6.

Given the governing equations and similarity variables:

∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y
1 ∂ 2 u σβ 2
 
∂u ∂u
u +v =ν 1+ − u
∂x ∂y γ ∂y 2 ρ
∂T ∂T ∂2T
u +v =α 2
∂x ∂y ∂y
With similarity variables:
r
U0 x/2L p T − T∞
η=y e , Ψ= 2νLU0 f (η)ex/2L , θ(η) =
2Lν Tw − T∞

—
(a) Validation of the Continuity Equation
Given:
p
Ψ= 2νLU0 · f (η)ex/(2L)
r
U0 x/(2L)
η=y e
2Lν

Velocity components:

∂Ψ ∂Ψ
u= , v=−
∂y ∂x

Partial derivatives:
r
∂η U0 x/(2L) ∂η η
= e , =
∂y 2Lν ∂x 2L

Compute u:

∂Ψ
u=
∂y
p ∂η x/(2L)
= 2νLU0 · f ′ (η) · ·e
∂y
r
p U0 x/(2L) x/(2L)
= 2νLU0 · f ′ (η) · e ·e
2Lν
= U0 f ′ (η)ex/L

Compute v:

∂Ψ
v=−
∂x  
p η 1
= − 2νLU0 f ′ (η) · + f (η) ex/(2L)
2L 2L
U0
= − ex/L (ηf ′ + f )
2L

1
 ∂u
Compute ∂x :

 
∂u x/L ′′ η 1 ′
= U0 e f · + f
∂x 2L L

∂v
Compute ∂y :

r
∂v U0 U0 x/(2L)
= − ex/L · e (2f ′ + ηf ′′ )
∂y 2L 2Lν

Add terms:

∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y

Momentum Equation Derivation

Given:
u = U0 f ′ (η)ex/L

Compute:
 
∂u 2 2x/L ′ ′′ η 1 ′
u = U0 e f f · + f
∂x 2L L
r
∂u U02 2x/L ′ ′′ U0 x/(2L)
v =− e (ηf + f )f · e
∂y 2L 2Lν

Viscous term:    
1 U0 x/L
ν 1+ · U0 ex/L f ′′′ · e
γ 2Lν
Reduce and simplify:
σβ 2 L
f ′′′ + f f ′′ − (f ′ )2 − M f ′ = 0 , M=
ρU0

Energy Equation Derivation

Let:
T = θ(η)(Tw − T∞ ) + T∞

Apply chain rule:

∂T ∂η
= θ′ · (Tw − T∞ ),
∂x ∂x
∂T ∂η
= θ′ · (Tw − T∞ ),
∂y ∂y
 2
∂2T ′′ ∂η
=θ · (Tw − T∞ )
∂y 2 ∂y

Final form:
ν
θ′′ + P r · f · θ′ = 0 , Pr =
α

2
Boundary Condition Derivation
Velocity Conditions
At the wall (y = 0, η = 0):

• No slip: f ′ (0) = 0

• No penetration: f (0) = 0

At the free stream (y → ∞, η → ∞):

• f ′ (∞) = 1

Temperature Conditions
• θ(0) = 1 (wall)

• θ(∞) = 0 (ambient)

7(a) Discuss the following terminologies:

i. No slip condition
The no slip condition states that the fluid in immediate contact with a solid boundary has zero
relative velocity with respect to the surface. In other words, the fluid “sticks” to the surface,
meaning the fluid velocity at the boundary is equal to the velocity of the boundary itself. This is
a fundamental assumption in viscous flow analysis.

ii. Boundary layer

The boundary layer is a thin region adjacent to a solid surface where viscous effects are significant
and the velocity of the fluid changes rapidly from zero (due to the no slip condition) to the free-
stream velocity. Outside this layer, the flow is generally considered inviscid.

iii. Flow separation

Flow separation occurs when the boundary layer detaches from the surface of a body due to an
adverse pressure gradient (increasing pressure in the flow direction). This detachment leads to
recirculation regions, increased drag, and possibly unsteady flow behavior.

iv. Compressible flow

Compressible flow is a type of fluid flow where the fluid density varies significantly during motion.
This typically occurs in gases at high velocities (generally when the Mach number is greater than
0.3), where changes in pressure and temperature cause changes in density.

v. Incompressible flow
In incompressible flow, the fluid density remains constant throughout the flow. This assumption
is valid for liquids and for gases moving at low speeds where density changes are negligible (Mach
number less than 0.3).

vi. Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to deformation or flow. It represents the internal
friction between adjacent layers of fluid as they move relative to each other. Fluids with high
viscosity (e.g., honey) resist motion more than those with low viscosity (e.g., water).

3
 8(a) Verify the dimension of the Bernoulli equation:

1
p + ρv 2 + ρgz = c
2

Each term in the Bernoulli equation must have the same dimensions, which are those of pressure or
energy per unit volume.

• Pressure, p: [M L−1 T −2 ]

• Kinetic energy per unit volume, 21 ρv 2 :

[ρ] = [M L−3 ], [v 2 ] = [L2 T −2 ] ⇒ [ρv 2 ] = [M L−1 T −2 ]

• Potential energy per unit volume, ρgz:

[g] = [LT −2 ], [z] = [L] ⇒ [ρgz] = [M L−1 T −2 ]

Hence, all terms in the Bernoulli equation have the same dimensions: [M L−1 T −2 ], confirming the
equation is dimensionally consistent.

8(b) A stream function is given by:

Ψ = ax3 + by + cx, where a = 0.5, b = −2.0, c = −1.5

i. Obtain expressions for velocity components u and v:

From the definition of a stream function in 2D incompressible flow:

∂Ψ
u= = b = −2.0 (constant)
∂y

∂Ψ
v=− = −(3ax2 + c) = −[3(0.5)x2 + (−1.5)] = −1.5x2 + 1.5
∂x

ii. Verify the incompressible continuity equation:

The continuity equation is:
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
Since u = −2.0 is constant, ∂x = 0, and v depends only on x, so ∂y = 0.

∂u ∂v
⇒ + =0+0=0
∂x ∂y

Therefore, the flow field satisfies the incompressible continuity equation.

Streamlines of the Flow Field:

4
 Streamlines of Ψ = 0.5x3 − 2y − 1.5x
y
2

−4
−2 −4

−2
−2
0
x
−2 −1 1 2

0
0
2
−1
2
2
4
−2

4
Velocity Field (Quiver Plot):

2 y

x
−2 −1 1 2

−1

−2

9(a) Determine the density, specific gravity, and mass of the air in a room with dimensions 4 m ×
5 m × 6 m at 100 kPa and 25◦ C.
Solution:
Given:
P = 100 kPa = 100 × 103 Pa, T = 25◦ C = 298.15 K, R = 287 J/(kg·K)

Using the ideal gas law:

P 100 × 103 3
ρ= = ≈ 1.17 kg/m
RT 287 × 298.15
Specific gravity:
ρair 1.17
SG = = = 0.00117
ρwater 1000
Volume of the room:
V = 4 × 5 × 6 = 120 m3

Mass of air:
m = ρ × V = 1.17 × 120 = 140.4 kg

9(b) Velocity field:

⃗ = (u, v) = (0.5 + 0.8x)î + (1.5 − 0.8y)ĵ
V

5
 i. Stagnation Point: A stagnation point is a location in a flow field where the velocity is zero —
i.e., the fluid is momentarily at rest. This occurs when both u = 0 and v = 0.

ii. Find Stagnation Point:

u = 0.5 + 0.8x = 0 ⇒ x = −0.625, v = 1.5 − 0.8y = 0 ⇒ y = 1.875

Thus, the stagnation point is at (−0.625, 1.875).

Quiver Plot of the Velocity Field

⃗ (x, y)
Vector Field of V
3 y

x
−2 −1 1 2

10(a) State the governing equation for Casson fluid flow model in cylindrical coordinates.
Solution:
The Casson fluid model is a non-Newtonian fluid model. For steady, axisymmetric, incompressible
flow in cylindrical coordinates (r, z), the governing momentum equation in the axial direction is:

1 d dp
[rτrz ] =
r dr dz
For a Casson fluid, the shear stress τrz is defined as:
 
 µB + √py
 du
, τ > τy
τrz = 2π dr
τ ≤ τy

0,

Thus, the full governing equation becomes:

   
1 d py du dp
r µB + √ =
r dr 2π dr dz

10(b) Validate the continuity equation using appropriate similarity variables.

The continuity equation in cylindrical coordinates is:

1 ∂ ∂uz
(rur ) + =0
r ∂r ∂z
r
Let η = R, and define:

6
 R
uz = U f (η), ur = − U f ′ (η)
r
Compute the terms:
1 ∂ U ∂uz
(rur ) = − f ′′ (η), =0
r ∂r r ∂z
So,
1 ∂ ∂uz U
(rur ) + = − f ′′ (η) + 0 = 0 ⇒ f ′′ (η) = 0
r ∂r ∂z r
This validates the continuity equation for incompressible Casson fluid using similarity variables.

Velocity Profile of Casson Fluid

Let’s consider a simplified velocity profile for numerical plotting:

uz (η) = U 1 − η 2

Non-dimensional Axial Velocity Profile for Casson Fluid

1
uz /U

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
η = r/R

Interpretation:
- The velocity is maximum at the centerline (η = 0) and zero at the wall (η = 1).
- This behaviour is typical for Casson fluids in pipe flow, with flattening near the center in real cases due
to yield stress.

Casson Fluid Velocity Profile with Yield Stress (Plug Region)

We model the axial velocity profile with increasing yield stress by introducing a plug region of radius
ηp . The non-dimensional profile is:

uz (η) 1, 0 ≤ η ≤ ηp
= 2
U  1−η , η < η ≤ 1
p
1−η 2
p

We compare for:
ηp = 0 (Newtonian), ηp = 0.3, ηp = 0.5

7
 Casson Fluid Velocity Profiles for Different Plug Radii

0.8

0.6
uz /U

0.4
ηp = 0
0.2 ηp = 0.3
ηp = 0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
η = r/R

Interpretation:

• As yield stress increases (ηp increases), the central region becomes flatter — this is the plug region.

• The velocity gradient (shear) only occurs outside the plug region.

• In the Newtonian case (ηp = 0), velocity follows a parabolic profile.