Zoology NOTES
Chapter 14 Name_____________________________________
ARTHROPODS
Basic Characteristics of Arthropods
1. Have JOINTED Appendages
2. Segmented bodies metamerism
body regions for specific function
3. an exoskeleton(made of chitin; shell)
4. molting or ecdysis during growth
5. ventral nervous system
6. open circulatory system
7. digestive system
8. well developed sensory receptors
9. metamorphosis: reduces competition
between immature offspring and adults
10. Bilateral and coelomates
Arthropod means “jointed foot”
The 3 layers of the exoskeleton (made of chitin: tough carbohydrate)
1. waxy outer layer that repels water and prevent dessication
2. hard middle layer for support (made of calcium carbonate)
3. inner layer is for flexibility
Arthropods have muscles in bundles that can contract and relax which moves the body as a
series of levers.
Disadvantages of exoskeleton: doesn’t grow so arthropods must Molt(ecdysis) or shed skin as it
grows.
Each time it molts it grows larger but it is vulnerable during this time.
EVOLUTION
Early scientists believed that arthropods came from similar ancestors but now believe they come
from
Four aspects of arthropods which has contributed to their evolutionary success:
1. metamerism: each body section may have an appendage which aids in movement
2. exoskeleton: provides structural support, protection, impermeable, prevents water loss
3. hemocoel: an internal cavity for open circulation which allows internal organs to be
bathed by body fluids exchange of nutrients, waste and gases
4. metamorphosis: the mature and immature organism do not normally have the same
habitat or consumer the same food
Five Subphyla
1. Trilobitomorpha_- Trilobita: the extinct trilobites
2. Chelicerata: (arachnids)spiders, ticks, mites sea spiders,
3. Crustacea: shrimp, lobster, crabs, crawfish, copepods
4. hexapoda: All insects Chap. 15
5. Myriapoda: centipedes and millipedes Chap 15
TRILOBITOMORPHA (Subphyla)
Three lobes- head, thorax, and tail; marine
dominant form of life in oceans in Cambrian
period 600 million years ago.
Example: trilobites which are now extinct
CHELICERATA (subphyla)(p218)
Classes: Merostoma: horse crab, water scorpions
Arachnida: spiders, mites, and ticks
Pycnogonida: sea spiders
●
1st
pair of appendages are
piercing and pincer-like(chelicerae) used for feeding
● No antenna, 2 body sections called cephalothorax & abdomen, 8 prs. of walking legs
● Pedipalps: second pair of appendages, used for feeding, locomotion, and reproduction
● Excrete nitrogenous waste through coxal glands and Malpighian tubules
● Respire through small holes in the abdomen called spiracles → trachea → book lung
● Sensory structures(hair like) are sensilla, also 8 eyes, compound and simple
● Spinnerette for spinning silk for webs, nest, cocoons, and ballooning
Arachnids: spiders, scorpions, and mites
Spiders: kill their prey with poison glands, stingers, or fangs
2 body section, 4 pair of legs
pedipalps: aid in chewing
Scorpions: most scorpions are nocturnal, enlarge pedipalps hold the prey and the large
abdomen
stings prey
Mites & Ticks: have a fused cephalothorax and abdomen, spread diseases
Lyme disease and Rocky mountain spotted fever
Reproduction
Male gather sperm in a packet and passes it from his pedipalp in her seminal receptacle
-3-
CRUSTACEAN p225
● crayfish, lobsters, pill bugs, sow bugs, water fleas, and barnacles (Mostly aquatic)
● Only class to have two pairs of antenna
Digestive and Excretory
● Crayfish trap food with their chelipeds, tear it with the maxillae and maxillipeds, and chew it
with the mandibles.
● Green gland: removes waste from the blood and retains salts
Circulatory & Respiratory
● Crayfish have an open circulatory system
● Gills are attached to each walking legs, as the crayfish moves oxygen is diffused
● Gill bailers also aid in moving water over the gills
Nervous System
● Includes a brain and a ventral nerve cord from head to tail
● 2 pair of antennas
● 2,000 light sensitive compound eyes on stalks
● Crayfish sense position in the water with the statocysts
Reproduction and Development
● Separate sexes, usual mate in the fall
● Male sperm is transferred by its 1st pair of
swimmerets to the female seminal receptacle where it is
saved until spring, then it fertilizes the egg.
Crayfish
lobster
pill bug (rolly polly)
Barnacles
Invertebrates
Spiders,ticks, scorpions, mites
7 ARTHROPODA Ch. 14 p.228
A Named for jointed legs
Has exoskeleton and segmentation
Mostly terrestrial, some aquatic
Bilateral symmetry, true coelomates
Sexual reproduction, dioecious: separate sexes
Open circulatory system, nerve ganglia
Dorsal nerve cord
Complete digestive tract
Many experience metamorphosis
Classes 1. Trilobites - extinct trilobites
2. Arachnida - Spiders, mites, & ticks
3. Crustaceans - shrimp, crabs, crayfish
4. Hexapods - insects
5. Myriapods - centipedes & millipedes
Trilobite
Horseshoe crab is an arachnid
Invertebrates
7 ARTHROPODA Ch. 14 p.228
B Named for jointed legs
Has exoskeleton and segmentation
Mostly terrestrial, some aquatic
Bilateral symmetry, true coelomates
Sexual reproduction, dioecious: separate sexes
Open circulatory system, nerve ganglia
Dorsal nerve cord
Complete digestive tract
Many experience metamorphosis
Classes 1. Trilobites - extinct trilobites
2. Arachnida - Spiders, mites, & ticks
3. Crustaceans - shrimp, crabs, crayfish
4. Hexapods - insects
5. Myriapods - centipedes & millipedes
CRUSTACEANS
Crabs
INVERTEBRATES
Insects
INSECTS HEXAPODS
Grasshopper, mosquitos,
ARTHROPOD TOG’s
1-3. What are the three main characteristics of arthropods?
1.
2.
3.
4. an exoskeleton is made of ___________________
5. Arthropod nervous system is ventral/dorsal/posterior circle one
6. ________________________ is described as a change in the body of the insect, can reproduce
now.
7. The term for drying out is _______________________ .
8. ____________________ is the name of the cavity for gas exchange in arthropods
9 -10 What are the two groups of arthropods studied in this chapter
__________________________ & ____________________________
1-3. What are the three main characteristics of arthropods?
1. exoskeleton
2. jointed appendages
3. segmented bodies
4. an exoskeleton is made of CHITIN
5. Arthropod nervous system is ventral/dorsal/posterior circle one
6. METAMORPHOSIS is described as a change in the body of the insect, can reproduce
now.
7. The term for drying out is DESSICATION .
8. HEMOCOEL is the name of the cavity for gas exchange in arthropods
9 -10 What are the two groups of arthropods studied in this chapter
CRUSTACEANS & ARACHNIDS
