Title : Different amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation(FM). what the importance of these modulation?
Abstract AM (or Amplitude Modulation) and FM (or Frequency the Modulation) in are the ways form of of broadcasting radio signals. Both transmit information electromagnetic waves. AM works by modulating (varying) the amplitude of the signal or carrier transmitted according to the information being sent, while the frequency remains constant. This differs from FM technology in which information (sound) is encoded by varying the frequency of the wave and the amplitude is kept constant. Introduction AM radio ranges from 535 to 1705 kilohertz, where as FM radio ranges in a higher spectrum from 88 to 108 megahertz. For AM radio, stations are possible every 10 kHz and FM stations are possible every 200 kHz. AM has poorer sound quality compared to FM, but is cheaper and can be transmitted over long distances. FM is less prone to interference than AM. However, FM signals are impacted by physical barriers.
Comparison The advantages of AM radio are that it is relatively easy to detect with simple equipment, even if the signal is not very strong. The other advantage is that it has a narrower bandwidth than FM, and wider coverage compared with FM radio. The major disadvantage of AM is that the signal is affected by electrical storms and other radio frequency interference. Also, although the radio transmitters can transmit sound waves of frequency up to 15 kHz, most receivers are able to reproduce frequencies only up to 5kHz or less. Wideband FM was invented to specifically overcome the interference disadvantage of AM radio. A distinct advantage that FM has over AM is that FM radio has better sound quality than AM radio. The disadvantage of FM signal is that it is more local and cannot be transmitted over long distance. Thus, it may take more FM radio stations to cover a large area. Moreover, the presence of tall buildings or land masses may limit the coverage and quality of FM. Thirdly, FM requires a fairly complicated receiver and transmitter than AM signal. AM was initially developed for telephone communication. For radio communication, a continuous wave radio signal called double sideband amplitude modulation (DSB-AM) was produced. A sideband is a
band of frequencies higher (called upper sideband) or lower (called lower sideband) than the carrier frequencies which is a result of modulation. All forms of modulations produce sidebands. In DSB-AM the carrier and both USB and LSB are present. The power usage in this system proved inefficient and led to the double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSBSC) signal in which the carrier is removed. For greater efficiency, single-sideband modulation was developed and used in which only a single sideband remained. For digital communication, a simple form of AM called continuous wave (CW) operation is used in which the presence or absence of carrier wave represents binary data. The International (ITU) Telecommunication different Union of designated types
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (1994) Volume: 96, Issue: 2 Pt 1, Pages: 733-740 The encoding mechanisms for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) were investigated using AM-FM discrimination tasks. In the first experiment, AM and FM were set at equally detectable levels within a trial, and discrimination thresholds were obtained adaptively in a 3IFC task. Here, AM-FM discrimination thresholds were considerably larger than both AM and FM detection thresholds. This is consistent with an encoding system whereby AM and FM are partially encoded by the same mechanism. In the second experiment, performance on AM-FM discrimination is measured with a fixed-level functions modulation procedure. obtained depth for of Psychometric a AM constant were
amplitude modulation in 1982 which include A3E, double sideband fullcarrier; R3E, single-sideband reduced-carrier; H3E, single-sideband full-carrier; J3E, singlesideband suppressed-carrier; emission; B8E, C3F, independent-sideband
nonmonotonic with FMs modulation index beta and each displayed a single minimum. The nonmonotonic nature of the functions is consistent with a model in which FM is encoded primarily with the same mechanism that encodes AM but also with a second mechanism, probably related to changes in instantaneous frequency, that is independent of the mechanism that extracts AM. The fact that minima in the
vestigial-sideband and Lincompex, linked compressor and expander.
By: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455.
discrimination
psychometric
functions
increase from d' = 0 as beta increases
indicates that the information encoded by the second mechanism becomes more detectable with increasing beta.
