports
o Use grommets when wiring passes through holes
- Protection against high temperature
o Prevent insulation damage, keep cable separate from high-temp equipment
o If must run through high temperature zones, insulate with high-temperature
material
- Protection against solvents and fluids
o Consult maintenance instructions for proper method of cleaning cables
o Use cotton glove to clean so proper inspection can be done
- Protection of wires in the wheel well area
 o Wires in this area should be mechanically protected
o No strain when parts extend and no excessive slack when retracted
- When routing cabling parallel with oxygen or fluid lines
o Keep as much separation as possible
o 6” separation
o cable above the plumbing lines
o space clamps so the if cable breaks it will not contact the plumbing lines
- Acronym: SCOTSW

M10

What are the “appropriate facilities” for a BM aircraft input? Discuss equipment, tools,
and manpower requirements.

- Facilities
o Protection from weather elements
o Large enough to accomodate the different aircraft types and their work packs
o Planning docks
o Proper illumination like portable lighting
o Proper docks and platforms to gain access to areas
o Ground power units, hydraulic carts
o Specialized workshop and bays are to be separated to avoid contamination such
as painting bays and bonded stores
o Secure storage facilities for aircraft components, equipment, tools, material
 Must separate serviceable and unserviceable
o Access to storage facilities for authorized personnel only
o Must be in storage condition as specified by manufacturer to prefect
deterioration
- Equipment and tools
o All tooling and test equipment used with the company are periodically checked
for accuracy and serviceability. Records of such calibration and the standard
used must be kept by the HKAR-145 AMO
o Tools and equipment must be authorized for use by manufacturer
 When deviating from manufacturer’s specified, usage must be
authorized by the quality assurance manager
- Manpower
o A senior person or group of persons acceptable to the Director General whose
responsibilities include ensuring the HKAR-145 is in compliance with HKAR-
145 requirements
o HKAR-145 AMO must ensure that all aircraft certifying staff are involved in at
least 6 months of actual aircraft maintenance experience in and 2 year period

Describe the purpose of MEL. What are the typical information (standard format) in it
and how to use it?
 - An aircraft has certain redundancy built in to allow for safe flight even when certain
equipment may be inoperative
- MEL is a document that lists equipment that can be temporarily inoperative during
flight
- MEL is issued by the operator
o Can be no less restrictive that the master minimum equipment list issued by
manufacturer
- The commander should also be satisfied with the condition and has the right to refuse
flight he/she thinks it is unsafe
- MEL contains a list of inoperative aircraft items that if left defective can still allow
aircraft to fly safely
- The MEL contains
o Reference number
o repair interval category which states when the time rectification must be done
within (A, B, C, D)
o number installed
o number required for dispatch
o remarks/exception for maintenance or operational procedures to be followed
up
o does not included obvious things like wings, engines, landing gear

What is the meaning of “reportable occurrence” mentioned in the AN(HK)O article 86.
Give 4 examples of these incidents.

- Definition of reportable occurrence

o And incident, defect, or malfunction of aircraft system, equipment, or ground
facility intended to be used for aircraft, which if not correct will endanger the
aircraft, its occupants and other people
- To be given by
o Operators or commanders of public transport aircraft registered in HK with
MTWA over 2300 kg
o Those concerned with manufacture, repair, overhaul
o Those who sign CMR or CRS
o Aerodrome licensees or managers
o Civil air traffic controllers
- Examples
o Significant spillage of fuel on airfield ramp
o Collision between moving aircraft and other aircraft, vehicle or ground object
o Bird strike with significant damage
o Wind shear and turbulence causing handling difficulties
o Slide is inoperative

Give the definition of MOR and give 5 examples.

- Definition of MOR
 o Stands for mandatory occurrence report
o A scheme the requires personal such a pilots, person signing C of RS or C of MR,
person in business of manufacturing, repairing or overhauling to report
incidents of defects to aircrafts greater than 2,300 kg MTWA or even
malfunction of ground facilities be it incidents, defects, or malfunctioning that
may cause endangerment to and aircraft and it’s occupants.
- Who has to report?
o Pilot in command of HK registered aircraft and operated by hold of AOC
o MRO
o Air traffic controller
o Aerodrome manager
o Person signing C of RS, C of MR, C of A
- 5 examples
o involving damage to an aircraft
o involving injury to a person
o involving the use in flight of emergency procedures to overcome an emergency
o involving the failure of an aircraft system or any equipment of an aircraft
(including flight controls, power plant, fuel, hydraulic, pneumatic,
pressurization, electrical, navigation
o arising from the control of an aircraft in flight by its flight crew
o where a flight crew is caused to be impaired during flight affecting his/her to
properly do her task
o problem during loading of passengers, cargo, or fuel
o aircraft loss of braking function
o aircraft flight path deviate significantly due to control system failure
o heavy leakage fuel supply lines result fire hazard
o thermal runaway and overheat occur to battery

A mandatory occurrence report is a scheme that requires commanders of air operators,

issuers of C of RS, Air Traffic Controllers, or aerodrome license holders to report any incident
or malfunction of an aircraft system, component, or ground facilities that if left uncorrected
may endanger the aircraft or its occupants. This applies to public transport aircrafts and
turbine powered aircrafts. A report is to the Chief Executive in writing as soon as possible and
with 96 hours. A few examples of reportable occurrence are as follows. 1) A large fuel spill
occurs on the ramp 2) inflight engine shutdown occurs but does not include due to faulty
indicator 3) emergency slide fails 4) bird strike causing severe damage to aircraft 5) battery
overheats and thermal runaway occurs 6) wind shear causing severe lost of controls 7)
landing gear down lock pins were not removed.

What are the requirements for “passenger cabin dual language placard” in AN7? Give 5
examples. What categories of operation does this apply to? Describe what dual
language placard is. List 4 locations of such placards on the aircraft and describe the
usage of aircraft category.

- Applies to aircraft registered in Hong Kong with a C of A in transport category, both

passenger and cargo
- Using dual language placards in critical areas will allow for great efficiency and
cooperation from passengers during critical periods in flight
 - Placards that convey writing warning, instructions or information to passengers are to
be in both Chinese and English
- Can be in traditional or simplified but not to be mixed
- Placards that are only pictorial are not affected by this rule
- Emergency placards are to be
o Approximately eye level, or use arrows to guide viewer to equipment
o Not to blend with the surrounding
o emergency equipment such as rafts, slides, life vest or fire extinguisher is to be
placarded to its content.
- Examples include
o Door opening instructions
o Slide
o Life vest
o Exit signs
o Fasten seat belt
o No smoking

What is the definition of a control system? What attention should be paid is the 2nd part
of the duplicate inspection? What should one do if the 2nd duplicate inspection is not
satisfactory?

- Define control system

o A system in which the flight path, attitude or propulsive force of an aircraft is
changed, including the flight, engine and propeller controls, the related system
controls and the associated operating mechanisms.
- Duplicate inspection is when qualify person certifies and inspection followed by a 2nd
inspection by another qualified person who certifies the inspection as well
- The person certifying the second inspection carries the same responsibilities and the
person certifying the first inspection
- The second inspection should as closely follow immediately after the first inspection
- Control systems should not be readjusted or disturbed after the first inspection and
before the 2nd inspection
- Must take account of the entire area that maybe be affected by the work and not just
what was disturbed because remote parts may have been indirectly affected
- If the 2nd part is not satisfied, adjustment are to be done and another duplicate
inspection is done
- Make sure that the controls have full travel through the crew controls and when panels
or fairing are secured, to do a final inspection to ensure that the controls still retain
there full travel

Model answer
- Duplicate inspection is a second, independent inspection to be performed after
accomplishment of the initial inspection.
- Duplicate inspection is required if any primary or alternate circuit (mechanical,
electrical, hydraulic) system is disturbed or adjusted in the following areas
o Aircraft and engine control system where flight paths, attitudes, propulsive
force are disturbed or changed, including flight control system and engine
controls
 o All aircraft and engine vital points if not correctly monitored, will endanger the
aircraft and its occupants
- Duplicate inspection should be carried out systematically as follows
a. Carry out first (initial) inspection for correct installation, routing of cables,
safety, rigging, range of movement, functional and sensor check by qualified
person or LAME
b. If found satisfactory, he should certify the first part of the duplicate inspection,
if not readjust and repeat first part
c. Afterwards, without disturbance and as soon as possible, another LAME will do
the second part of the inspection
d. Ensure that full, free, and correct movement of the control is obtained relative
to the movement of the control column in cockpit.
e. Carry out additional inspection have all covers and fairings are closed
f. Certify 2nd inspection of the duplicate inspection work card and certificate of
compliance. Make the appropriate entry in tech log as required.

What are the physical and mental conditions? As a certifying staff, what should you be
aware of about these conditions?

- Physical condition have to do with

o The health of the body
o Fatigue
o Eye-sight
o Hearing
o Alcohol and drug use
- Mental condition is
o Psychological integrity
 Attitude towards work
 Personality
 Stress level
- Physical and mental conditions will affect the performance and decision making of an
engineer and ultimately affect airworthiness of an aircraft
- HKAR says that if a certifying staff things they are unfit to perform decision making
duties, they should not exercise their privilege for signing C of RS, C of MR
- Acceptable means of compliance states that a certifying staff should not exercise their
privileges when under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs
- The working environment can cause degradation in performance, stress and
distraction
- It is the certifying staff’s own responsibility to access her own fitness to see if they are
capable of exercising their privileges
- Take note of other team members to evaluate their capabilities of making decisions
o Especially mental condition maybe not readily apparent to oneself
- If taking medication, have a personal trial 24 hours before duty to see if there are any
adverse effects

According to AN17, define 'aircraft component' and 'certifying person'. Describe the
responsibilities of a certifying staff in respect of aircraft components from sources
acceptable to the Director General.
 - Definition of aircraft component
o Any part of an aircraft including a complete powerplant and any operational or
emergency equipment
- Definition of Certifying person
o A person that is either authorized by the exposition of an approved
organization or appropriately rated type rated HKAR 66 Aircraft maintenance
license holder who issues a C of RS to complete aircraft, installation or
components
- Ensure compliance with Airworthiness Directives and status of life limited parts
- Ensure the component is satisfactory for fitment
o Carry out functional and installation checks to ensure serviceability
- Ensure component is to required design and modified standard for fitment
o Reference to manufacturer catalogues as appropriate

An aircraft component is any part on an aircraft including a complete aircraft powerplant or

any emergency systems and equipment. A certifying person can be either a person authorized
by the company exposition or an appropriately type rated HKAR-66 license holder that can
issues C of RS to complete aircrafts, installations or components. Certifying staffs of
components are required to accept any component that has been manufactured, overhauled,
inspected, or modified by a organization that has be approved by the director general has
contains the necessary documentations. They must assure that the component has the
required design and modification standards for fitment. The component need to be in
compliance with associated airworthiness directives and life limited parts should be
observed. All components must be ascertain that they are satisfactory for fitment and tests
should be done with associated systems to ensure serviceability.

In accordance with HKAR-66 basic license, describe under HKAR-145 authorization

what the privileges of a certificate holder are.

- Issuing C of RS for work performed by others

o Assumes full responsibility
o Must check the work done and support documentations
o The mechanic is competent
o Duplicate inspections
- Type rated HKAR- 66 license in Category B1 can issue a C of RS to cover non-
destructive tests on aircraft components
o Inspection required color contrast dye penetrant technique
o NDT inspection requiring other techniques need to be carried out by
appropriately qualified staffs in accordance with AN 94 before a CRS can be
issued by a license holder
- Type rated license staff can issue a certificate of maintenance review
o Staff with proper type rating and either a category B or C license valid in the
sub-category of the aircraft
- Certificates of Fitness for Flight
o Holder of appropriately type rated HKAR-66 license in CAT B1 may issue
certificates of Fitness of Flight
- HKAR-66 AML working in a HKAR-145 AMO can be given authorization to certifying
aircraft types
- Category A
 o permits the holder to issue C of RS following minor scheduled line maintenance
o Can sign off his own individual work
o simple defect rectification within the limits of tasks specifically endorsed on the
authorization
o privilege shall be restricted to work that the licence holder has personally
performed in a HKAR-145 organization
o sub-divided into sub-categories relative to combinations of aeroplanes,
helicopters, turbine and piston engines

- Category B1
o permits the holder to issue C of RS following maintenance, including aircraft
structure, power plant, mechanical and electrical systems
o replacement of avionic line replaceable units, requiring simple tests to prove
their serviceability, shall also be included in the privileges
o category B1 shall automatically include the appropriate A sub-category.
o sub-divided into sub-categories relative to combinations of aeroplanes,
helicopters, turbine and piston engines
o Can issue C of RS for work other than that of B2 license

- Category B2:
o permits the holder to issue C of RS following maintenance on avionic and
electrical power systems
o qualify for any A sub-category subject to compliance with the appropriate A
sub-category requirements

- Category B1 and B2 staff need not always be present at the line station during minor
scheduled line maintenance

- Category B3:
o permits the holder to issue C of RS following maintenance of simple light
aeroplanes, including aircraft structure, power-plants, mechanical and electrical
systems
o replacement of avionic units, requiring simple tests to prove serviceability

- Category C:
o Issue C of RS after base maintenance
o For aircraft in its entirety, including all systems
o Requires support from both B1and B2 as specified in HKAR-145

What category of aircrafts requires a C of MR? What should be reviewed?

- Aircraft that requires C of MR

o An aircraft which has been issued a C of A in either transport or aerial work
category
- What is reviewed?
o Maintenance has be carried out in accordance with the maintenance schedule
approved for that aircraft
o Mandatory modifications and inspections have been carried out and the
relevant C of RS are issued
 o Defects entered in the tech log have either been rectified or deferred with
proper approval
o All Certificates of release to service have been issued and operator should make
such information available for review
o Maintenance status of the aircraft such as the condition monitoring program
have been review and considered satisfactory
- Format of C of MR
o Aircraft type
o Nationality and registration mark
o When the next maintenance review is due
o Signatory
o CAD approval/license
o Date
o Organization
- Who can certifying
o Suitable type rating license holder and
o A person authorized by an approved maintenance organization, or
o A person authorized by CAD in a particular case

Exit markings Article 46

- every exit marked with words “EXIT” or “Emergency Exit” in English capital letters and
the Chinese equivalent "出口" or "緊急出口"
- every exit marked with instructions in English and Chinese with diagrams to show
how to open and close
- instructions placed on or near inside surface of door and the exterior of door if
openable from the outside
- For aircraft great that 5700 kg, every emergency exit intended to be used by
passengers should be marked in the exterior with red band not less than 5cm in width
outlining the exit
o Painted or other permanent means
o Red in color
 If background color renders red not visible, use white or some
contrasting color to make the band more visible
o Marking must be of color the clearly contrasts with background
o Be kept clean and not covered at all times
- Emergency floor path lighting system to give guidance to passengers of exits directly to
them
o Proper intensity

Safety management system

- Required my AN(HK)O that a person who is a) an operator of a public transport

aircraft b) issues a CRS c) provides air traffic service d) is an aerodrome license holder,
shall implement a safety management system
- The system should identify
o Safety hazards and risk
o Corrective action to ensure a level of safety is met
 o Continuous assessment and monitor of safety level
o Always aims to improve safety
- Reason for implementing SMS
o To improve its existing level of aviation safety through systematic process of
hazard identification and risk management
- The key components of SMS are:
o Safety policy and objectives
 Management commitment and responsibility
 Safety accountabilities of managers
 Appointment of key safety personnel
 SMS plan implementation
 Documentation
o Safety hazard identification and risk management
 Hazard identification processes
 Risk assessment and mitigation processes
 Internal safety investigation
o Safety assurance
 Safety performance monitoring and measurement
 Audits and surveys
 The management of change
 Continuous improvement of the safety system
o Safety promotion
 Training and education
 Safety communication
o Emergency response planning
 Development of an emergency response plan
- SMS requires documentations of the following:
o Specific safety policies which system is based on
o Promotion of safety culture
o Safety training for staffs
o Monitoring and review safety performance of staffs
o An emergency response plan
o Investigating accidents and how to prevent future occurrences
o Safety objectives and performance goals
o Have periodic reviews, audits and inspections of the above mentioned elements

It is required by the AN(HK)O that any persons who is an operator of a public transport
aircraft, provides air traffic control service, or issues C of RS should implement a safety
management system. The main goals of the system is to identify safety risk and hazards,
present corrective action to maintain a certain level of safety, continuous assessment to
ensure a level safety is met, and to strive for improvement in safety. The steps in
implementing SMS maybe be broken several sections. Firstly, safety policies and objectives
should be laid out. A plan should be formed to implement the SMS followed by instilling a
sense of commitment and responsibility towards management. A person should also be
assigned as a key personnel for safety. Secondly, safety hazards identification and risk
management should be carried to investigate internal safety problems. Thirdly, safety
assurance in essential to assess the monitor how effective the SMS is. Audits and survey
should be conducted and there should always be a strive for improving safety. Fourthly, safety
promotion in the form of training and education is important to help promote a sense of
safety among individuals. Lastly, having a emergency response plan maybe be critical when
inevitable events should occur.

Describe the technical log entry after the rectification of a defect.

- In accordance to AN(HK)O article 10, all operators of aircraft registered in Hong Kong
for the purpose of aerial work or public transport must carry a technical log onboard
- Technical log should contain the following
o Title page with operator’s name, address, a/c type and registration mark
o Valid C of MR
o Aircraft type and registration mark
o Date and place of take-off and landing
o Time of take of and landing
o Particular defects know to commander, and if no defect, and entry stating no
defects were encountered
o Date and signature of commander
o Arrival fuel level
o C of RS if any rectification to defects
o Quantities of fuel and oil uplifted at the beginning of each flight
o Running total of flying hours
o Pre-flight and daily inspection signatures
o Time we ground de-icing was started and completed
o A serialized section for deferred defects
 Cross reference for the deferred defect to identify original defect
 The original date of the occurrence of the deferred defect
 Brief detail of defect
 Cross reference for the deferred defect to identify rectification
- At the end of every flight, commander should enter
o Time when aircraft took off and landed
o Particular defects known to him affecting airworthiness of aircraft and if none,
to state so
- All entries must be made in duplicate; the duplicate should not be store on the aircraft
Certificate of Release to Service

- Accordance with AN(HK)O, aircraft registered in Hong Kong shall not fly unless CRS is
issued after overhaul, repair, replacement, modification, maintenance, mandatory
inspection, or scheduled inspection to aircraft or any part of aircraft
- Should contain
o Particulars of the work done or inspection
o Organization
o Place and date
- Details of aircraft type, registration, component type, part number, and serial number
shall be recorded
- CRS issued by person authorized by AMO or person authorized by CAD
- Should only be released when the signatory is satisfied with work that was carried out
o That the work was done with appropriate and up-to-date manuals, drawings,
specs, calibrated tools
- Aircraft, engine, or variable pitch propeller CRS must be retained two years after
destroyed or removed from service