English Grammar Notes

GRAMMAR: Grammar is a set of rules and regulations for understanding any language.

HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE: The history of English language can be classified into three stages:
(i) Anglo – Saxon English OR Old English 1000 AD – 1400 AD
(ii) Middle English 1400 AD – 1800 AD
(iii) Modern English 1800 AD – till now There are two major dialects of Modern English:
a) British English (UK) → Followed by Matric board & Inter board, Karachi.
b) American English (US) → Standardized dialect
Difference UK US
Spelling Centre, metre, litre, Colour, flavour, Center, meter, liter, Color, flavor, labor,
labour, Organisation, Programme Organization, Program
Grammar I shall go there. I will go there.
I have gone there. I went there.
Vocabulary Toffee Candy
Silencer Mufler
Truck Lorry

FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR:

Alphabets: There are 26 alphabets in the English Language from A to Z. There are 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and 21 consonants.
There must be at least one vowel present in every word of English Language. ‘Y’ is a semi-vowel which can be a vowel as well as a consonant.

Letter: A Single alphabetical character is a letter. For example: there are 3 letters in ‘cat.’

Word: A combination of letters which can give a meaning is called a word. (Teacher, student, pen, book)

Sentence: Sentence is a group of words which can give a complete meaning. (We are learning English these days.)

Types of Sentences: There are five types of sentences.

(i) Assertive Sentence/Declarative Sentence: It gives some assertion/statement/declaration. Assertive sentences follow simple
sentence pattern. (Subject + Verb + Object). Assertive sentences may be ‘Affirmative’ or ‘Negative’.
For Example: I am teaching you English. (Affirmative statement) I am not teaching you English. (Negative statement)

(ii) Interrogative Sentence: This type of sentence shows an interrogation or question. They always ends with a question mark (?)
There are three types of Interrogative sentences.
a) Confirmatory Question: It starts with a helping verb and it is asked to confirm something.
E.g. have you purchased a new pen?
b) Explanatory Question: It starts with a Wh-word and it needs explanation. E.g. What are you doing now?
c) Tag Question: A tag question is always followed by a statement. E.g. You are my student, aren’t you?

(iii) Imperative Sentence: It shows an order or a request. The sentence pattern is Verb (1st form) + Object.
Subject is missing in Imperative sentences because ‘you’ is understood. Example: Open the door.
(iv) Exclamatory Sentences: It shows sudden feelings of joy, sadness or surprise.
It starts with Interjection or it starts with What/How and ends with a mark of exclamation (!) Example : Hurrah! We have won the
match.
(v) Optative Sentence: It shows a wish or a prayer. Wish sentences starts with would that! Or O that! Example: Would that! I were rich.
Prayer/Curse sentences starts with May and ends with a mark of Exclamation (!) Example: May you live long! May you die soon!

Phrase: A group of words which doesn’t make a complete sense. Example: in the market.

Paragraph: A group of sentences is a paragraph.

Essay: A group of paragraphs is called an Essay. Types of Essays:

i) Descriptive Essay ii) Narrative Essay iii) Argumentative Essay
 PARTS OF SPEECH
The words of English language are classified into eight groups which are known as “Parts of Speech” or “Word Classes”.
1) Noun. 2) Pronoun. 3) Verb. 4) Adverb. 5) Adjective. 6) Preposition 7) Conjunction 8) Interjection

i) NOUN Noun is a naming word. It is the name of any person, place, thing, state or emotion. Noun can
be used as a subject or object in a sentence.
Types of Noun 1. Proper Noun. 2. Common Noun 3. Material Noun. 4. Collective Noun. 5. Abstract Noun.
6. Concrete Noun. 7. Countable Noun. 8. Uncountable Noun 9. Compound Noun.

1. Common Noun:
Common noun is the name of that which is more than one in this world.
Example: boy, girl, cat, city, school, pen etc.
Note: Never capitalize the first letter of common noun except at start.
Plural of common noun is possible according to the simple rules of plural formation.
2. Proper Noun:
Proper noun is the name of that which is only one in this world.
Example: Saifuddin, Karachi, Dollar Pen etc.
Note: Always capitalize the first letter of proper noun. Plural of proper noun is not possible.
3. Material Noun:
Material number is the name of a thing by which we can make another thing.
Example: milk, water, iron, glass, gold etc.
Note: Plural of material noun is not possible.
4. Collective Noun:
Collective noun is the name of collection of objects.
Example:
A FLEET of ships/birds. A FLOCK of sheep. A HERD of cattle. A PRIDE of lions.
A MURDER of crow. A BUNCH of grapes/keys. An ARMY of soldier. A CROWD of people.
A CLASS of students
5. Abstract noun:
Abstract noun is the name of a thing which we cannot touch or see but we can only feel it. Abstract noun is
the name of feelings and state.
Example: Love, hatred, wisdom, confidence etc.
Note: Plural of abstract noun is not possible.
Plural noun can also be identified by certain SUFFIXES.
Suffix Example
-tion Condition, Hesitation, Perception, Solution, Situation etc.
-ment Payment, Statement, Treatment, Measurement, Contentment etc.
-ance Disturbance, Resistance, Issuance etc.
-ence Condolence, Confidence, Independence, Patience etc.
-dom Wisdom, Martyrdom, Freedom etc.
-ship Friendship, Sponsorship, Relationship etc.
-ness Sickness, Illness, Sadness, Happiness etc.
-hood Nationhood, brotherhood, neighborhood, childhood etc.
-ty Scarcity, pity, poverty etc.
-sion Compulsion, Tension, Fusion etc.
6. Concrete Noun:
Concrete noun is the opposite of abstract noun. It is the name of that we can touch or see. All the common,
noun, material and collective nouns are concrete nouns.
7. Compound Noun:
Compound noun is the combination of two nouns. A hyphen (-) is used to join the two nouns.
Example: Lunch-box, milk-man, sales-man etc.
 8. Countable Noun:
It is the name of that which we can count.
Example: Drop of water, star, grain of rice, girl etc.
Note: Common, proper and collective nouns are countable noun. Plural of countable noun is possible.
9. Uncountable Noun:
It is the name of that which we cannot count.
Note: All the abstract nouns and material nouns are uncountable noun. Plural of countable noun is not possible.
Example: Water, Love, Rice, etc.

(ii) PRONOUN: (Pro=for) Pronoun is a word which is used in the place of noun to avoid unnecessary repetition.
Example: Ali is my student. He is working hard to get admission in university.
Types of Pronoun:
1. Personal pronoun
2. Impersonal Pronoun (Indefinite Pronoun)
3. Demonstrative Pronoun
4. Interrogative Pronoun
5. Relative Pronoun
6. Distributive Pronoun
1. PERSONAL PRONOUN: Personal pronoun is used in the place of name of persons.
Persons of Personal Pronoun
PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL
1st (speaker) I We
2nd (Listener) You You
3rd (about whom we are He, she, it, (sing.noun) They, (plu.noun)
speaking)

Cases of personal Pronoun

Nominatives/Subjective Accusative/Objective Possessive adjective Possessive pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
case case (before noun) (after noun)

I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
You You Your Yours Yourself/yourselves
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its Its Itself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
2. IMPERSONAL PRONOUN / INDEFINITE PRONOUN:
They are used in the place of indefinite persons.
example: One, Someone, Somebody, Everyone, Everybody, Anyone, Anybody, No one, No body, Nothing etc.
3. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN:
They are used to indicate at someone or something. There’re four demonstrative pronouns:
This (Near, Singular) That (Far, Singular) These (Near, Plural) Those (Far, Plural
4. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN:
They are also known as Wh-words and they are used to ask questions. They’re always written at the start of sentence.
For Example: What Where Why Which Whose Whom When Who How
5. RELATIVE PRONOUN:
They are also Wh-words but they are used as linking word. They are written in between sentences.
Example: You are the boy who is my student.
6. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN:
There are three distributive pronouns. Each, Either and neither.
 (iii) ADJECTIVE Adjective is the word which adds meaning to noun or pronoun. OR
adjective shows quality or quantity of noun or pronoun. For Example: Ali is a good boy.
Adjective can be used subjectively or predicatively. This is a good book. (Subjective use)
This book is good. (Predicative use)
Sometimes, Verb (3rd form) and Verb (4th form) can also be used as an adjective.
For example: I have an interesting story book. He has a broken chair.

Adjective
Quality Quantity
Good/Bad Quality, Color, Proper Adjectives (Pakistani etc.) Definite Indefinite
(Many, Much, Few, Little.)
Cardinal Ordinal
Number Number
One, Two, First,
Three Second etc.

Proper Noun_ Proper Adjective

Pakistan_ Pakistani Portugal_ Portuguese
India _Indian America _American
Norway _Norwegian England_ English
Britain _British

Degrees of Adjective: There are three degrees of adjective:

1. Positive Degree Adjectives
2. Comparative Degree Adjectives
3. Superlative Degree Adjectives
Positive Degree Adjectives:
Positive degree are used to specify a single noun or pronoun. Note: Always use ‘a’ or ‘an’ before positive degree
Example: Mawra is a beautiful girl.
Comparative Degree Adjective:
Comparative degree adjectives are used to compare or compete the qualities of two nouns/pronouns.
Note: Never use any article before comparative degree adjectives (Except double comparatives) and use
‘than’ after every comparative degree adjective.
Use the + comparative degree adjective + of Example: Urwa is more beautiful than Mawra.
Urwa and Mawra are two gorgeous girls but Urwa is the more gorgeous of the two.
Superlative Degree Adjective:
Superlative degree adjective is used to compare a noun with a whole group.
Example: Urwa is the most beautiful girl in Pakistan.
Note: Use ‘the’ before superlative degree adjectives except after possessive adjectives.
Example: Mawra is my best friend.

Prepositional Adjectives:
S + H.V + Interested in
+ famous for
+ good at
+ weak in
+ bad at
+ enthusiastic about. + Verb (ing form) / Noun
+ Fond of
+ Crazy after / about
+ Habitual of
+ Addicted to
+ Afraid of
 So and Too
He is hungry and I am too. He is hungry and so am I.
Royal Order of Adjectives:
Article + Color + Origin + Material + Purpose + Noun
Ex: I have a black American plastic dancing doll.
It is to note that Past-Participle and Present-Participles can also be used as adjectives in a sentence.
Example: I have a broken chair. (Here, broken is used as an adjective)
I have a talking parrot. (Here, talking is used as an adjective)

ARTICLES There are two types of articles,

(a) Indefinite Article (b) Definite articles
INDEFINITE ARTICLE: There are two indefinite articles.
(a) a (b) an
Indefinite article “a” is used before singular common noun giving a starting consonant sound.
Example: a boy, a girl, a unit, a university, a unit, a one eyed man etc.
Indefinite article “an” is used before singular common noun giving a starting vowel sound.
Example: an orange, an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an honest man, a/an hotel, a/an historical place etc.
DEFINITE ARTICLE: ‘The’ is a definite article. It has two main uses:
(a) Before Specific Proper Nouns:
(i) Before Ocean names: The Pacific Ocean, The Atlantic Ocean, The Indian Ocean, The Arctic Ocean, The Antarctic Ocean.
(ii) Before Sea Names: The Arabian Sea, The Dead sea, The Red sea, The Yellow sea, The Black sea, The
Mediterranean sea etc.
(iii) Before Rivers: The Nile, The Amazon, The Danube, The Indus, The Chenab, The Jhelum, The Ganges, The
Euphrates, The Tigris etc.
(iv) Before Canals: The Suez canal etc.
(v) Before Gulf/Bay: The Hudson bay, The Hawks bay, The Bay of Bengal, The Persian gulf, The Gulf of
Mexico etc.
(vi) Before Holy Books: the Holy Quran, The Bible, The Torah, The New Testament, The Gospel, The Geeta,
The Ramayana, The Rig Vedas, The Guru Granth Sahib, The Toe Te Chin, The Avesta etc.
(vii) Before modern and classical wonders of the World: The Great Pyramids of Giza, The Hanging of
Babylon, The Temple of Artemis, The Colossus of Rhodes, The Statue of Zeus, The Lighthouse of Alexandria,
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. The Taj Mahal, The Roman Colloseum, The Chichen Itza, The Macchu
Picchu, The Great Wall of China, The Sphinx, The Leaning tower of Pisa.
(viii) Before Designations: The Editor, The Prime Minister, The President, The Principal, The Manager, The
Headmaster etc.
(ix) Before Titles: The Nobel Prize, The Nishan-e-Haider, The Hilal-e-Imtiaz, The Sitara-e-Jurrat, The Oscar etc.
(x) Before Directions: The East, The South, The North, The West.
(xi) Before Ships name: The Titanic, The Queen Mary, The HMS Birkenhead, The Marie Celeste, The Flying
Dutchman, The Santa Maria etc.
(xii) Before Train Name: The Shalimar Express, the Tezgam, The Samjhota Express, The Night Coach, The
Shah Latif Express
(xiii) Before Planetary Objects/Astronomical Bodies/Heavenly Bodies: The Mercury, The Venus, The Earth,
The Mars, The Jupiter, The Saturn, The Uranus, The Neptune, The Pluto, The Ceres, The Sedna, The Quoar,
The Make-Make, The Hauema, The Eris, The Ganymede, The Europa, The Callisto, The Io, The Titan, The Sun,
The Moon, The Alpha Centauri, The Polaris, The Sirius, The Pillars of Creation, The Orion Nebula, The
Andromeda Galaxy, The Virgo Super cluster, The Universe.
(xiv) Before Musical Instruments: The Piano, The guitar, The sitar, The violin, The xylophone, the harmonium etc.
(xv) Before Nations: The Muslims, the Hindus, The Christians, The Jews, The Roman Catholics, The Protestants,
The Anglicans, The Sikhs, The Jains etc.
(xvi) Before Islands: The Manora, the Bhit Islands, The Easter Islands, The Caribbean Islands etc.
(xvii) Before some countries name: ‘S’ at the end: The Philippines, The Maldives, The West Indies, The Laos,
The Andamans, The Bahamas etc.
‘’Republic” or “United”: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan, The People’s republic of China, The United
States of America, The United Kingdom, The USSR, The UAE, The UAR, The Irish Republic etc.
(xviii) Before Desert: The Great Sahara Desert, The Gobi Desert, The Kalahari Desert, The Atacama Desert,
The Thar Desert, The Rajhastan Desert etc.
 (xix) Before mountain ranges: The Himalayas, The Karakoram, The Hindu Kush, The Andes, the Alps etc.
(b) Grammatical Usage:
(i) Before superlative degree adjective: K-2 is the highest peak in Pakistan.
(ii) Before Ordinal Dates: I‘ll celebrated by birthday on the 29th of February.
(iii) Before Double Comparatives: The higher you go, the cooler it is.
(iv) Before Common Noun denoting whole group: The dog is a faithful animal.
Exception: (Man is Mortal)
(v) Before common noun described earlier: I have bought a mobile. The mobile has 5 MP camera.
(vi) Before definite common noun: These are the boys who made a noise in the class.
(vii) Before common noun used as a proper noun: Faisal is the Hitler of his class.
(viii) Before adjective used as noun: The rich should help the poor.
(ix) The + Adjective + Proper Noun: The Great Alexander was a king.
(x) The + Noun + of + Noun: The gold of South Africa is very precious.
(c) Omission of Article/Zero article/No Article Usage: (X)
(i) Name of Persons
(ii) Name of town, city, country, province, state, continent (Except the Punjab)
(iii) Name of individual mountain (Mount Everest, K2, Nanga Parbat, Tirch Mir, Rakaposhi, Mount
Kilimanjaro, Mons Olympus)
(iv) Name of lakes (Caspian Sea)
(v) Material nouns and abstract nouns.
(vi) Before relations (Mother, Father, Sister, Brother etc.
(vii) Before meal (Biryani, Chicken Karahi, Zinger)
(viii) Before meal time (Breakfast, Lunch, Hi tea, Dinner, Supper)
(ix) Before Subjects (English, Maths, Chemistry)
(x) Before languages (Persian, Hindi, English, Sindhi) except the English language, the Sindhi language etc.
(xi) Before indefinite plural common nouns: Boys are intelligent.
(xii) Before days / month: Monday, Tuesday, June, July etc.

(iv) VERB Verb is a word which shows state, possession and action.
State verbs and possessive verbs are also known as ‘non-action verbs’. Example: Pakistan is my homeland.
[|Here, ‘is’ is a state verb] He has a new car. [|Here, ‘has’ is a possessive verb]
He is eating mango. [|Here, ‘is eating’ is an action verb.]
VERB
State verb Possessive verb Action verb

• Present(Is/Am/Are) • Present(Has/Have) •Main Verb(Principal Verb)

• Past(Was/Were) • Past(Had)
• Future(Will be) • Future(Will have) • Auxiliary Verb(modal)

State Verb/Be-Verb:
I am your teacher. (Present state) I was in a party last night. (Past state) You will be a doctor. (Future state)
Forms of Be-Verb
1st form Is/am/are 2nd form Was/were 3rd form been
Possessive Verb:
I have a pen. (Present possession) I had a parrot. (Past possession) I will have a new car. (Future possession)
Forms of Possessive-Verb
1st form Has/have 2nd form Had 3rd form had
Action Verb: There are two parts of action verb. (a) Auxiliary Verb (b) Main/Principal Verb
Example: He is eating mango. He can swim easily.
Is; auxiliary H.V Can; auxiliary modal verb. Eating/swim; main verb /principal verb
Auxiliary Verb: Auxiliary verbs helps the main verb to form a sentence.
Auxiliary Verbs can be further classified into two types:
(i) Helping Verbs (is/am/are/was/were/will/do/does/did) It determines tense.
(ii) Modals (can/could/may/might/must/would/should/ought to/dare) It shows tense and extra sense like
possibility, advisability etc.
Main Verb/Principal Verb: They are action showing words.
 Example: run, teach, listen, jump etc. Forms of Main Verb:
1st form / Present form / base form: Play, Write, Cut etc.
2nd form / Past form: Played, Wrote, Cut etc
3rd form / Past Participle form: Played, Written, Cut etc.
4th form / Present Participle form / Gerund form/ Verb (1st+ing) form: Playing, Writing, Cutting etc.
5th form / Singular form / Verb (1st+s/es): Plays, Writes, Cuts etc
The verbs having a suffix –ed in 2nd and 3rd form are known as regular verbs while irregular verbs doesn’t follow any specific pattern .
Types of Main Verb:
Transitive Verb If the object has an effect of the action than its called Transitive verb. E.g.: I am beating him.
Transitive Verb requires an object. E.g.: I am teaching them.
After transitive verb there is no preposition or adverb. E.g.: I am flying a kite.
Passive of transitive verb is possible.
Intransitive Verb If the object has no effect of action then it’s called Intransitive verb. E.g.: Birds fly in the air.
Intransitive verb doesn’t require an object. E.g.: I am enjoying.
After Intransitive verb there is a preposition or adverb. E.g.: I am fighting with him. He is going there.
Passive of intransitive verb is not possible.

(V) ADVERB Adverb is a word which adds meaning to any verb, adjective or another adverb.
Example: He writes slowly. She is a very good girl. She is writing very slowly.
Types of Adverb:
(i) Adverb of Time (ii) Adverb of Place (iii) Adverb of Manner (iv) Adverb of Frequency
(v) Adverb of Degree (vi) Adverb of Affirmation (vii) Adverb of Negation
Adverb of Time: It describes ‘when’ an action is happened or it describes the time of action.
Example: Now, then, ago, before, today, tonight, last night, yesterday, tomorrow, later, recently, these days,
now a days, at the moment, already, just etc.
Adverb of Place: It describes ‘where’ an action is happened or it describes the place of action.
Example: here, there, nowhere, everywhere, somewhere, upstairs, downstairs, homewards, Eastwards,
towards, away etc.
Adverb of Manner: It describes ‘how’ or in what manner an action happens.
Example: She writes slowly.
Formula: Adjective + ly = Adverb of manner
Adjective Adjective+ly=Adverb of Manner Quiet Quietly Exceptions

Slow Slowly Wonderful Wonderfully Adjective Adverb of Manner

Nice Nicely Calm Calmly Good Well
Beautiful Beautifully Silent Silently Fast Fast
Degrees of Adverb of Manner:
Adjective Adverb (Positive) Adverb (Comparative) Adverb (Superlative)
Regular Adverbs (More than one syllable)
Slow Slowly More slowly Most slowly
Quick Quickly More quickly Most quickly
Irregular Adverbs (Single Syllabled)
Good Well Better Best
Hard Hard Harder Hardest
Fast Fast Faster Fastest

Adverb of Frequency / Adverb of Number:

It tells about the frequency of an action or how many times an action takes place. There are two types of adverb of frequency:
(a) Definite frequency (Daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly, bimonthly, yearly, once, twice, thrice, four times, five times, n times.
(b) Indefinite frequency:
Adverb Frequency Adverb Frequency
Always ‫ہمیشہ‬ 100% Sometimes 50%
Often ‫اکثر‬ 80% ‫شازونادر‬Seldom 30%
Usually ‫عام طور پر‬ 70% ‫کبھی کبھار‬/ h a r d l y ‫مشکل سے‬ever 10%
Occasionally 60% Never 0%
 Adverb of Quantity/Adverb of Degree: It tells how much something is.
Example: a few, a little, so, very, too, much, quite, totally, absolutely etc.
Adverb of Affirmations: These are the words which are used to say ‘yes’
Example: yes, certainly, absolutely, certainly, undoubtedly etc.
Adverb of Negation: These are the words which are used to say ‘no’.
Example: No, Not, Not at all etc.
Note: Adverbial phrase belongs to ordinate clause so it ends with a comma if written before principal clause.
E.g.: I am teaching her now. OR Now, I am teaching her.

(vi) PREPOSITION Preposition is a word which shows the relation of noun or pronoun with other words of the sentence.
Example: Ali is sitting on a chair. He will go to school on Monday.
There are three types of preposition:
(1) Simple Preposition / One word preposition (on, in, at, with, of, up, till, out, through , to, for, from etc.)
(2) Compound preposition / simple + simple (into, onto, away from, between, beside, below, above, among, around, without, along with )
(3) Phrasal Prepositions (Look at, bark at, look for, because of, inorder to, in place of, in addition to, etc.)
Preposition of Time:
(i) At: (a) At + clock time (at 7 O’ clock, at 6 pm, at 2330 PST, at half past 5, at quarter past 8, at quarter to 9)
(b) At + (word)+time [at lunch time, at Namaz time]
(c) At + the weekends (UK) On + the weekends (US)
(ii) On + Specific day of 24 hours on Monday, on birthday, on 14th august etc X today, X tonight, X tomorrow, X yesterday,
No article is used before each, every, next and last.
(iii) In + longer periods more than 24 hours
In the 1st week of march, in June, in the summer, in 2016, in the 90’s, in the 21st century A.D., in the 1st millennium B.C. etc.
In + part of the day less than 24 hours
At dawn, in the morning, at noon, in the afternoon, in the evening, at dusk, at night, at mid-night.
Exception: at night is used for every night and in the night is specific night.

Uses of Preposition: before a noun or pronoun, at the beinging of sentence, at last of sentence for shake of emphasise.
It is place before a noun or a pronoun with thhe indication of (time/place/manner/reason/purpose/possesion/contrast)
Note; there are many words which can used both as prepositions and adverbs (e.g. ayesha was here before eight ali hasn’t done his sort of work before )
there are certain words which always take the infinitive after them
e.g. They refused to refuse his earnest request. We agree to disagree with you on these points.
(vii) Conjunctions Conjunctions are the words which are used to join two sentences with each other.
For Example: He is my friend and I help him in many occasions.
Coordinate Conjunctions are remembered by a mnemonic FANBOYS: For, And, Not, But, Or, Yet, So.
Subordinating Conjunctions: After, Although, As, As if, As long as, As soon as, As though, Because, Before, Even if, Even though, If, In order that, Just as, Lest,
Now that, Once, Provided that, Rather than, Since, So that, That, Though, Unless, Until, When, Where, Whereas, Whether, While, Whenever, and Wherever.
Correlative Conjunctions: Both...and, Either...or, Neither...nor, Not only...but also, No sooner...than, As...as, Whether...or, If...then,
Hardly...when, Scarcely...when, and Not...but.
(viii) Interjections Interjections are the words which are used to show sudden feelings and emotions of happiness, sadness and surprise.
A mark of exclamation is always used after interjections. E.g. Oh, Wow, Ah, Hey, Ouch, Whoa, Ugh, Yikes, Alas, Boo, Yay, Phew, Hmmm, Gosh, Gee,
Oo, Hurrah, Aha, Hmm ,Uh-huh, Blah, Brr, Yum ,Ack, Bravo, Eureka, Ahh, Cheers, Yes, No, Yeah, Eh, Yep ,Hello, Hi, Bye, Good, Bad,
Fine, Okay, Right, Wrong, Yahoo!, Alas!, etc