Topic 2- Part 1:Classifying Matter;
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
Matter is defined as anything that
has a mass and takes up space.
MATTER
Pure Substances
A sample of matter that has definite chemical and physical
properties.
Elements
pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler
substance by physical or chemical means.
Compounds
Pure substance composed of two or more different elements
joined by chemical bonds.
Made of elements in a specific ratio
that is always the same
Has a chemical formula
Can only be separated by
chemical means, not physically
Compounds
The basic idea behind the formation of compounds is that the elements
REACT CHEMICALLY and turn into compounds WITH NEW
PROPERTIESNEW SUBSTANCES ARE FORMED!
Example:
HEAT
Iron + Sulfur Iron Sulfide
IRON SULFUR IRON SULFIDE
MAGNETIC SOLID YELLOW SOLID BLACK NON
MAGNETIC SOLID
Compounds
Example:
HEAT
Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium Oxide
MAGNESIUM OXYGEN MAGNESIUM
OXIDE
SILVER SOLID COLORLESS GAS GREY SOLID
Impure substances-Mixtures
A combination of two or more pure substances that are not
chemically combined.
substances held together by physical forces, not chemical
No chemical change takes place
Each item retains its properties
in the mixture
They can be separated physically
Chem4kids.com
Mixtures vs. Compounds
Can you identify the following?
You will be shown a series of photos. Tell if each photo
represents an item composed of an element, compound, or
mixture.
Review:
An element contains just one type of atom.
A compound contains two or more different atoms joined
together.
A mixture contains two or more different substances that
are only physically joined together, not chemically.
A mixture can contain both elements and compounds.
Compound/Mixture/Element Checklist!
Is it made up of ONE TYPE of element?
Can it be separated by physical means?
Does the formula indicate the combination of several
elements?
Does the name indicate the combination of several elements?
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Rocks
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Rocks
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Copper
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Copper
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Jelly Beans
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Jelly Beans
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Table Sugar
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Table Sugar
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Diamond
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Diamond
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Tea
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Tea
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Salt
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Salt
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Neon Gas
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Neon Gas
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Salad
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Salad
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Pure Water
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Pure Water
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Aluminum
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Aluminum
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Lemonade
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Lemonade
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Silver
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Silver
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Sand
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Sand
Notes
Detailed notes are located at:
http://www.middleschoolscience.com/elements-compounds-
mixtures-notes-isn.pdf
Flow Chart:
http://www.middleschoolscience.com/matter-flow-chart-
isn.pdf
Topic 2- Part 2:Atomic Structure
ATOMS AND
ELEMENTS
Elements – different types of atom
• Elements are the simplest substances. There are about
100 different elements.
• Each element is made up of very tiny particles called
atoms, and each element is made up of just one particular
type of atom, which is different to the atoms in any other
element.
ATOMS ARE THE SMALLEST PARTICLES OF MATTER, THAT WE
CANNOT BREAK DOWN FURTHER BY CHEMICAL MEANS
Gold is an element
made up of only
gold atoms.
Carbon is an element
made up of only
carbon atoms.
Symbols for elements
Each element can be represented by a symbol.
• However, some of the symbols are not always as you
might expect; for example, Pb = lead. Can you think
of any other elements with unexpected symbols?
• For many elements, the symbol is the start of the
name, for example H = hydrogen or Li = lithium. Can
you think of any other symbols like this?
The first letter of an element’s symbol is always a
capital letter, e.g. N (not n) for nitrogen.
If there are two letters in the element’s symbol, the
second letter is always a small letter, e.g. Co (not CO)
for cobalt.
Why are symbols important?
Why might scientists find it easier to
use symbols for elements rather than
names?
Elements have different names in
different languages, e.g. in Portuguese,
nitrogen is called ‘azote’, and iron is
called ‘ferro’.
Symbols are quicker to write than names, and can be easily used in
chemical formulae, diagrams and equations.
The current system for naming elements and compounds was
devised by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) so that scientists all around the world could communicate
without confusion.
ATOMIC
STRUCTURE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
What particles are atoms made of?
For some time, people thought that atoms were the
smallest particles and could not be broken into anything
smaller.
Scientists now know that atoms are actually made from even smaller
particles SUBATOMIC PARTICLES There are three types:
proton neutron electron
How are these particles arranged inside the atom?
What is the structure of an atom?
Protons, neutrons and electrons are not evenly distributed
in an atom.
The protons and neutrons
exist in a dense core at the
centre of the atom. This is
called the nucleus.
The electrons are
spread out around the
edge of the atom. They
orbit the nucleus in
layers called shells.
Mass and electrical charge
There are two properties of protons, neutrons and electrons
that are especially important:
mass
electrical charge.
Particle Mass Charge
proton 1 +1
neutron 1 0
electron almost 0 -1
The atoms of an element contain equal numbers of protons
and electrons and so have no overall charge.
How many protons?
The atoms of any particular element always contain the
same number of protons. For example:
hydrogen atoms always contain 1 proton
carbon atoms always contain 6 protons
magnesium atoms always contain 12 protons.
The number of protons in an atom
is known as the atomic number
or proton number.
It is the smaller of the two numbers
shown in most periodic tables.
What is the atomic number?
What are the atomic numbers of these elements?
sodium
11
iron 26
tin 50
fluorine 9
More about atomic number
Each element has a definite and fixed number of protons.
If the number of protons changes, then the atom becomes
a different element.
Changes in the number of particles
in the nucleus (protons or neutrons)
are very rare. They only take place
in nuclear processes such as:
radioactive decay
nuclear bombs
nuclear reactors.
What is mass number?
Electrons have a mass of almost zero, which means that the
mass of each atom results almost entirely from the number
of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
The sum of the protons and neutrons
in an atom’s nucleus is the mass number.
It is the larger of the two numbers shown
in most periodic tables.
Mass
Atoms Protons Neutrons
number
hydrogen 1 0 1
lithium 3 4 7
aluminium 13 14 27
What is mass number?
mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
What is the mass number of these atoms?
Mass
Atoms Protons Neutrons
number
helium 2 2 4
copper 29 35 64
cobalt 27 32 59
iodine 53 74 127
germanium 32 41 73
How many neutrons?
number of neutrons = mass number - number of protons
= mass number - atomic number
How many neutrons are there in these atoms?
Mass Atomic
Atoms Neutrons
number number
helium 4 2 2
fluorine 19 9 10
strontium 88 38 50
zirconium 91 40 51
uranium 238 92 146
How many Electrons?
Atoms have no overall electrical charge and are neutral.
This means atoms must have an equal number of positive
protons and negative electrons.
The number Atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons
of electrons
is therefore helium 2 2 2
the same as copper 29 35 29
the atomic
number. iodine 53 74 53
Atomic number is the number of protons rather than the
number of electrons, because atoms can lose or gain
electrons but do not normally lose or gain protons.
SUMMARY Atomic number and mass number
The number of protons in an atom is known as the
atomic number or proton number and is represented
by the symbol Z.
The mass number of an atom is the number of protons
plus the number of neutrons, and is represented by
the symbol A.
When an atom is mass
represented by its number (A)
symbol, the mass
number, and atomic
sometimes the number (Z)
atomic number, are
shown.
SUMMARY Atomic number and mass number
ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION
Where are the electrons found in the atom?
How are electrons arranged?
Electrons are not evenly spread but exist in layers called
shells. (The shells can also be called energy levels).
The arrangement of electrons in these shells is often called the electron
configuration.
1st shell
2nd shell
3rd shell
Note that this diagram is not drawn to scale – the atom is
mostly empty space. If the electron shells were the size
shown, the nucleus would be too small to see.
How are electrons arranged?
Each shell has a maximum number of electrons that it can
hold. Electrons will fill the shells nearest the nucleus first.
1st shell holds
a maximum of
2 electrons
2nd shell holds
a maximum of
8 electrons
3rd shell holds
a maximum of
18 electrons
This electron arrangement is written as 2,8,8.
RULES AND PATTERNS OF ELECTRON
CONFIGURATIONS
A. Electron configuration
Structure of the Electron Cloud Energy levels or shells:
• In any atom, the electrons are arranged in the area
located around the nucleus.
• This area (commonly referred to as the electron cloud) is
composed off specific energy levels or shells.
• Each energy level is characterized by a fixed distance
separating it from the nucleus as well as the energy level
of the electrons present in it.
WRITING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
B. Arranging the electrons:
When filling the electron configuration of an
element, the following things must be considered:
1. The atomic number/number of electrons of that
element. You should not exceed it.
2. The order of filling: start filling level one and proceed
to the next levels whenever the first one is
completely filled Level 1 is fullmove to level 2
and fill itmove to level three and fill it…..
WRITING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
The maximum capacity of holding electrons for each level; follows
the formula of 2n2 Where n is the order of the shell.
Level n=1 (also known as level k) max of 2 electrons
Level n=2(also known as level L) max of 8 electrons
Level n=3 (also known as level M) max of 8 electrons when it’s
the valence shell but up to 18 electrons in general.
Level n=4(also known as level N) Maximum capacity = 32
electrons
Taking into consideration the above points, we keep on filling
until all the electrons we are given are placed on the shells. At that
point we have to stop even if the last shell we were filling was not
completed.
WRITING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Notes:
The valence shell is the last shell filled in the electron configuration of a
given element. It differs from element to element due to the difference in
electron configuration.
The electrons found on the valence shell are referred to as the valence
electrons.
In any electron configuration, the valence shell CAN NOT hold more than 8
electrons (even if its capacity is more than 8). If we are filling the electron
configuration and we have more than 8 electrons on any level, we have to
put the extra ones on the following level.
WRITING THE ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
Notes (CONTINUED):
Example: in Potassium’s electron configuration, we have 19 electrons, we
place them in the following way:
2,8,8,1 : level 1 has 2 e, level 2 has 8e, level 3 has 8e only although it can
hold up to 18. However, if we do that we will have a valence level holding
more than 8 electrons which is not possible! The solution is to proceed to
place the extra electron on the following level (level 4)to avoid breaking
that rule!!!!!!!!!
CLASSWORK
DRAW THE ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION OF THE
FIRST TWENTY ELEMENTS
IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
START WITH HYDROGEN
AND FINISH AT CALCIUM
ELECRON CONFIGURATION AND THE PERIODIC TABLE
