1.

ntroduction

Database Management System (DBMS) is a software or a program which helps the user to
manage, store and retrieve the data in the systematic manner. It is an essential part of
modern computing, allowing business to efficiently store, process and secure their data.
DBMS are essential for allowing data- driven decision-making operational efficiency in all
sizes of application (GeeksforGeeks, 2025). As mentioned in the case study Cars4u which is a
vehicle rental service distributed approach to data handling has faced numerous challenges.
In the past, each of its national office kept their own record, frequently using spreadsheet or
manual paperwork. Redundant data, mistakes and inefficiencies in the administration of
rental agreements, car distribution, and financial transactions have resulted from this lack of
standardization.
There is use of Extended Entity Relationship Diagram (EERD) and oracle application express
(APEX), normalization techniques and functional dependencies to complete this assignment
and the report. In today’s world a proper and well-designed database plays a significant role
in system performance and helps to organize, retrieve and reduce the data redundancy. By
the same manner Cars4u have planned to bring out the rental system which helps to
manage the database properly and improve its performance.
In this assignment we also have used Oracle APEX to design the database and create the
web-based application. Oracle Application Express (Oracle APEX) previously known as HTML
DB is a quick web developing tool for oracle database. It helps the user to create and secure
the application with just the browser and little programming knowledge (GeeksforGeeks,
2022).
 2. Conceptual Design:

Conceptual design is the first step in creating a database. It focuses on understanding what
data needs to be stored and how different pieces of data are connected, without worrying
about technical details like programming or software.
 Why is conceptual design important?
• Understanding Needs
• Defining Connections
• Creating a simple model
• Easy communication

 Key parts of conceptual design

• Entities
• Attributes
• Relationship
• Rules

 Steps in conceptual design

• Understanding requirements
• Identifying entities and attributes
• Defining relationship
• Drawing a simple diagram
• Reviewing the design (Ester, 2022)

 Why Conceptual Design is important

• Clarity
• Flexibility
• Efficiency
• Better Communication

 Differences between conceptual, logical and physical design

• Conceptual Design: Focuses on big picture, what data needs to be stored and how its
connected.
• Logical design: Breaks it down into specific details like tables, column, and rules for
organizing data
• Physical Design: Deals with how the database is stored on a computer.
Conclusion
Conceptual design is like making a rough sketch of a building before construction starts. It
lays out the important elements and how they connect, making sure everything is planned
properly before moving on to more detailed and technical steps (SciencePod, n.d.).

Definition of each entity

OFFICE – Contains information about an office location alongside its telephone

number and manager details.
CUSTOMER – Refers to an individual or organization that rents vehicles and
maintains their contact information.
The VEHICLE section holds important details about vehicles which include model
information and color specifications along with mileage data.
VEHICLE SPECIFICATION – Lists technical attributes such as engine capacity and fuel
type for vehicles.
The HIRE ARRANGEMENT system keeps track of which customer rented which
vehicle and their rental information.
HIRE AGREEMENT maintains the contractual terms related to vehicle rental
agreements.
INSURANCE – Captures information about insurance policies applicable to rented
vehicles.
The CUSTOMER REVIEW section collects customer opinions about their rental
experiences.
DISCOUNT contains data regarding various customer discounts that are applied.
CORPORATE FEEDBACK maintains logs of feedback received from corporate
customers regarding rental services.
The DRIVER INSURANCE database contains detailed insurance information for each
specific driver.
DRIVER POOL describes the assembly of drivers who operate vehicles rented out
from a corporate fleet.
The VEHICLE ACCESSORIES system monitors supplementary items supplied with
vehicle rental orders.
The MILEAGE AGREEMENT section documents contractual terms regarding the
mileage limits set for rental vehicles.
DRIVER refers to an authorized individual permitted to operate rented vehicles.
The DRIVER ASSIGNMENT system associates drivers with their designated vehicle
rentals.
The CHECK-IN SERVICE manages the regular process for inspecting vehicles as they
are returned.
The RECEIPT section stores rental transaction payment verification details.
PAYMENT – Tracks payment transactions made by customers.
The system documents vehicle fuel measurements along with the most recent
refueling information.
The SPECIAL CHECK-IN CENTER provides a dedicated space for processing vehicle
check-ins that require non-standard procedures.
The SPECIAL CHECK-IN SERVICE performs thorough inspection procedures for
exceptional check-in requirements. CHECK-IN INSPECTOR – Personnel who conduct
vehicle inspections.
The FLEET HIRE section holds comprehensive details on company fleet rental
contracts.
The system monitors which vehicles have been designated to particular roles within
the fleet.
The RESCUE SCHEME provides emergency services to deal with vehicle breakdowns
and accident recovery situations.
RESCUE COMPANY DATABASE – Maintains information on service providers who
offer rescue solutions.
The REPLACEMENT VEHICLE system monitors both availability status and essential
details of reserve vehicles.
The replacement vehicle assignment system connects customers who need backup
vehicles with available replacements.
This section logs all events of vehicles experiencing accidents or mechanical failures.

HIRE CENTER - Designates areas serviced by customers for car rental pick-up or return.

EMPLOYEE – Contains records of personnel employed at rental offices or hire centers.

CONTRACT FIRM – Designates companies employed to perform tasks such as vehicle

relocation.

VEHICLE REDISTRIBUTION – Monitors the relocation of vehicles from one place to another
for operational purposes.

RIVAL HIRE COMPANY – Denotes competitors who, if the need arises, could supply
vehicles.

NATIONAL OFFICE – Coordinates and supervises the activities of regional and other
subordinate offices.

HIRE CHARGE– Keeps information about amounts to be paid under various lease
agreements.

VEHICLE USAGE HISTORY - Keeps a record of vehicle rentals; the time they were rented out
and the mileage covered.

VEHICLE AUCTION COMPANY - Records those involved in the auctioning of

decommissioned hire vehicles.
DRIVER BLACKLIST - Contains information of drivers who have been flagged because of
renting violations.

LOST AND FOUND - Manages and monitors items that were misplaced and subsequently
found after being left in rented vehicles.

INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER - Defines natural persons renting cars.

CORPORATE COMPANY - Defines juristic persons renting several vehicles at a time.

.

Entities and attributes

The attributes are enlisted below where _* denotes primary key where as _@ denotes
foreign key.
Keys are the most crucial component of the relational database helping the user to uniquely
identify the data and maintain the relations between the tables. There are mainly two types
of key Primary key and Foreign key. Primary key is the key which helps to uniquely identify
the tuple of the database whereas foreign key is the key which helps to establish the relation
between the tables. P.S. Primary key of one table will be the foreign key in the other table.

1. CORPORATE COMPANY
Company_ID*
Company_Name, Address, Town, Postcode, Fax, Tel_No, Contact_Name, Type_Name

2. REGIONAL OFFICE
Regional_Office_ID*
Company_ID@
Address, Town, Postcode, Fax, Tel_No, Manager_Name

3. INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER
Customer_ID*
First_Name, Last_Name, DOB, Address, Town, Postcode, Phone, Email

4. VEHICLE
Vehicle_ID*
Fleet_Code@
Registration, Model, Make, Colour, Mileage_at_Start

5. VEHICLE SPECIFICATION
Spec_ID*
Vehicle_ID@
Engine_Size, Fuel_Type, Transmission, Seating_Capacity, Air_Conditioning

6. HIRE ARRANGEMENT
Hire_Code*
Customer_ID, Vehicle_ID
 Commencing_Date, Finishing_Date, Hire_Charge, Payment_Status

7. HIRE AGREEMENT
Agreement_ID*
Hire_Code@
Terms_Conditions, Insurance_Details, Deposit_Amount

8. INSURANCE
Insurance_ID*
Vehicle_ID@
Provider, Policy_Number, Coverage_Details, Expiry_Date

9. CUSTOMER REVIEW
Review_ID*
Customer_ID, Vehicle_ID@
Rating, Review_Text, Review_Date

10. LOYALTY DISCOUNT

Discount_ID*
Customer_ID@
Discount_Percentage, Expiry_Date, Eligibility_Criteria

11. CORPORATE FEEDBACK

Feedback_ID*
Company_ID@
Feedback_Text, Feedback_Date, Rating

12. SPECIAL FLEET DISCOUNT

Discount_ID*
Fleet_Code@
Discount_Percentage, Eligibility_Criteria, Expiry_Date

13. DRIVER INSURANCE

Driver_Insurance_ID*
Driver_ID@
Provider, Policy_Number, Coverage_Details, Expiry_Date

14. DRIVER POOL

Pool_ID*
Pool_Location, Number_of_Drivers, Supervisor_Name

15. VEHICLE ACCESSORIES

Accessory_ID*
Vehicle_ID@
 Name, Type, Price, Warranty_Period

16. MILEAGE AGREEMENT

Agreement_ID*
Vehicle_ID, Customer_ID@
Allowed_Mileage, Excess_Charge_Per_KM

17. DRIVER
Driver_ID*
Pool_ID@
First_Name, Last_Name, License_Number, Experience, Contact_Number

18. DRIVER ASSIGNMENT

Assignment_ID*
Driver_ID@, Vehicle_ID@
Start_Date, End_Date, Assignment_Status

19. CHECK-IN SERVICE

Checkin_ID*
Vehicle_ID, Inspector_ID@
Inspection_Date, Condition_Report

20. RECEIPT
Receipt_ID*
Payment_ID@
Amount, Date, Payment_Method

21. PAYMENT
Payment_ID*
Customer_ID@, Hire_Code@
Amount, Date, Payment_Method, Payment_Status

22. FUEL STATUS

Fuel_ID*
Vehicle_ID@
Fuel_Level, Last_Refuel_Date

23. SPECIAL CHECK-IN CENTER

Center_ID*
Location, Capacity, Contact_Number

24. SPECIAL CHECK-IN SERVICE

Service_ID*
Center_ID@, Vehicle_ID@
 Inspection_Report, Service_Date

25. CHECK-IN INSPECTOR

Inspector_ID*
Center_ID@
First_Name, Last_Name, Qualification, Contact_Number

26. FLEET HIRE

Fleet_ID*
Company_ID
Fleet_Size, Fleet_Type

27. VEHICLE ASSIGNMENT

Assignment_ID*
Fleet_ID@, Vehicle_ID@
Assignment_Date, Status

28. RESCUE SCHEME

Scheme_ID*
Scheme_Name, Coverage_Details, Provider

29. RESCUE COMPANY

Rescue_Company_ID*
Name, Contact_Number, Location

30. REPLACEMENT VEHICLE

Replacement_ID*
Vehicle_ID@
Availability_Status, Replacement_Period

31. REPLACEMENT VEHICLE ASSIGNMENT

Assignment_ID*
Replacement_ID@, Customer_ID@
Assignment_Start, Assignment_End

32. ACCIDENT/BREAKDOWN
Incident_ID*
Vehicle_ID@, Driver_ID@
Incident_Type, Date, Report_Details

33. HIRE CENTER

Center_ID*
Location, Capacity, Contact_Number

34. EMPLOYEE
Emp_No*
Center_ID@
 Name, Position, Department, Contact_Number

35. CONTRACT FIRM

Contract_ID*
Firm_Name, Contact_Number, Contract_Details

36. VEHICLE REDISTRIBUTION

Redistribution_ID*
Vehicle_ID@, Center_ID@
Redistribution_Date, New_Location

37. RIVAL HIRE COMPANY

Rival_Company_ID*
Name, Contact_Number, Market_Share

38. NATIONAL OFFICE

Office_ID*
Location, Manager_Name, Contact_Number

39. HIRE CHARGE

Charge_ID*
Hire_Code@
Charge_Amount, Payment_Status

40. VEHICLE USAGE HISTORY

Usage_ID*
Vehicle_ID@
Start_Date, End_Date, Distance_Travelled

41. VEHICLE AUCTION COMPANY

Auction_Company_ID*
Name, Contact_Number, Auction_Location

o CORPORATE COMPANY → REGIONAL OFFICE

o
o • forward looking statement: Depending on an organization, certain
corporate companies can have many regional offices. However, each regional
office belongs to one specific corporate company.
o
o • Questions To Be Addressed:
o
o o Does every Regional_Office contain a valid Company_ID?
o
o o For every regional office, is there a valid address and contact
information?
o
o o Is the Manager_Name present for every regional office?
o
o
o
o 2. CORPORATE COMPANY → CORPORATE FEEDBACK
o
o • Forward Already Looking Statement: A corporate company is assumed
to have multiple feedback being recorded.
o
o • Questions To Be Addressed:
o
o o For each corporate feedback, is there a valid Company_ID assigned to
it?
o
o o Does the Feedback_Text has and value or is it non empty?
o
o o Is the Rating value in the acceptable expected range of 1 to 5 (1 being
the least and 5 being the highest value)?
o
o 3. REGIONAL OFFICE → EMPLOYEE
o
o • Forward Already Looking Statement: One employee belongs to one
regional office and one regional office has many employees.
o
o • Questions To Be Addressed:
o
o o Does each Employee have a valid Center_ID assigned to them?
o
o o Is Position, Department and Contact_Number for each employee
valid?
o
o o For each office, is there a supervisor assigned?
o
o
o
o 4. INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER → HIRE ARRANGEMENT
o
o • Forward Already Looking Statement: One customer can have multiple
hire arrangements. However, each individual hire arrangement is owned by
one customer.
o
o • Validation Questions:
o
o o Does each hire arrangement have a corresponding Customer_ID?
o
o o Do the Commencing_Date and Finishing_Date make sense (i.e., does
the start date come before the end date)?
o Is the Payment_Status associated with each hire arrangement valid?
5. INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER ‚Üí LOYALTY DISCOUNT
Assumption: A customer can receive multiple loyalty discounts.
Validation Questions:
Does each loyalty discount reference a valid Customer_ID?
Is the Discount_Percentage within a valid range (0-100)?
Is the Expiry_Date logical and non-past?

6. INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER ‚Üí CUSTOMER REVIEW

Assumption: A customer can write reviews for multiple vehicles.
Validation Questions:
Does each review reference a valid Customer_ID?
Is the Review_Text provided for each review?
Are the Rating values valid (1-5)?

7. VEHICLE ‚Üí VEHICLE SPECIFICATION

Assumption: Each vehicle has exactly one specification.
Validation Questions:
Does every Vehicle reference a valid Vehicle_ID in Vehicle_Specification?
Are all specification attributes (engine size, seating capacity) valid and
correctly entered?
Is the Fuel_Type valid (e.g., petrol, diesel, electric)?

8. VEHICLE ‚Üí HIRE ARRANGEMENT

Assumption: A vehicle can be hired multiple times.
Validation Questions:
Is each Hire_Arrangement linked to a valid Vehicle_ID?
Is the vehicle available during the Commencing_Date?
Are the hire charges consistent with the vehicle's pricing?

9. VEHICLE ‚Üí INSURANCE

Assumption: Each vehicle has at least one insurance policy.
Validation Questions:
Does each insurance record reference a valid Vehicle_ID?
Are the Provider, Policy_Number, and Expiry_Date valid?
Is the coverage detail meaningful (e.g., comprehensive, third-party)?

10. VEHICLE ‚Üí VEHICLE ACCESSORIES

Assumption: A vehicle can have multiple accessories.
Validation Questions:
Does each Vehicle_ID reference a valid accessory?
Are the Name, Type, and Price fields valid for each accessory?
Is the warranty period logical (e.g., not exceeding typical warranty limits)?

11. HIRE ARRANGEMENT ‚Üí HIRE AGREEMENT

Assumption: Each hire arrangement is linked to a hire agreement.
Validation Questions:
Does the Hire_Code in the Hire_Arrangement table match the Hire_Code in
the Hire_Agreement?
Are the Terms_Conditions and Insurance_Details complete for each
agreement?
Is the Deposit_Amount properly recorded?

12. HIRE ARRANGEMENT ‚Üí PAYMENT

Assumption: A hire arrangement can have multiple payments.
Validation Questions:
Does every Payment reference a valid Hire_Code?
Is the Payment_Status logically associated with the payment amount?
Is the payment Amount valid and matching the hire charge?

13. HIRE AGREEMENT ‚Üí PAYMENT

Assumption: The hire agreement might be associated with a payment record.
Validation Questions:
Does each Payment reference a valid Hire_Code from the agreement?
Is the payment correctly linked to the agreement (Terms_Conditions,
Deposit_Amount)?

14. INSURANCE ‚Üí VEHICLE

Assumption: A vehicle can have multiple insurance records over time.
Validation Questions:
Is each insurance record associated with a valid Vehicle_ID?
Is the Expiry_Date in the future for each insurance record?
Is the Provider and Policy_Number properly provided?

15. SPECIAL FLEET DISCOUNT ‚Üí VEHICLE

Assumption: Discounts apply to vehicles within a fleet.
Validation Questions:
Does each Vehicle_ID reference a valid fleet discount record?
Are the Discount_Percentage and Eligibility_Criteria valid and accurate?
Is the Expiry_Date logical and non-past?

16. DRIVER ‚Üí DRIVER INSURANCE

Assumption: A driver can have one or more insurance records.
Validation Questions:
Does every Driver_ID have a valid associated Driver_Insurance?
Are the Policy_Number, Provider, and Coverage_Details properly filled out?
Is the Expiry_Date in the future?

17. DRIVER ‚Üí DRIVER ASSIGNMENT

Assumption: A driver can be assigned to multiple vehicles.
Validation Questions:
Does each Driver_ID reference a valid Driver_Assignment?
Is the Start_Date and End_Date valid (i.e., Start_Date < End_Date)?
Is the Assignment_Status valid (e.g., active, completed)?

18. DRIVER ASSIGNMENT ‚Üí VEHICLE

Assumption: A driver can be assigned to multiple vehicles.
Validation Questions:
Does every Assignment_ID reference a valid Vehicle_ID?
Are the dates for the assignment correctly ordered (i.e., no overlap between
assignments)?
Is the Assignment_Status properly managed?

19. CHECK-IN SERVICE ‚Üí VEHICLE

Assumption: Each vehicle undergoes check-in services.
Validation Questions:
Does each Checkin_ID reference a valid Vehicle_ID?
Is the Condition_Report non-empty and meaningful?
Is the Inspection_Date correct?

20. RECEIPT ‚Üí PAYMENT

Assumption: Each payment results in a receipt.
Validation Questions:
Does each Receipt reference a valid Payment_ID?
Are the Amount, Date, and Payment_Method valid?
Does the receipt correspond to a confirmed payment status?

21. PAYMENT ‚Üí HIRE ARRANGEMENT

Assumption: A payment is linked to a specific hire arrangement.
Validation Questions:
Does the Payment_ID in the Payment table exist in the Hire_Arrangement
table?
Is the Payment_Status consistent with the hire arrangement charges?
Does the payment Amount match the hire charge?

22. FUEL STATUS ‚Üí VEHICLE

Assumption: A vehicle can have multiple fuel status records.
Validation Questions:
Does every Fuel_ID reference a valid Vehicle_ID?
Is the Fuel_Level recorded correctly (in acceptable range)?
Is the Last_Refuel_Date accurate?

23. SPECIAL CHECK-IN SERVICE ‚Üí VEHICLE

Assumption: A vehicle can undergo multiple check-in services.
Validation Questions:
Does the Service_ID reference a valid Vehicle_ID?
Is the Inspection_Report non-empty and meaningful?
Are the Service_Date and Inspection_Report consistent with each vehicle?

24. SPECIAL CHECK-IN CENTER ‚Üí CHECK-IN INSPECTOR

Assumption: A check-in center can have multiple inspectors.
Validation Questions:
Does each Inspector_ID reference a valid Center_ID?
Is the inspector's Qualification valid and
up to date?
Are all inspections performed by a certified inspector?

25. CHECK-IN INSPECTOR ‚Üí SPECIAL CHECK-IN CENTER

Assumption: An inspector is assigned to a specific check-in center.
Validation Questions:
Does each Inspector_ID reference a valid check-in center?
Is the Inspector_Status (active/inactive) accurate?
Are all inspector assignments correctly recorded?

26. FLEET HIRE ‚Üí CORPORATE COMPANY

Assumption: A corporate company can have multiple fleet hire arrangements.
Validation Questions:
Does the Fleet_ID reference a valid Corporate_Company_ID?
Is the fleet hire agreement valid and signed by both parties?
Are the fleet vehicles covered under a comprehensive insurance policy?

27. VEHICLE ASSIGNMENT ‚Üí FLEET HIRE

Assumption: Vehicles can be assigned to specific fleet hires.
Validation Questions:
Does each Vehicle_ID reference a valid fleet hire assignment?
Are the Start_Date and End_Date logically placed?
Is the Assignment_Status valid?

28. RESCUE SCHEME ‚Üí RESCUE COMPANY

Assumption: A rescue scheme can have multiple rescue companies.
Validation Questions:
Does each rescue scheme reference a valid Rescue_Company_ID?
Are the Service_Area and Response_Time valid?
Is the Contract_Date logically placed?

29. RESCUE COMPANY ‚Üí RESCUE SCHEME

Assumption: A rescue company can provide multiple rescue schemes.
Validation Questions:
Does each Rescue_Company_ID reference a valid scheme?
Are the Response_Times within acceptable limits?
Is the service availability properly managed?

30. REPLACEMENT VEHICLE ‚Üí VEHICLE

Assumption: A vehicle can have one or more replacement vehicles.
Validation Questions:
Does each Replacement_Vehicle reference a valid Vehicle_ID?
Are the Start_Date and End_Date accurate?
Is the Condition_Report for the replacement vehicle valid?

31. REPLACEMENT VEHICLE ASSIGNMENT ‚Üí CUSTOMER

Assumption: A replacement vehicle is assigned to a customer.
Validation Questions:
Does each Replacement_Vehicle_Assignment reference a valid Customer_ID?
Are the Dates of assignment correct?
Is the vehicle condition noted?

o 32. ACCIDENT/BREAKDOWN ‚Üí VEHICLE

o Assumption: Vehicles can be associated with accidents or
breakdowns.
o Validation Questions:
o Does each Accident/BREAKDOWN record reference a valid
Vehicle_ID?
o Is the Accident_Description meaningful and complete?
o Are the insurance and recovery details included?
o
o 33. HIRE CENTER ‚Üí VEHICLE
o Assumption: Each vehicle is associated with a hire center.
o Validation Questions:
o Does each Vehicle reference a valid Hire_Center_ID?
o Is the Service_Area of the hire center valid?
o Is the vehicle availability managed appropriately?
o
o 34. EMPLOYEE ‚Üí HIRE CENTER
o Assumption: Employees work at specific hire centers.
o Validation Questions:
o Does each Employee reference a valid Hire_Center_ID?
o Are the employee roles and responsibilities properly defined?
o Is the employee's availability up to date?
o
o 35. CONTRACT FIRM ‚Üí VEHICLE REDISTRIBUTION
o Assumption: A contract firm can redistribute vehicles.
o Validation Questions:
o Does each Vehicle_Redistribution reference a valid
Contract_Firm_ID?
 o Are the Redistribution_Reason and Logistics_Plan defined
clearly?
o Is the Redistribution_Date accurate?
o
o 36. VEHICLE REDISTRIBUTION ‚Üí VEHICLE
o Assumption: Vehicles are moved during redistribution.
o Validation Questions:
o Does each redistribution reference a valid Vehicle_ID?
o Is the Redistribution_Reason valid?
o Are the Start_Date and End_Date correctly recorded?
o
o 37. RIVAL HIRE COMPANY ‚Üí VEHICLE
REDISTRIBUTION
o Assumption: Rival companies may participate in vehicle
redistribution.
o Validation Questions:
o Does each vehicle redistribution record reference a valid rival
company?
o Are the redistribution terms fair and agreed upon?
o Is the distribution schedule consistent with market requirements?

38. TS NATIONAL OFFICE AND REGIONAL OFFICE ASSUMPTION Office of a

National Institution can manage several Regional Offices Located Under It. Validation
Questions: Does each regional office refer to a national office ID? Is there clear reporting
from regional offices to the national office? Is there effective operational supervision and
coordination? 39. HIRE CHARGE HIRE ARRANGEMENT ASSUMPTION It is prudent
that there is a relevant hire charge to each hire arrangement. Validation Questions: Is the hire
arrangement charge valid? Are there taxes and surcharges added to the charge accurately?
Does the charge relate with the Vehicle Type? 40. VEHICLEUSAGEHISTORY VEHICLE
ASSUMPTION Every vehicle should have a usage history. Validation Questions: Does each
vehicle usage history have a valid vehicle ID? Is the type of usage accurate ( daily, weekly)?
Are Fuel Consumption and Distance Travelled accurate? 41.
VEHICLEAUCTIONCOMPANY VEHICLE ASSUMPTION One vehicle auction company
can auction for several vehicles. Validation Questions: Does each auctioned vehicle have a
valid auction company ID? Are the auction conditions captured for each vehicle? Is the
auction attended to successful or unsuccessful result? 42. LOSTANDFOUND FDRIVER
ASSUMPTION Drivers may own lost items.

• Validation Questions:

o Does each Could_Not_Found reference an active Driver_ID?

o Are the details of the item sufficiently informative?

o Are the actions pertaining to the retrieval of lost items executed accurately captured?

43. DRIVER BLACKLIST → DRIVER

• Assumption: A driver may be blacklisted.
Validation Questions:

o Does each entry in the Blacklist contain a valid Driver_ID?

o Is the justification for blacklisting an entry noted?

o Is there a process for a driver being unlisted, assuming such action is suitable?

ㅤ: - List of Validation Questions for Cars4U:

1. Records the name list of all customers with their unique ID.
2. All the cars to be provided for renting purposes with detailed information on
the make, model year and price.
3. List how many cars are currently rented and how many are available.
4. Which of the vehicles (SUV, Sedan, etc.) has the most consumers?
5. List all rental bookings with customer details and rental period.
6. List how many shifts each employee has in a day.
7. List all maintenance activities for each vehicle.
8. How much time is a customer waiting for vehicle pickup?
9. Display the management of vehicle reservations (priority system, pending
requests).
10. List out the insurance policy details for each rented vehicle.
11. Make a payout list for employees in the rental company.
12. Record the partner company name and type (insurance, repair services, etc.).

Occurrence Table for Each Entity (Frequency of Occurrence of Entities in

Relationships):
 Occurs in Connections Max Min
Entity Name
With Occurrences Occurrences
REGIONAL OFFICE,
CORPORATE COMPANY CORPORATE FEEDBACK, Many One
FLEET HIRE
CORPORATE COMPANY,
REGIONAL OFFICE Many One
EMPLOYEE
HIRE ARRANGEMENT,
INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER CUSTOMER REVIEW, Many One
LOYALTY DISCOUNT
VEHICLE
SPECIFICATION, HIRE
VEHICLE Many One
ARRANGEMENT,
INSURANCE,
VEHICLE SPECIFICATION VEHICLE One One
HIRE AGREEMENT,
HIRE ARRANGEMENT Many One
VEHICLE, PAYMENT
HIRE AGREEMENT HIRE ARRANGEMENT One One
INSURANCE VEHICLE Many One
CUSTOMER REVIEW VEHICLE Many One
LOYALTY DISCOUNT INDIVIDUAL CUSTOMER Many One
CORPORATE FEEDBACK CORPORATE COMPANY Many One
SPECIAL FLEET DISCOUNT VEHICLE Many One
DRIVER INSURANCE DRIVER Many One
DRIVER POOL DRIVER One One
VEHICLE ACCESSORIES VEHICLE Many One
MILEAGE AGREEMENT VEHICLE, CUSTOMER Many One
DRIVER DRIVER ASSIGNMENT Many One
DRIVER ASSIGNMENT DRIVER, VEHICLE Many One
CHECK-IN SERVICE VEHICLE Many One
RECEIPT PAYMENT Many One
HIRE ARRANGEMENT,
PAYMENT Many One
RECEIPT
FUEL STATUS VEHICLE Many One
SPECIAL CHECK-IN
VEHICLE Many One
SERVICE
SPECIAL CHECK-IN
CHECK-IN INSPECTOR Many One
CENTER
SPECIAL CHECK-IN
CHECK-IN INSPECTOR Many One
CENTER
FLEET HIRE CORPORATE COMPANY Many One
VEHICLE ASSIGNMENT VEHICLE, FLEET HIRE Many One
RESCUE SCHEME RESCUE COMPANY Many One
RESCUE COMPANY RESCUE SCHEME Many One
 Occurs in Connections Max Min
Entity Name
With Occurrences Occurrences
REPLACEMENT VEHICLE VEHICLE Many One
REPLACEMENT VEHICLE
CUSTOMER Many One
ASSIGNMENT
ACCIDENT/BREAKDOWN VEHICLE, DRIVER Many One
HIRE CENTER VEHICLE Many One
EMPLOYEE HIRE CENTER Many One
VEHICLE
CONTRACT FIRM Many One
REDISTRIBUTION
VEHICLE, CONTRACT
VEHICLE REDISTRIBUTION Many One
FIRM
VEHICLE
RIVAL HIRE COMPANY Many One
REDISTRIBUTION
NATIONAL OFFICE REGIONAL OFFICE Many One
HIRE CHARGE HIRE ARRANGEMENT Many One
VEHICLE USAGE HISTORY VEHICLE Many One
VEHICLE AUCTION
VEHICLE Many One
COMPANY
LOST AND FOUND DRIVER Many One
DRIVER BLACKLIST DRIVER, VEHICLE Many One

Occurrence Table for Cars4U Database (Including Attributes)

Entity Name Attributes Sample Data

 customer_id,
(1, John Doe, 123 Street,
name, address,
CUSTOMER NY, [email protected],
email,
Individual)
customer_type
(2, ABC Corp, 456
Avenue,
LA, [email protected]
m, Corporate)
customer_id,
(1, 1234-5678-9012-3456,
INDIVIDUAL_CUSTOMER creditcard_no,
TRUE)
insurance_required
customer_id,
account_no,
CORPORATE_COMPANY (2, ACC456789, TRUE)
insurance_provide
d
vehicle_id,
fleet_code, (101, 5001, NYC-123,
VEHICLE registration, Toyota Corolla, Red,
model, color, 5000.00)
mileage_at_start
(102, 5002, LA-456,
Honda Civic, Blue,
7000.00)
spec_id,
vehicle_id,
engine_size, (201, 101, 1.8L, Petrol, 5,
VEHICLE_SPECIFICATION
fuel_type, TRUE)
seating_capacity,
air_conditioning
hire_code,
customer_id,
vehicle_id,
(301, 1, 101, 2025-03-01,
commencing_date,
HIRE_ARRANGEMENT 2025-03-10, 300.00, Paid,
finishing_date,
Individual)
hire_charge,
payment_status,
hire_type
agreement_id,
hire_code, (401, 301, No smoking,
HIRE_AGREEMENT terms_conditions, full tank return, Full
insurance_details, coverage, 100.00)
deposit_amount
insurance_id,
provider, (501, AllState, Full
INSURANCE coverage_details, Coverage, 2026-01-01,
expiry_date, Vehicle)
insurance_type
 insurance_id,
VEHICLE_INSURANCE (501, 101)
vehicle_id
insurance_id,
DRIVER_INSURANCE (502, 201)
driver_id
driver_id, pool_id,
first_name,
(601, NULL, Mike,
last_name,
DRIVER Smith, DL123456, 5, 555-
license_number,
1234)
experience,
contact_number
assignment_id,
driver_id,
vehicle_id, (701, 601, 101, 2025-03-
DRIVER_ASSIGNMENT
start_date, 01, 2025-03-10, Active)
end_date,
assignment_status
agreement_id,
vehicle_id,
MILEAGE_AGREEMENT (801, 101, 1, Dependent)
customer_id,
agreement_type
agreement_id,
MILEAGE_DEPENDENT_AGREEMEN per_mile_charge,
(801, 0.10, 1000, 50.00)
T mileage_limit,
overage_fee
agreement_id,
MILEAGE_INDEPENDENT_AGREEME
fixed_cost, (802, 200.00, TRUE)
NT
unlimited_mileage
emp_no,
center_id, name, (901, 3001, Alice
EMPLOYEE position, Johnson, Manager,
department, Admin, NULL)
supervisor_id
redistribution_id,
vehicle_id,
(1001, 101, 4001, 4002,
VEHICLE_REDISTRIBUTION previous_center_id
2025-03-05)
, new_center_id,
redistribution_date
checkin_id,
vehicle_id,
(1101, 101, 1201, 2025-
CHECK_IN_SERVICE inspector_id,
03-10, Good Condition)
inspection_date,
condition_report
payment_id,
customer_id, (1201, 1, 300.00, 2025-
PAYMENT
amount, date, 03-10, Credit Card)
payment_method
 invoice_id,
payment_id,
(1301, 1201, 2025-03-10,
INVOICE invoice_date,
300.00, 2025-03-20)
total_amount,
due_date
scheme_id,
scheme_name,
(1401, Rapid Assist,
coverage_area,
RESCUE_SCHEME Nationwide, 30 mins,
response_time,
50.00, 2025-01-01)
service_fee,
contract_start_date
rescue_id,
company_name, (1501, Fast Tow, 555-
RESCUE_COMPANY
contact_no, 9876, US)
location
replacement_id,
vehicle_id,
(1601, 102, Available, 7
REPLACEMENT_VEHICLE availability_status,
Days)
replacement_perio
d
incident_id,
vehicle_id, (1701, 101, 601, Minor
ACCIDENT_BREAKDOWN
driver_id, Collision, 2025-03-08)
incident_type, date
center_id,
(1801, Main Hub, NY, 20,
HIRE_CENTER location, capacity,
555-4321)
contact_number
contract_id,
firm_name, (1901, QuickTransport,
CONTRACT_FIRM contact_person, John Doe, [email protected],
contact_email, 2025-02-01)
contract_date
auction_id,
(2001, CarAuctions Inc.,
company_name,
555-
VEHICLE_AUCTION_COMPANY contact_phone,
2222, [email protected]
contact_email,
m, Jane Doe)
contact_person
review_id,
CUSTOMER_REVIEW customer_id, (2101, 1, Great service!)
review_text
feedback_id,
CORPORATE_FEEDBACK company_id, (2201, 2, Good fleet rates)
feedback_text
discount_id,
discount_type,
DISCOUNT (2301, Loyalty, 10%)
discount_percenta
ge
 discount_id,
fleet_code,
SPECIAL_FLEET_DISCOUNT (2401, 5001, 15%)
discount_percenta
ge
fuel_id,
vehicle_id, (2501, 101, 80%, 2025-
FUEL_STATUS
fuel_level, 03-01)
last_refuel_date
center_id,
(2601, Downtown, 10,
SPECIAL_CHECKIN_CENTER location, capacity,
555-7777)
contact_number
inspector_id,
center_id,
(2701, 2601, Alex,
CHECK_IN_INSPECTOR first_name,
Johnson, Certified)
last_name,
qualification
pool_id, location,
(2801, NYC, 50, Michael
DRIVER_POOL number_of_drivers
Scott)
, supervisor_name
accessory_id,
(2901, 101, GPS,
vehicle_id, name,
VEHICLE_ACCESSORIES Electronic, 5.00, 2026-01-
type, price,
01)
warranty_period
lost_item_id,
vehicle_id,
customer_id, (3001, 101, 1, Wallet,
LOST_AND_FOUND
item_name, Personal, 2025-03-07)
item_category,
report_date
rival_company_id,
name, (3101, Rent-A-Car, 555-
RIVAL_HIRE_COMPANY
contact_number, 6666, 12%)
market_share
office_id, location,
(3201, Head Office, 555-
NATIONAL_OFFICE contact_number,
9999, 30 Employees)
no_of_employee
Normalization

UNF 1NF 2NF 3NF Tables

Company_ID,Hiring_ Company_ID*, Company_ID*, Town, Address
Account,Number,Hiri Account_no, Account_no, Postcode,
ng_Address,Hiring_P Address, Address,
ostCode,Hiring_Cont Organization, Organization,
act_Name,HiringOrg Town, Town, Company_ID* Corporate_
anization_Name,Hiri Postcode, Postcode, Account_no, Company
ng_Telephone_Num Fax, Fax, Address,
ber,Hiring_Fax,Hiring Tel_no, Tel_no, Organization,
_Town,InvoiceOrgani Contact_name, Contact_name, Fax,
zation_Name,Invoice Tel_no,
_Account_Number,I Contact_name,
nvoice_PostCode,Inv
oice_Town,Invoice_ Type_ID* Type_ID* Type_ID* Company_T
Address,Invoice_Fax, Type_Name Type_Name Type_Name ype
Invoice_Telephone_
Number,Invoice_Con Hire_Code*, Hire_Code*, Hire_Code*, Hire
tact_Name, Company_ID@, Company_ID@, Company_ID@
Hire_Code,Commen Commence_Date, Commence_Dat ,
ce_Date,Finishing_D Finishing_Date e, Commence_D
ate Finishing_Date ate,
Fleet_Code,Number Finishing_Date
_Of_Car
Vehicle_Code,Regist Fleet_Code*, Fleet_Code*, Fleet_Code*, Fleet
ration,_ Hire_Code@, Hire_Code@, Hire_Code@,
Model,Make,Color, No_Of_Car No_Of_Car No_Of_Car
Milage_At_Start,
Pool_ID Vehicle_ID* Vehicle_ID* Vehicle_ID* Vehicle
Insurace_ID, Fleet_Code@, Fleet_Code@, Fleet_Code@,
Nat_Ins_No Registration, Vehicle_Code@ Vehicle_Code
Make, Registration, @
Color, Milage_At_Start Registration,
Model, Milage_At_Sta
Milage_At_Start rt
Vehicle_Code* Vehicle_Code* Vehicle_Det
Make, Make, ails
Color, Color,
Model, Model,

Employee_NO*, Employee_NO* Employee_NO Employee

Fleet_Code@, Fleet_Code@, *
Employee_Name Employee_Nam Fleet_Code@,
Nat_Ins_No e Employee_Na
Dept, Nat_Ins_No, me
Insurance_ID Dept, Nat_Ins_No,
Insurance_ID Dept,
Insurance_ID
@
Insurance_ID* Insurance_ID* Insurance
Fleet_Code@ Fleet_Code@

Pool_ID* Pool_ID* Pool_ID* Pool

Employee_Number Employee_Num Employee_Nu
@ ber@ mber@
Fleet_Code@ Fleet_Code@ Fleet_Code@