HOLOGRAPHY
What is Holography?
The term Hologram was coined from the Greek words holos,
meaning “whole” and Gramma meaning “Message”.
It is an advanced form of photography that allows an image to be
recorded in three dimensions.
The technique of holography can also be used to optically store,
retrieve, and process information.
The object is transformed into a photographic record.
A method of obtaining three-dimensional photographic images.
These images are obtained without a lens, so the method is also
called lensless photography. The records are called holograms.
A Holographic Image is created using a coherent light source to
create an interference pattern on a film or plate.
History:
• Dennis Gabor : Father of Holography
and Holographic technologies
• Dennis wrote a paper in 1948 for use in electron
microscopy. The most interesting thing about all
this is, when he wrote his paper the laser light
had not even been invented yet
• Gabor received Nobel Prize in 1971
• Leith and Upatneiks in 1962 applied laser light to
holography and introduced an important off-axis
technique.
Conventional Photography
• 2D version of 3D scene
• Photograph lacks depth perception or parallax
• Film sensitive only to radiant energy
• Phase relation i.e interference are lost
Holographic Photography
• Freezes the intricate wavefront of light that carries all
the visual information of the scene.
• To view the hologram wavefront is reconstructed,
Using Hologram original scene can be viewed.
• Provide depth perception and parallax.
• While standard photography records colour and
intensity information, a hologram encodes phase and
intensity.
Hologram Properties:
• If you look at the holograms from different
angles, you see objects from different
perspectives, just like you would if you were
looking at a real object
• If you cut one in half, each half contains whole
views of the entire holographic images.
Formation of a hologram
The basic technique of holograph formation is to
divide the coherent light coming from a laser into
two beams: one to illustrate a subject and one to
act as a reference.
Basic Practical setup:
Construction:
Construction:
• Laser: Red Laser, usually He-Ne Laser are
common in holography
• Beam Splitter: This is a device that uses mirrors
and prism to split one beam of light into two
beams.
• Mirrors: use to direct the beams of light to the
correct locations.
• Holographic Films: Records light at a very high
resolution, which is necessary for creating a
hologram. It’s a layer of light sensitive
compounds on a transparent surface, like
photographic film.
Reconstruction of Hologram:
Types of HOLOGRAM:
• Transmission Hologram
Use 2 beam for create interference
Reference and object waves traverse the film from the
same side
Produce interference fringes in planes that are
perpendicular to the plane of the emulsion.
• Reflection Hologram
Place the film between light source and object
Reference and object waves traverse the emulsion
from opposite sides
Produce interference fringes in planes that are parallel
to the plane of the emulsion.
The fundamental difference between a transmission
hologram and a reflection hologram lies in the direction of
the interference fringes that are recorded inside the
photosensitive emulsion.
Advantages:
Cost effective
Higher storage capacity
Increased feasibility of objects(depth)
Enables the achievement of multiple images on
a single plate
Ability to Combine with other technology
Drawback:
• Do not produce images of complex movement
• Require complicated precise machinery to
produce and view an images
• Low axial resolution of inline holography
• Reference illumination beams are collinear
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